Canada’s Black Carbon Inventory Report 2024: annex 1
Sector descriptions
The sectors, and their descriptions, for which black carbon emission estimates have been calculated are listed in Table A1–1.
Table A1–1: Black Carbon Inventory sector descriptions
Ore and Mineral Industries
- Aluminium Industry
- Alumina production through bauxite refining, primary aluminium production through smelting and refining and secondary aluminium production in which aluminium is recovered from aluminium-containing scrap.
- Cement and Concrete Industry
- Entire process of cement production in rotary kilns, as well as the preparation of concrete and ready-mix concrete, lime manufacture and concrete batching and products.
- Foundriesa
- Castings of various types of ferro-alloys as well as small iron and steel foundries not associated with integrated iron and steel facilities. The types of foundries included are open ferrous, electric arc and induction foundries.
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Steel production, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, electric arc furnaces, sintering, direct reduction of iron, hot forming and semi-finishing, and coke production.
- Iron Ore Pelletizing
- The process includes grinding, drying, balling, and thermal treatment of iron-containing raw materials (i.e., fine iron ore and additives).
- Mining and Rock Quarrying
- Overburden removal, drilling in rock, blasting, crushing of rock, loading of materials, transporting raw materials by conveyors, scraping, bulldozing, grading, open storage pile losses and wind erosion from exposed areas.
- Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry
- Primary copper and nickel production using pyrometallurgical operations, lead ore crushing, concentrating and metallurgic processing and zinc metal production through electrolytic processes. Also includes other non-ferrous refining and smelting sources, such as those from magnesium and cobalt industry processes.
Oil and Gas Industry
- Disposal and Waste Treatment
- Treatment and disposal of any oilfield or processing waste fluids or produced water. Typically injected into a disposal well.
- Flaring
- An open flame used for routine or emergency disposal of waste gas.
- Heavy Crude Oil Cold Production
- Production of heavy crude oil which does not involve the use of any thermal techniques. Heavy crude oil is a category of crude oil characterized by relatively high viscosity, a higher carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, and a density greater than 900 kg/m3or more (25º or less American Petroleum Institute [API]). Heavy crude oil typically is more difficult to extract with conventional recovery techniques and is more costly to refine.
- Light / Medium Crude Oil Production
- Production of light- and medium-density crude oils characterized by relatively low viscosity, a lower carbon-to-hydrogen ratio and a density less than 900 kg/m3(greater than 25º API).
- Natural Gas Production and Processing
- Production of natural gas from natural gas wells, as well as associated gas production from oil wells. Processing of the raw natural gas to remove undesired constituents such as helium, ethane, natural gas liquids (NGLs), water, H2S and CO2to upgrade the quality of the natural gas to meet contract specifications. May also include the fractionation of mixed NGLs to natural gas products and possibly adjusting the heating value by the addition or removal of nitrogen.
- Natural Gas Transmission and Storage
- Transportation of sales-quality natural gas from the producers to market and storage of natural gas (typically in underground caverns) to accommodate the fluctuating differences between gas supply and demand rates.
- Natural Gas Distribution
- Local distribution of natural gas from the transmission system to the final end-users.
- Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction
- Recovery of bitumen or heavy oil from a reservoir using a series of wells and thermal techniques.
- Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading
- Recovery of bituminous sands using open-pit mining techniques, the extraction of bitumen from the mined ore through hot water and hydrocarbon solvent extraction, and the upgrading of bitumen into synthetic crude oil.
- Petroleum Liquids Storage
- Storage of liquid hydrocarbons (i.e., crude oil, diluted bitumen, natural gas liquids, condensate, etc.), including storage tank losses, loading/unloading and handling losses.
- Petroleum Liquids Transportation
- Transportation by pipeline, truck, rail and ship of liquid hydrocarbons, but does not include emissions from the vehicles themselves.
- Well Drilling / Servicing / Testing
- The drilling of wells to produce crude oil and natural gas. Well-related activities performed after drilling consisting of well completions, testing, workovers and abandonments. Sometimes the test may be conducted into a flow or gathering line; however, more often the liquids are produced into temporary tankage brought on site for the test, and the gas phase is either vented or flared. Emissions from diesel engines used to power the rigs are included in the off-road use of diesel.
Electric Power Generation (Utilities)
- Coal
- Electric power generation from combustion of coal by utilities (both publicly and privately owned) for commercial sales and/or private use.
- Diesel
- Electric power generation from combustion of diesel by utilities (both publicly and privately owned) for commercial sales and/or private use.
- Natural Gas
- Electric power generation from combustion of natural gas by utilities (both publicly and privately owned) for commercial sales and/or private use.
- Other (Electric Power Generation)
- Electric power generation from other energy sources by utilities (both publicly and privately owned) for commercial sales and/or private use.
Manufacturing
- Pulp and Paper Industry
- Chemical, mechanical, recycling and semi-chemical pulp mills, including the production of energy through the combustion of spent pulping liquor, biomass and fossil-fuel combustion. Also includes fugitive emissions from wood refining, screening and drying, and various steps in chemical recovery systems.
- Wood Products
- Sawmills, panelboard mills (including veneer, plywood, waferboard, particle board and medium-density fiberboard mills), and other wood products manufacturing establishments (including furniture and cabinet makers, wood treating plants, wood pellet mills and Masonite manufacturers).
Transportation and Mobile Equipment
- Air Transportation (LTO)
- Landing and takeoff (LTO) cycles from piston and turbine aircraft used for commercial and private operations. LTO cycles and cruise modes from piston and turbine aircraft used for military operations.
- Domestic Air Transportation (Cruise)
- Cruise modes from aircraft used for domestic commercial and private operations.
- Domestic Marine Navigation, Fishing and Military
- Marine vessels engaged in domestic navigation, fishing, or military operations within Canadian waters.
- International Air Transportation (Cruise)
- Cruise modes from aircraft used for international commercial and private operations.
- International Marine Navigation
- Marine vessels engaged in international navigation within Canadian waters.
- On-Road Transport – Diesel
- Diesel road vehicles, including light- and heavy-duty trucks, and automobiles.
- On-Road Transport – Gasoline
- Gasoline road vehicles, including light- and heavy-duty trucks, automobiles and motorcycles.
- On-Road Transport – Liquid Petroleum Gas
- Propane road vehicles, including light- and heavy-duty trucks, automobiles.
- On-Road Transport – Natural Gas
- Natural gas road vehicles, including light- and heavy-duty trucks, automobiles.
- Off-Road Transport – Diesel
- Off-road vehicles and mobile equipment using diesel fuel in mining, construction, agriculture, logging, railway maintenance and airport ground support; lawn and garden equipment, such as vehicles and equipment used for commercial purposes; and recreational vehicles.
- Off-Road Transport – Gasoline, Liquid Petroleum Gas and Natural Gas
- Off-road vehicles and mobile equipment using gasoline, liquid petroleum or compressed natural gas in mining, construction, agriculture, logging, railway maintenance, airport ground support, for commercial purposes, lawn and garden equipment or recreational vehicles.
- Rail Transportation
- Emissions from freight and passenger trains, including yard-switching activities.
Agriculture
- Agricultural Fuel Combustion
- Stationary combustion sources in agricultural facilities such as space and water heating and crop drying.
Commercial/Residential/Institutional
- Commercial and Institutional Fuel Combustion
- Combustion of fossil and biogenic fuels used for space/water heating in commercial establishments, health and educational institutions and government/public administration facilities.
- Construction Fuel Combustion
- Combustion of fossil fuels used for space heating and the heating of construction materials, such as concrete.
- Home Firewood Burning
- Burning of wood, pellets and manufactured logs as fuel for space heating and hot water. Includes emissions from fireplaces, wood stoves and wood-fired boilers.
- Residential Fuel Combustion
- Combustion of fossil fuels used for space/water heating in residences.
Note:
a. Foundries is being considered for omission from future inventories. If you have any questions, please contact us at apei-iepa@ec.gc.ca or 1-877-877-8375.
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