Canada’s Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Report 2022: annex 2.1
A2.1 Estimation methodologies for Ore and Mineral Industries by sector/subsector
For years prior to 2010, there are several source categories for which in-house estimates were developed to use in combination with facility-reported data and historical data from provinces, such as Lime Manufacturing (1990–2010). Improvement of these estimates is under consideration for future inventories.
Asphalt Paving Industry
Description
Emissions from the Asphalt Paving Industry consist of those released during asphalt concrete (or hot-mix asphalt) manufacturing and application. Asphalt concrete manufacturing includes the heating and mixing of asphaltic cement with a mixture of graded aggregates. The sector includes both permanent or portable hot-mix asphalt installations.
General inventory method
Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, VOCs, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B[a]p, B[b]f, B[k]f, I(cd)p
Total usage of asphalt by province/territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.
Activity data
Cutback and emulsion asphalt data are used to calculate volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the paving process: SNC/GECO Canada Inc. and Ontario Research Foundation (1981)
Asphalt use data from construction: Statistics Canada (n.d.[a])
Emission factors (EF)
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, VOCs, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B[a]p, B[b]f, B[k]f and I(cd)p: Senes Consultants (2008)
VOCs from paving: (SNC/GECO Canada Inc. and Ontario Research Foundation (1981)
Concrete Batching and Products (under Cement and Concrete Industry)
Description
Concrete Batching and Products include emissions produced by activities at concrete batching plants.
Concrete is composed essentially of water, cement, fine aggregate (i.e. sand) and coarse aggregate (i.e. gravel, crushed stone or iron blast furnace slag). Concrete batching plant stores, convey, measure and discharge these constituents into trucks for transport to a construction site or process, for use in the manufacturing of concrete pipes, concrete blocks, etc.
General inventory method
Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, Pb, Cd
Province and territory cement distribution ratios are calculated based on the province and territory population data, and province and territory Portland cement consumption distribution data. To obtain the total use of concrete by province and territory, the province and territory cement distribution ratios are multiplied by the national domestic consumption of Portland cement and the ratio of concrete produced from Portland cement. National domestic consumption of Portland cement is the sum of the production and imports of Portland cement, minus the exports of Portland cement. Due to the discontinuation of the Annual survey of cement (Table-16-10-0009-01) by Statistics Canada in 2018, to estimate 2019-2020 Portland cement production, the Portland cement-to-clinker ratio is multiplied by the annual clinker production of each of these years. The total use of concrete by province and territory is then multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors to obtain emission estimates.
Activity data
Cement consumption distribution for the provinces: CANMET (1993)
Portland Cement import and export data: Statistics Canada (2021)
Clinker production data: Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) (2021)
Population data for the provinces/territories: Statistics Canada (n.d.[b])
Emission factors (EF)
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, Pb, Cd: U.S. EPA (1998), U.S. EPA (2010)
Emission factors for TPM, PM10 and PM2.5 emitted by loading mixers and loading trucks: (U.S. EPA, 2006)
PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for sand and aggregate transfer are derived from a weighted combination of TPM emission factors, using information from the U.S. EPA’s PM Calculator database (U.S. EPA, 2010) (using SCC 30501101):
EFPM10=0.51 x EFTPM
EFPM2.5=0.15 x EFTPM
Ferrous Foundries (under Foundries)
Description
Ferrous Foundries include facilities that produce castings of various types of ferro-alloys and small iron and steel foundries not associated with integrated iron and steel facilities. The types of foundries found in Canada include open ferrous, electric arc and induction foundries.
General inventory method
Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, VOCs, CO
Total production from grey iron or steel foundries by province and territory are multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors, which are based on the type of foundry.
The in-house estimates were last calculated for 2011 and were carried forward to 2020, for all provinces and territories, except for Quebec. Work is ongoing to update activity data for the province of Ontario, which is Canada’s major producer of castings from iron and steel foundries.
Activity data
Production for the province of Québec for 1990-2020 was provided by Direction générale de la réglementation carbone et des données d’émission, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC, 2021).
Emission factors (EF)
Emissions factors were updated as per the U.S. EPA, AP-42, Chapter 12 (U.S. EPA, 1998).
Rock, Sand and Gravel (under Mining and Rock Quarrying)
Description
Rock, Sand and Gravel encompasses emissions from rock quarrying, stone processing, and sand and gravel operations, and excludes those from off-road equipment which are reported under Transportation. This model also excludes emissions from the combustion of fuels used in this process.
Stone processing is categorized into three activities, depending on the size of stone required: crushed stone, pulverized stone and building stone.
Sand and gravel deposits are quarried, classified and stockpiled. Processing is accomplished by crushing, screening, washing, blending and stockpiling materials according to product specifications. Products are used for road construction, as an aggregate for asphalt and concrete, and for other construction purposes such as fill and mortar sand. Sand is also used in the glassmaking, foundry and abrasive industries.
General inventory method
Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5
Total quantity of rock, sand and gravel produced by province and territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.
Activity data
Annual Statistics of Mineral Production: NRCan (2020)
Emission factors (EF)
TPM, PM10, PM2.5: EEA (2019)
Silica Production (under Mining and Rock Quarrying)
Description
Silica Production consists of silica sand quarrying and processing mainly for the glass and refining and smelting industries. Industrial sand processing operations are similar to those of construction sand production, with dust emissions originating mainly from crushing and screening operations, especially when the material is ground to very fine particle sizes. Dry or wet screening and air classification may be carried out to achieve the desired size distribution. Both wet and dry methods of dust control are used, and baghouses are commonly used.
General inventory method
Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5
Total quantity of silica produced by province/territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.
Activity data
Annual Statistics of Mineral Production: NRCan (2020)
Confidential provincial production values are estimated using employment distributions: Statistics Canada (n.d.[c])
Emission factors (EF)
TPM, PM10, PM2.5: EEA (2019)
References, Annex 2.1, Estimation methodologies for Ore and Mineral Industries by sector/subsector
[CANMET] Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. 1993. Present and future uses of energy in the cement and concrete industries in Canada, Unpublished report. Mississauga (ON): Holderback Consulting. Prepared for Energy, Mines and Resources Canada.
[ECCC] Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2021. Clinker production data. Unpublished data. Gatineau (QC): Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program.
[EEA] European Environment Agency. 2019. EMEP/EEA Air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019. Technical Report No. 13/2019. Copenhagen (DK): European Environment Agency.
[MELCC] Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques. 2021. Ferrous foundries production data for the province of Québec for 1990-2020. Unpublished data. Québec (QC): Direction générale de la réglementation carbone et des données d’émission
[NRCan] National Resources Canada. 2020. Annual Statistics of Mineral Production: Nonmetals. Ottawa (ON): Natural Resources Canada.
Senes Consultants. 2008. Update of process emission profiles for hot mix asphalt (HMA) manufacturing establishments across Canada. Unpublished report. Richmond Hill (ON): Senes Consultants. Prepared for Environment Canada.
SNC/GECO Canada Inc. and Ontario Research Foundation. 1981. A nationwide inventory of anthropogenic sources and emissions of primary fine particulate matter. Unpublished report. Montreal (QC): SNC/GECO. Prepared for Environment Canada.
Statistics Canada. 2021. Canadian international merchandise trade web application [last updated 2021 Nov 4; accessed 2021 Nov 23]. Ottawa (ON): Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada. No date(a) Report on Energy Supply and Demand in Canada. Catalogue No. 57 003 X.
Statistics Canada. No date(b). Table 17-10-0009-01 (formerly CANSIM 051-0005) Population estimates, quarterly [last updated 2021 Nov 4; accessed 2021 Nov 23].
Statistics Canada. No date(c). Table 14-10-0202-01 (formerly CANSIM 281-0024) Employment by industry, annual (database). [last updated 2020 May; accessed 2020 Mar].
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Compilation of air pollutant emissions factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, 5th Edition. Research Triangle Park (NC): Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Compilation of air pollutant emission factor. Volume I: Stationary point and area sources, 5th Edition. Research Triangle Park (NC): Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. PM calculator (database). Research Triangle Park (NC): Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
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