Human Emerging Respiratory Pathogens Bulletin: Issue 22 November 2018

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Organization: Public Health Agency of Canada

Published: 2019-XX-XX

Monthly situational analysis of emerging respiratory diseases affecting humans

Update on human emerging respiratory pathogen public health events (as of October 31, 2018)

  Cumulative Case CountTable 1 Footnote 2 Deaths Case Fatality Rate %Table 1 Footnote 3
Novel influenzaTable 1 Footnote 1
A(H7N9) 1,567 613 39%
A(H5N1) 860 454 53%
A(H9N2) 45 1 2%
A(H5N6) 22 15 68%
A(H7N4) 1 0 0%
A(H1N2) 1 0 0%
H3N2v 435 1 <1%
H1N2v 26 0 0%
H1N1v 22 0 0%
MERS-CoVTable 1 Footnote 1
Global Case Count 2,269 805 35%
Saudi Arabia 1,891 746 39%
Table 1 Footnote 1

Date of 1st Reported Case of Human Infection: MERS-CoV: February 2013 (retrospective case finding September 2012). A(H7N9): March 2013. A(H5N1): 1997. A(H9N2): 1998. A(H5N6): 2014. A(H7N4): February 2018 (retrospective case finding December 2017). H3N2v with M gene from pH1N1: 2011. H1N2v: 2005. H1N1v: 2005.

Table 1 Return to footnote 1 referrer

Table 1 Footnote 2

Cumulative Case Counts: updated using data reported by the World Health Organization (avian and swine influenza, MERS CoV), and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) (swine influenza).

Table 1 Return to footnote 2 referrer

Table 1 Footnote 3

Case Fatality Rate: The proportion of cases that resulted in death.

Table 1 Return to footnote 3 referrer

In this bulletin

Avian influenza A(H7N9)

The last H7N9 case was reported in February 2018 and no new cases have been reported since [Figure 1].  In total, 3 human cases of H7N9 have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in wave 6 (October 2017 – September 2018). Cases in the 6th wave occurred in 3 out of 34 administrative regions across China [Figure 2], a drop from the 12-29 regions that reported cases in waves 1-5. This decrease in cases may be attributable to China’s new vaccine against both H5 and H7 in poultry, which was deployed after the number of illnesses caused in the 5th wave. A total of 1567 cases including at least 613 deaths have been reported globally since 2013. Two travel-related cases were reported in Canada in January 2015.    

Figure 1.  Temporal Distribution of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) in China, June 25, 2016 – October 31, 2018.

Figure 1

Note: Graph was prepared by the Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases (CIRID) using data from the latest WHO Monthly Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface Risk Assessment. This graph reflects data available through these risk assessments as of October 31, 2018.

Text Description
Month and year of symptom onset or earliest report date Cases Deaths
2016 Jun 2 0
Jul 4 0
Aug 0 0
Sep 0 0
Oct 2 0
Nov 10 2
Dec 114 39
2017 Jan 197 29
Feb 93 13
Mar 70 12
Apr 72 24
May 50 6
Jun 19 4
Jul 2 0
Aug 3 2
Sep 1 0
Oct 0 0
Nov 0 0
Dec 1 0
2018 Jan 1 1
Feb 1 0
Mar 0 0
Apr 0 0
May 0 0
June 0 0
July 0 0
Aug 0 0
Sep 0 0
Oct 0 0

Figure 2. Spatial Distribution of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) in China, Wave 6,  October 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.

Figure 2

Note: Map was prepared by the Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases (CIRID) using data from the latest WHO Monthly Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface Risk Assessment. This map reflects data available through these risk assessments as of October 31, 2018.

Text Description

The spatial distribution of reported avian influenza A(H7N9) cases in wave 6 from October 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018 has been displayed in Figure 2. Throughout October 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018, a total of 3 cases have been reported. The 3 cases in wave 6 were spread across China in Guangdong Province, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and Yunnan Province.

Avian Influenza A(H7N4)

On February 14, 2018, the WHO was notified of the first known human case of Avian Influenza A(H7N4). No new cases have been reported since.

Avian Influenza A(H9N2)

In October 2018, no new cases of H9N2 were reported to the WHO. A total of 45 cases, including 1 death, have been reported globally since 1998. No cases have been reported from Canada.

Avian Influenza A(H5N1)

In October 2018, no new cases of H5N1 were reported to the WHO. A total of 860 cases including 454 deaths have been reported globally since 1997. One fatal travel-related case of A(H5N1) was reported in Canada in January 2014.

Avian Influenza A(H5N6)

In October 2018, one new case of H5N6 was reported. The case is a 44 year old male from Guangxi, China, who denied contact with live poultry before symptom onset. The case died on October 27, 2018. There have been a total of 22 cases, including 15 deaths, reported globally since 2014, with all cases occurring in China.

Swine origin Influenza A(H3N2)v

In October 2018, no new cases of H3N2v were reported to the WHO. The Indiana State Department of Health reported the first case of H3N2v this year in the United States in a county fairgoer who had been in close proximity to swine. The case is a child (<12 years old) who developed symptoms on June 18 and has since fully recovered. One locally-acquired case of H3N2v was reported in Canada in December 2016.

Swine origin Influenza A(H1N2)v

In October 2018, no new cases of H1N2v were reported to the WHO.  Since 2005, there have been a total of 26 confirmed cases of H1N2v in the United States. Most of the reported cases resulted in mild illness.

Swine origin Influenza A(H1N1)v

In October 2018, no new cases of H1N1v were reported to the WHO. There have been a total of 22 cases reported since 2005 and only one case reported in 2018.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

From October 1st 2018 to October 31st 2018, 9 new cases of MERS-CoV, of which 2 died, were reported by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health and the WHO [Figure 3], with all cases originating from Saudi Arabia [Figure 4]. Of the cases reported in October 2018, 8/9 (88.9%) were male, the median age was 53 years old (age range of 22-74 years old), and 5/9 (55.6%) cases reported contact with camels. A total of 2269 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV cases, including 805 deaths, have been reported globally since 2012.  No cases have been reported in Canada.

Figure 3. Global Count of Human Cases of MERS-CoV Reported to the WHO, January 1, 2017 – October 31, 2018.

Figure 3

Note: Graph was prepared by the Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases (CIRID) using data from the WHO Disease Outbreak News and Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Health. This graph reflects data available as of October 31, 2018.

Text Description
Month of symptop onset or earliest report date Cases Deaths
Feb 14 2
Mar 17 4
Apr 8 5
May 13 2
June 10 1
July 7 3
August 6 2
Sep 14 6
Oct 9 2

Figure 4. Spatial Distribution of MERS-CoV, January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. 

Figure 4

Note: Map was prepared by the Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases (CIRID) using data from the latest WHO Monthly Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface Risk Assessment. This map reflects data available through these risk assessments as of October 31, 2018.

Text Description

The spatial distribution of reported MERS cases from January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018 has been displayed in Figure 4. Throughout January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018, the greatest number of cases have always been reported from Saudi Arabia. In 2018, up until October 31, Saudi Arabia has reported 58-679 cases so far.

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