Canada’s Black Carbon Inventory Report 2024: annex 2
Fractions of Black Carbon to Particulate Matter Less Than or Equal to 2.5 Microns in Diameter
The fractions used to convert particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) emissions to black carbon (BC) emissions are listed in Table A2–1 through Table A2–7.
Note:
NA = Not applicable
Table A2–1: Fractions of Black Carbon to PM2.5, Ore and Mineral Industries
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alumina (Bauxite Refining) | Aluminium Processing, with baghouse | 0.023 | 291012.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Alumina (Bauxite Refining) | Gas-Fired Boilers | 0.13 | 5669 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Alumina (Bauxite Refining) | Average of large stack BC/PM2.5 fractions | 0.02216581 | NA | Weighted average |
Primary Aluminum Smelting and Refining | Aluminium Processing, with baghouse | 0.023 | 291012.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Primary Aluminum Smelting and Refining | Aluminium Reduction Potline | 0.0268 | 291022.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Primary Aluminum Smelting and Refining | Average of large stack BC/PM2.5 fractions | 0.026324332 | NA | Weighted average |
Secondary Aluminium Production (Includes Recycling) | Secondary Aluminium – Dross Recovery Furnace | 0.0019 | 201032.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Secondary Aluminium Production (Includes Recycling) | Aluminium Processing, baghouse (average) | 0.023 | 291012.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cement Manufacture | Cement Kiln (Coal-Fired) | 0.002 | 2720310 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Cement Manufacture | Cement Kiln | 0.027801 | 4331 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Concrete Batching and Products | Sector Specific Speciation Factor – Concrete Batching & Products | 0.001704 | NA | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Gypsum Product Manufacturing | Sector Specific Speciation Factor – Gypsum Product Manufacturing | 0.01467 | NA | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Lime Manufacturing | Lime Kiln | 0.00464 | 23202C | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Die Casting | Cast Iron Cupola – Composite | 0.009096 | 91157 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Die Casting | Cast Iron Cupola / Electric Arc Furnace – Composite | 0.006363 | 91157 91153 | Average of 2 speciation factors U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Ferrous Foundries | Cast Iron Cupola – Composite | 0.009096 | 91157 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Ferrous Foundries | Electric Arc Furnace - Composite | 0.00363 | 91153 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Non-Ferrous Foundries | Primary Metal Production – Average | 0.00341 | 900072.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary (Blast Furnace and DRI) | Iron and Steel facility – Coke Making | 0.137466 | 8945 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Primary (Blast Furnace and DRI) | Blast Furnace Charging | 0.024 | NA | EEA (2019) (2.C.1 Iron and Steel Production, Table 3.9) |
Primary (Blast Furnace and DRI) | Boiler - Natural Gas Combustion - Composite | 0.384 | 9112 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Secondary (Electric Arc Furnace) | Electric Arc Furnace / Basic Oxygen Furnace – Composite | 0.00363 | 283052.5 3989 3997 |
Average of 3 speciation factors U.S. EPA (2011) Speciate 4.3 |
Secondary (Electric Arc Furnace) | Iron and Steel facility – Hot forming | 0.023967 | 8948 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Iron Ore Pelletization | Iron and Steel facility – Sintering | 0.008653 | 8946 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Coal | 0.04091 | 3701 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Coke | 0.024055 | 4295-4300 (average) | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Diesel | 0.77124 | 3914 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Gasoline | 0.14 | 101CROC | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Heavy Fuel Oil | 0.429969 | 3864 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Light Fuel Oil | 0.429969 | 3864 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Kerosene | 0.795 | 95155 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Natural Gas | 0.384 | 92112 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Coal Mining, Metal Mining, Potash Mining, Rock Sand and Gravel Quarrying, Silica Production, Limestone Mining, Other Mining and Rock Quarrying | Propane | 0.0001 | NA | Aurell et al. (2017) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb | Boiler - #2 Fuel Oil Fired | 0.289 | 127102.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Primary Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb | Boiler - #2 Fuel Oil Fired / Gas Fired Boilers - Composite | 0.2095 | 127102.5 5669 |
Average of 2 speciation factors U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Primary Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb | Chemical Manufacturing - Average - Composite | 0.01825 | 91124 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Primary Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb | Copper Processing - Composite | 0.00099 | 91158 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Primary Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb | Primary Metal Production – Average | 0.00341 | 900072.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Secondary Pb, Cu | Primary Metal Production – Average | 0.00341 | 900072.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Secondary Pb, Cu | Copper Processing - Composite | 0.00099 | 91158 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry) | Primary Metal Production – Average | 0.00341 | 900072.5 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Sector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disposal and Waste Treatment Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Natural Gas Distribution Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading Petroleum Liquids Storage Petroleum Liquids Transportation Well Drilling/Servicing |
Flaring | 0.24 | NA | McEwen (2012) |
Heavy Crude Oil Cold Production Light/Medium Crude Oil Production Natural Gas Production and Processing Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction Well Testing |
Flaring | NA | NA | Emission Factors: Quadram (2019) Activity Data: AER (2023); BCER (2023); BCOGC (2020); CNLOPB (2023); Petrinex (2023); SK MER (2023) |
Heavy Crude Oil Cold Production Light/Medium Crude Oil Production Natural Gas Production and Processing Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading Well Drilling/Servicing/Testing |
Diesel Exhaust | 0.77124 | 3914 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Disposal and Waste Treatment Heavy Crude Oil Cold Production Light/Medium Crude Oil Production Natural Gas Production and Processing Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Natural Gas Distribution Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading Petroleum Liquids Storage Petroleum Liquids Transportation Well Drilling/Servicing/Testing |
Natural Gas Combustion—Simplified | 0.384 | 92112 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading | Petroleum Coke Combustion | 0.0428 | 91110 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading | Biomass Combustion | 0.05579138 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Sector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coal | Bituminous Coal Combustion—Simplified | 0.01696 | 92104 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Diesel | Diesel Exhaust | 0.77124 | 92106 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Natural Gas | Gas-Fired Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Plants | 0.025 | 5671 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Diesel Exhausta | 0.77124 | 92106 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Distillate Oil Combustion | 0.1 | 4736 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Flare Gas | 0.24 | NA | McEwen (2012) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Gas-Fired Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Plants | 0.025 | 5671 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Landfill Gas | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Oil Combustion | 0.429969 | 3864 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Residual Oil Combustion | 0.01 | 4737 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Other (Electric Power Generation) | Wood Fired Boiler—Simplified | 0.037088024 | 92114 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Table A2–4: Fractions of Black Carbon to PM2.5, Manufacturing
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Kraft Recovery Furnace – Simplified | 0.0153 | 92119 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Wood-Fired Boiler – Simplified | 0.03709 | 92114 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Residual Oil Combustion | 0.01 | 4737 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Hog fuel and bunker crude use | 0.03167 | 92114 (80%) 4737 (20%) |
U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Natural Gas | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Light Fuel Oil | 0.1 | 91115 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Distillate Oil | 0.1 | 92115 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Sludge | 0.01522 | 92177 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Lime Kiln | 0.00464 | 23202C | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Gas-Fired Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Plants | 0.025 | 5671 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Oil-Fired Boilers | 0.071 | 5672 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing | Average of large stack BC/PM2.5 fractions | 0.06926 | NA | Weighted average |
Converted Paper Product Manufacturing | Average of large stack BC/PM2.5 fractions | 0.06926 | NA | Weighted average |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Panel Board Mills | Wood-Fired Boiler – Simplified | 0.03709 | 92114 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Panel Board Mills | Wood Products – Drying – Composite | 0.08 | 91128 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Panel Board Mills | Composite wood and natural gas boilers | 0.21054 | 92114 91112 |
U.S. EPA (2014) |
Panel Board Mills | Residual Oil Combustion | 0.01 | 4737 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Panel Board Mills | Natural Gas | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Panel Board Mills | Average of large stack BC/PM2.5 fractions | 0.08553 | NA | Weighted average |
Sawmills | Wood-Fired Boiler – Simplified | 0.03709 | 92114 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Sawmills | Wood Products – Drying – Composite | 0.08 | 91128 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Sawmills | Natural Gas | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Other (Wood Products) | Wood-Fired Boiler – Simplified | 0.03709 | 92114 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Other (Wood Products) | Wood Products – Drying – Composite | 0.08 | 91128 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Other (Wood Products) | Average of large stack BC/PM2.5 fractions | 0.05139 | NA | Weighted average |
Note:
NA = Not applicable
Table A2-5: Fractions of Black Carbon to PM2.5, Transportation and Mobile Equipment
Sector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air Transportation (LTO) Domestic Air Transportation (Cruise) International Air Transportation (Cruise) | Aviation Turbo Fuel (Jet A or B) | 0.771241 | 92106 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Air Transportation (LTO) Domestic Air Transportation (Cruise) International Air Transportation (Cruise) | Aviation Gasoline | 0.12178 | 92113 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Domestic Marine Navigation, Fishing and Military, International Marine Navigation | Diesel | 0.771241 | 92106 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Domestic Marine Navigation, Fishing and Military, International Marine Navigation | Heavy Fuel Oil | 0.12 | NA | EEA (2019) (Table A2) |
On-Road Transport | Diesel | EC data extracted from MOVES model; values are variable according to model input and vehicle class | NA | U.S. EPA (2022b) |
On-Road Transport | Gasoline | EC data extracted from MOVES model; values are variable according to model input and vehicle class | NA | U.S. EPA (2022b) |
On-Road Transport | Liquid Petroleum Gas | EC data extracted from MOVES model; values are variable according to model input and vehicle class | NA | U.S. EPA (2022b) |
On-Road Transport | Natural Gas | EC data extracted from MOVES model; values are variable according to model input and vehicle class | NA | U.S. EPA (2022b) |
Off-Road Transport | Diesel - without Diesel Particulate Filter | 0.7897 | 8995 | U.S. EPA (2019) |
Off-Road Transport | Diesel - with Diesel Particulate Filter | 0.09984 | 8996 | U.S. EPA (2019) |
Off-Road Transport | Gasoline | 0.12178 | 91113 | U.S. EPA (2019) |
Off-Road Transport | Liquid Petroleum Gas | 0.1 | NA | Fushimi et al. (2015) |
Off-Road Transport | Natural Gas | 0.3699 | 95219 | U.S. EPA (2019) |
Rail Transportation | Diesel | 0.771241 | 92106 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Rail Transportation | Biodiesel | 0.771241 | 92106 | U.S. EPA (2014) |
Table A2-6: Fractions of Black Carbon to PM2.5, Agriculture
Sector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agricultural Fuel Combustion | Coal | 0.239526 | 91155 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Agricultural Fuel Combustion | Kerosene & Stove Oil | 0.0242 | 1350110 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Agricultural Fuel Combustion | Light Fuel Oil | 0.0242 | 1350110 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Agricultural Fuel Combustion | Natural Gas | 0.067 | 91156 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Agricultural Fuel Combustion | Natural Gas Liquids | 0.067 | 91156 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Table A2-7: Fractions of Black Carbon to PM2.5, Commercial/Residential/Institutional
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
NA | Coal | 0.01696 | 92104 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Heavy Fuel Oil | 0.01 | 91117 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Kerosene & Stove Oil | 0.1 | 91115 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Light Fuel Oil | 0.1 | 91115 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Natural Gas | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Natural Gas Liquids | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions- value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
NA | Heavy Fuel Oil | 0.01 | 91117 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Kerosene & Stove Oil | 0.1 | 91115 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Light Fuel Oil | 0.1 | 91115 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Natural Gas | 0.384 | 91112 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Advanced Technology Fireplace | Non-Catalytic | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Conventional Fireplace | With Glass Doors | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Conventional Fireplace | Without Glass Doors | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Fireplace Insert | Advanced Technology | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Fireplace Insert | Conventional | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Pellet Stove | All | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Wood Furnace | All | 0.138 | 4704 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Wood Stove | Conventional | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Wood Stove | EPA Certified | 0.055791381 | 92105 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
Subsector | BC/PM2.5 fractions - description | BC/PM2.5 fractions - value (w/w) | Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
NA | Coal | 0.239526 | 91155 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Heavy Fuel Oil | 0.1 | 91115 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Kerosene & Stove Oil | 0.0242 | 1350110 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Light Fuel Oil | 0.0242 | 1350110 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Natural Gas | 0.067 | 91156 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
NA | Natural Gas Liquids | 0.067 | 91156 | U.S. EPA (2022a) |
References, Annex 2, Fractions of Black Carbon to PM2.5
[AER] Alberta Energy Regulator. 2023. Upstream petroleum industry flaring and venting report. Calgary (AB).
Aurell J, Hubble D, Gullett BK, Holder A, Washburn E, Tabor D. 2017. Characterization of Emissions from Liquid Fuel and Propane Open Burns. Fire Technology 53(6): 2023–2038.
[BCER] British Columbia Energy Regulator. 2023. Petrinex volumetric data. Provided by BCER to Environment and Climate Change Canada [received 2023 Oct 4].
[BCOGC] British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission. 2020. Air summary report (PDF, 5.5 MB).
[CNLOPB] Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board. 2023. Monthly gas flaring, injection and fuel volumes by facility. Unpublished report. Provided by CNLOPB to Environment and Climate Change Canada [2023 Oct 11].
[EEA] European Environment Agency. 2019. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019. Technical Guidance to Prepare National Emission Inventories. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Technical Report No. 13/2019.
Fushimi A, Saitoh K, Kondo Y, Fujitani Y, Goto T, Hayami S, Kobayashi S, Tanabe K, Sera K. 2015. Chemical composition and sources of particles emitted from recent LPG passenger cars (PDF, 1.2 MB). NMCC Annual Report 22 (in Japanese only).
McEwen JDN, Johnson MR. 2012. Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy driven associated gas flares. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 62(3): 307–321.
Petrinex. 2023. Petrinex: Canada’s petroleum information network. Alberta Public Data - Monthly Conventional Volumetric Data. [accessed 2023 Sep 27].
Quadram Engineering Ltd. 2019. A black carbon inventory for gas flaring in Alberta’s upstream oil and gas sector. Unpublished report. Prepared for Environment and Climate Change Canada.
[SK MER] Saskatchewan Ministry of Energy and Resources. 2023. Saskatchewan fuel, flare and vent. [accessed 2023 Feb 28].
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. SPECIATE 4.3. [accessed 2021 Feb 12].
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. SPECIATE 4.4. [accessed 2021 Feb 12].
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2019. SPECIATE 5.0. [accessed 2023 Jan 12].
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022a. SPECIATE 5.2. [accessed 2023 Dec 8].
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022b. Speciation of Total Organic Gas and Particulate Matter Emissions from Onroad Vehicles in MOVES3. Washington (DC): EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. Report No.: EPA-420-R-22-017.
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