Canada’s Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Report 2022: annex 2.6

A2.6 Estimation methodologies for Commercial/Residential/Institutional by sector/subsector

Commercial and Institutional Fuel Combustion, Construction Fuel Combustion and Residential Fuel Combustion

Description

Commercial and Institutional Fuel Combustion, Construction Fuel Combustion and Residential Fuel Combustion include emissions resulting primarily from external combustion sources used for space/water heating and material heating. Commercial establishments, health and educational institutions, government/public administration facilities, and residences all fall under these categories, in addition to construction sites.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B[a]p, B[b]f, B[k]f, I(cd)p

Emissions are calculated for 10 types of fuel: natural gas, natural gas liquids, kerosene and stove oils, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, Canadian bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite coal, anthracite coal, and imported coal.

Total usage by fuel type, and province and territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Statistics Canada (n.d.[a])

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO: U.S. EPA (1998)
(Emission factors are chosen to represent the typical type of combustion equipment for each fuel type.)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO for natural gas fuel: U.S. EPA (2004)
Sulphur contents of liquid fuels: EC (2010)
Sulphur contents of coal: CEA (2002)

NH₃: Battye et al. (1994) and Coe et al. (1996)

Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B[a]p, B[b]f, B[k]f: CARB (2005) and U.S. EPA (1998, 2003, 2004)
(Emission factors are selected to represent the typical type of combustion equipment for each fuel type)

Commercial Cooking

Description

Commercial Cooking includes emissions from cooking meat and french fries in commercial operations that are classified according to five foodservice types: ethnic, fast food, family, seafood, and steak and BBQ.

The types of meat considered include beef steak, hamburger, poultry with skin, poultry without skin, pork, seafood and other. Five types of commercial cooking equipment are taken into account including chain driven charbroilers, underfired charbroilers, deep-fat fryers, flat griddles and clamshell griddles. The commercial operations inventoried are defined as all commercial foodservice points of distribution that are open to the public, offer prepared meals and snacks for consumption on/off-premises, and operate in a fixed location.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOCs, CO, B(a)p

Commercial meat cooking (1999 to present)

1. Determine the number of restaurants in each province and territory that were classified as ethnic, fast food, family, seafood, steak and BBQ.
2. Determine the fraction of restaurants with commercial cooking equipment (i.e. chain driven charbroilers, underfired charbroilers, deep-fat fryers, flat griddles and clamshell griddles), the average number of units of each type of equipment per restaurant, and the average amount of food cooked (i.e. steak, hamburger, poultry with skin, poultry without skin, pork, seafood and other) on each type of equipment.
3. Apply pollutant-specific emission factors to each type of food for each type of commercial cooking equipment to get the final emission estimates.

Commercial meat cooking (1990 to 1998)

1999 emission estimates were back-casted to 1990 using the gross domestic product (GDP) for NAICS [72]: Accommodation and Food Services (Statistics Canada, n.d.[b]).

Commercial cooking of french fries

The annual national consumption rate of frozen fries was multiplied by the annual provincial and territorial population and by a VOC-specific emission factor.

Activity data

Commercial meat cooking (1999 to present only)

Activity data were estimated using:

• annual restaurant census for Canada: ReCount Database (The NPD Group Inc., 2017)
• statistics on the prevalence of commercial cooking equipment, for the five restaurant types (E.H. Pechan & Associates Inc., 2003)
• statistics on the average number of pounds of meat cooked on each type of equipment per week for the seven types of meat (E.H. Pechan & Associates Inc., 2003)

Commercial cooking of french fries

Activity data were estimated using:

• provincial and territorial population data (Statistics Canada, n.d.[c])
• annual Canadian consumption rates of frozen fries (USDA FAS, 2015)
• assumed 80% of french fries were purchased in restaurants (E.H. Pechan & Associates Inc., 2003)

Emission factors (EF)

Commercial meat cooking:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOCs, CO, B(a)p: E.H. Pechan & Associates Inc. (2003)

Commercial cooking of french fries:
VOCs: E.H. Pechan & Associates Inc. (2003)

Home Firewood Burning

Description

Home Firewood Burning encompasses emissions from wood, pellets and manufactured logs burned in urban and rural homes for primary and supplementary heating, as well as for aesthetics and hot water, in both main and secondary residences. This covers household wood-burning devices such as wood-burning fireplaces, wood stoves, pellet stoves, outdoor boilers and a variety of other devices used in limited quantities, such as wood-fired cooking stoves.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B[a]p, B[b]f, B[k]f, I(cd)p

The quantity of wood burned by device type and province is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors by device type.

Activity data

Activity data for wood from (Statistics Canada, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2017, 2019) are converted from volume to mass using the reported wood species burnt based on the reconciliation unit, and the moisture content. Activity data for pellets and manufactured logs from Canadian Facts (1997, 2006), TNS Canada (2012) and Statistics Canada (2017) are used based on the reported mass. Wood consumption is interpolated and extrapolated to the time series using pro-rated heating degree days in relation to the survey years (Kay, 2020).

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃: Gulland (2000)

Pb, Cd, Hg, B[a]p, B[b]f, B[k]f: U.S. EPA (1995)

Dioxins/furans: EC (2000)

Human

Description

Ammonia and Hg emissions from respiration and perspiration.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) estimated:
NH₃ and Hg

Respiration and perspiration

Annual population data by province and territory are multiplied by an NH₃ emission factor.

Mass balance of Hg from dental amalgams (see section A2.11)

Activity data

Respiration and perspiration

Population data: Statistics Canada (n.d.[c])

Emission factors (EF)

Respiration and perspiration:
NH₃: Roe et al. (2004)

Service Stations

Description

Service Stations estimates covers fugitive VOC emissions from fuel transfers and storage from refined petroleum products retail, as well as fugitive emissions from the refuelling of on- and off-road vehicles.

Off-road refuelling emissions include all non-vehicle gasoline usage (lawn mowers, snow blowers, etc.).

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) estimated:
VOCs

Refined petroleum products retail

Emissions are calculated using gasoline usage data multiplied by emission factors for underground tank filling and breathing.

For British Columbia and Ontario, emissions from service stations are broken down into regulated versus unregulated areas. An emission control efficiency of 50% is applied to the filling of underground storage tanks in regulated areas in British Columbia and Ontario. The rest of the country is assumed to have no control efficiency.

Off-road refuelling

Off-road refuelling emissions are calculated using off-road gasoline usage data multiplied by an emission factor for uncontrolled vehicle refuelling.

On-road refuelling

On-road refuelling estimates are produced using the MOVES model. This year’s estimates were made using MOVES2014. Vehicle-specific activity (vehicle kilometres travelled) is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Refined petroleum products retail: Gross sales of gasoline for motor vehicles: Statistics Canada (n.d.[d]).

Off-road refuelling: Off-road gasoline usage data from ECCC (2021)

On-road refuelling: Data on the vehicle fleet (counts), defined by fuel type, model-year and gross vehicle weight rating, originate from DesRosiers Automotive Consultants (DAC, 2017) and R. L. Polk & Co. (2017) for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, respectively.

Motorcycle populations originate from the Road motor vehicle, trailer and snowmobile registration database (Statistics Canada, n.d.[e]). The Annual Industry Statistics report (MMIC, 2013) is used to estimate the age distribution of motorcycles by model year which is applied to motorcycle populations obtained from Statistics Canada. The actual activity level is vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). To arrive at estimates of VKT, vehicle counts are multiplied by mileage accumulation rates obtained from Stewart-Brown Associates (Stewart-Brown Associates, 2012). For light-duty vehicles, VKT for calendar year 2020 was adjusted using the Light Vehicle Survey (DAC, 2020).

Emission factors (EF)

Refined petroleum products retail and off-road refuelling: Evaporative emissions from gasoline service station operations (U.S. EPA, 2008).

On-road refuelling: Emission factors for on-road vehicles are embedded in the MOVES model. More information on MOVES is available online, in the U.S. EPA user guides (U.S. EPA, 2012, 2014) and in the U.S. EPA technical guidance document (U.S. EPA, 2010).

References, Annex 2.6, Estimation methodologies for Commercial/Residential/Institutional by sector/subsector

Battye R, Battye W, Overcash C, Fudge S. 1994. Development and selection of ammonia emission factors. Report No. EPA/600/R-94/190. Durham (NC).

Canadian Facts. 1997. Residential fuelwood combustion in Canada. Volumes I, II, III. Hull (QC): Canadian Facts. Prepared for Environment Canada.

Canadian Facts. 2006. Residential fuelwood combustion in Canada. Unpublished report. Hull (QC): Canadian Facts. Prepared for Environment Canada.

[CARB] California Air Resources Board. 2005. California air toxics emission factor database.

[CEA] Canadian Electricity Association. 2002. Perspectives: Understanding mercury. Ottawa (ON).

Coe DL, Main HH, Chinkin LR, Loomis C, Wilkinson J. 1996. Review of current methodologies for estimating ammonia emissions. Report No. STI-95310-1580-DFR. Santa Rosa (CA): Sonoma Technology. Prepared for California Air Resources Board.

[DAC] DesRosiers Automotive Consultants. 2017. Census of vehicles in operation in Canada. Richmond Hill (ON). Prepared for Environment and Climate Change Canada.

[DAC] DesRosiers Automotive Consultants. (2020). Light Vehicle Survey. Unpublished report. Richmond Hill (ON): DAC. Prepared for Environment and Climate Change Canada.

[EC] Environment Canada. 2000. Characterization of organic compounds from selected residential wood stoves and fuels. Unpublished report. Ottawa (ON).

[EC] Environment Canada. 2010. Sulphur in liquid fuels. Gatineau (QC): Oil, Gas and Alternative Energy Division. [PDF]

[ECCC] Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2021. Off-road gasoline usage data from 1990 to 2020. Gatineau (QC): Environment and Climate Change Canada.

E.H. Pechan & Associates Inc. 2003. Methods for developing a national emission inventory for commercial cooking processes: Technical memorandum. Unpublished report. Springfield (VA): Pechan. Prepared for the U.S. EPA. [PDF]

Gulland J. 2000. Non-industrial fuel combustion sector: residential fuel wood combustion. Unpublished report. Gatineau (QC). Prepared for Environment Canada.

Kay J. 2020. Residential fuelwood combustion in Canada. Unpublished report. Gatineau (QC): Pollutant Inventories and Reporting Division.

[MMIC] Motorcycle & Moped Industry Council. 2013. Motorcycle, scooter & all-terrain vehicle annual industry statistics report. Markham (ON): MMIC.

Polk & Co. 2017. Trucking Industry Profile Database. Unpublished database. Prepared for Environment Canada.

Roe SM, Spivey MD, Lindquist HC, Thesing KB, Strait RP, EH Pechan & Associates Inc. 2004. Estimating ammonia emissions from anthropogenic nonagricultural sources–Draft final report. Prepared for Emission Inventory Improvement Program. [PDF]

Statistics Canada. 1997. Survey on household energy use.

Statistics Canada. 2003. Survey on household energy use.

Statistics Canada. 2007. Households and the environment survey.

Statistics Canada. 2015. Households and the environment survey.

Statistics Canada. 2017. Households and the environment survey.

Statistics Canada. 2019. Households and the environment survey.

Statistics Canada. No date(a). Report on energy supply and demand in Canada. Catalogue No. 57 003 X.

Statistics Canada. No date(b). Table 379-0019 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), monthly (dollars x 1,000,000) [last updated 2007 Sept 27; accessed 2016 Jun 2].

Statistics Canada. No date(c). Table 17-10-051-0001 Population estimates on July 1^st, by age group and sex (database) [last updated 2016 Sept 27; accessed 2017 Feb 2]. 

Statistics Canada. No date(d). Table 23-10-0066-01 (formerly CANSIM 405-0002) Sales of fuel used for road motor vehicles, annual (x 1,000) (database).

Statistics Canada. No date(e). Table 405-0001 Road motor vehicle, trailer and snowmobile registration (database).

Stewart-Brown Associates. 2012. Kilometer accumulation rates in British Columbia and Ontario. Abbotsford (BC). Prepared for Environment Canada.

The NPD Group Inc. 2017. ReCount Restaurant Census, 1999–. Table of Outlet Name, City, Province, Postal Code, Census Region, Segment, Group, Category, System Type, Sales Volume Range, Estimated Annual Sales (000). North York (ON): NPD Group.

TNS Canada. 2012. Residential fuelwood combustion in Canada. Unpublished report. Ottawa (ON): TNS Canada. Prepared for Natural Resources Canada.

[USDA FAS] United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service. 2015. Canada potatoes and potato products annual 2015. Report No. CA15085. Unpublished report. Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN).

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, Volume I: Stationary point and area sources, 5th Edition. Research Triangle Park (NC): Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, Volume I: Stationary point and area sources, 5th Edition. Research Triangle Park (NC): Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Draft Dioxin Reassessment.

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. WebFIRE. Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System, Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emission Factors.

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. SPECIATE 4.2: Speciation database development documentation. Report No. EPA/600-R-09/038. Research Triangle Park (NC): Office of Research and Development.

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Technical guidance on the use of MOVES2010 for emission inventory preparation in state implementation plans and transportation conformity. Report No. EPA-420-B-10-023. Washington (DC): Office of Transportation and Air Quality. [PDF]

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. User guide for MOVES2010b. Report No. EPA-420-B-12-001b. Washington (DC): Office of Transportation and Air Quality. [PDF]

[U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. User guide for MOVES2014. Report No. EPA-420-B-14-055. Washington (DC). [PDF]

Wallace L, Pellizzari E, Hartwell TD, Perritt R, Ziegenfus R. 1987. Exposures to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. Archives of Environnemental Health, 42(5): 272–279.