Canada’s Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Report 2024: chapter 2

2022 Emissions and trends

This chapter describes the main sources and sectors contributing to the emissions of each pollutant and their historical trends. The descriptions of source categories and sectors are provided in Chapter 1, Table 1–1.

The contribution of each source category to total emissions of air pollutants for 2022 varies by pollutant
(Table 2–1),^{Footnote 1} for example:

Dust, largely from construction operations and unpaved roads, accounts for 58% of emissions of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM_2.5).
Agriculture accounts for most ammonia (NH₃) emissions (94%).
Incineration and Waste accounts for a significant proportion of dioxins and furans (D/F) emissions (36%).
Ore and Mineral Industries accounts for the largest proportion of lead (Pb) (84%), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (78%), cadmium (Cd) (55%) and mercury (Hg) (34%) emissions.
Transportation and Mobile Equipment is the largest emitter of carbon monoxide (CO) (59%) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) (42%).
Oil and Gas Industry is the largest emitter of sulphur oxides (SO_x) (42%) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (37%).
Commercial/Residential/Institutional is a particularly significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (92%).

When observing long-term emission trends, large-scale events can have a significant impact on a portion of the time series analyzed and must be taken into account. The years 2020 and 2021 were marked by the COVID-19 pandemic. This coincides with notable observed emission decreases between the years 2019 and 2020 for almost all pollutants except for NH_3. In 2021, the second year of the pandemic, most of the pollutant emissions increased compared to 2020 levels but remained below their 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Subsequently, the following year, 2022, has shown decreases in eight pollutants compared to 2021 (CO, Cd, dioxins and furans, HCB, Hg, NH₃, NO_x, PM_2.5). In contrast, emissions of six pollutants (Pb, TPM, PM₁₀, PAHs, SO_x, and VOC) increased between 2021 and 2022. For all pollutants except NH₃ and Pb, emissions in 2022 remained below 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Impacts of the pandemic, more pronounced in 2020, are now harder to distinguish in 2022, as most air pollutants have resumed their gradual downward trend of recent decades.

Major contributors to emission changes between 2019 and 2022 are most notably:

Transportation and Mobile Equipment showed decreases of VOCs (-46 kt or -19%), CO (-412 kt or -13%) and NO_x (-63 kt or -10%).
- These reductions are mostly due to a decrease in the vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) between 2019 and 2020 in the Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles and Trucks categories; between 2020 and 2022, VKT increased but were still below 2019 levels.
- A similar change is noted from Unpaved Road Dust, also linked to the VKT, with a greater emission decrease between 2019 and 2020 followed by an increase in 2021, resulting in an overall decrease for PM_2.5(-19 kt or -4.5%) between 2019 and 2022.
The Oil and Gas Industry contributed to the decreases of VOCs (-83 kt or -14%) and NO_x (-25 kt or -5.4%), and an increase in SO_x emissions (7.7 kt or 2.9%) over this period.
- The VOC reductions result from decreases in venting and fugitive equipment leaks at oil and natural gas production and processing facilities.
- The overall decreases in NO_x can be explained in part by sustained reductions in fuel combustion emissions following a drop in total crude oil and natural gas production in 2020, along with decreases in the Petroleum Refining subsector that are mainly due to the closure of the Come-By-Chance refinery in Newfoundland and Labrador.
- The overall increase in SOx emissions is due to increases in crude bitumen production in 2021 and 2022, as well as increased flaring at natural gas production and processing facilities.
Coal electric power generation saw emission decreases of SO_x (-55 kt or -28%) and Hg (-113 kg or -20%) over this period, attributed to a decrease in coal consumption, most notably between 2019 and 2020.
Ore and Mineral Industries emissions of Cd (-2.4 t or -51%) and HCB (-1.4 kg or -31%) decreased; in contrast, Pb emissions increased by 6.2 t or 6.2%, over this period.
- HCB and Cd emissions from the Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry decreased (-2.3 kg or -84%, and -2.3 t or -57%, respectively) between 2019 and 2022 due to the permanent closure of a non-ferrous metal smelter in December of 2019.
- Between 2019 and 2022, Pb emissions from the Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry increased significantly (9.0 t or 10%) mainly due to normal operational variations and differences in sampling results at a single facility that accounts for 74 to 93% of emissions from this industry, directly impacting observed changes.

This edition of the Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Report summarizes the most recent estimates of air pollutant emissions for 1990 to 2022, as of February 2024. The inventory indicates that emissions of 14 of the 17 reported air pollutants are decreasing compared to historical levels. In 2022, notable examples include decreases of 95% of Cd emissions, 91% of Hg emissions, 88% of Pb emissions, 78% of SO_x emissions and 65% of CO emissions compared to 1990 emission levels. A few key sources of air pollutants account for a significant portion of these downward trends. In particular:

Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry is a major contributor to emissions of Hg, Cd, SO_x, and Pb; emissions of these pollutants from this source group have decreased by almost 100%, 98%, 94%, and 89%, respectively, in part owing to the closure of outdated smelters and implementation of pollution prevention measures.
Coal-fired electric power generation is a major contributor to emissions of HCB, Hg, and SO_x; emissions of these pollutants from this source group have decreased by 98%, 76%, and 72%, respectively, as emissions control equipment was adopted on some older units, and more recently, as coal-fired power plants have closed down and have been replaced by lower-emission sources such as natural gas power plants.
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks and Vehicles are major contributors to emissions of NO_x and PAHs; emissions of these pollutants from these sources have decreased by 90% and 83%, respectively.
- Despite a 66% increase in total VKT from these vehicle types, emissions have decreased primarily due to improved fuel economy and implemented regulations that have effectively lowered NO_x and hydrocarbon emissions from engines.^{Footnote 2}
Waste Incineration is a major contributor to emissions of HCB and dioxins and furans; emissions of these pollutants from this source have decreased by 95% and 84%, respectively, in part owing to improvements in incineration practices and technologies.
The combustion of gasoline^{Footnote 3} in the Transportation and Mobile Equipment source category is a major contributor to emissions of CO and VOCs; emissions of these pollutants from this source have decreased by 72% each.
- Despite a 24% increase in the total fuel consumption of on-road Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks and Vehicles and a 36% increase in the total fuel consumption of off-road gasoline engines, emissions have decreased primarily due to implemented regulations that have effectively lowered CO and hydrocarbon emissions from engines.
The activities associated with the production of annual agricultural crops are a major contributor to emissions of PM_2.5; emissions from this source have decreased by 48%, in part owing to reductions in areas under summer fallow and the adoption of conservation tillage practices.

Despite significant decreases in emissions of most pollutants, emissions of particulate matter have risen gradually by 18% (TPM) and 13% (PM₁₀) since 1990. These increases are largely dust emissions associated with transportation on unpaved roads as well as construction operations. Another exception to the general downward trends is the increase in emissions of NH₃, which in 2022 were 22% above 1990 levels. Ammonia emissions increased between 1990 and 2000 from 395 kt to 476 kt, and has since oscillated between 449 kt and 499 kt. This upward trend is primarily driven by increases in livestock populations in the first half of the time series in combination with continual increases in the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer throughout the monitoring period.

Irrespective of the downward trends observed in Canadian emissions, air quality issues may still arise when emission sources are spatially concentrated. While the APEI provides valuable information on emissions within Canada, it does not distinguish localized sources of emissions within the provincial and territorial level aggregations.

Table 2–1: Total Air Pollutant Emissions in 2022 for Canada by Category

Sector	TPM (kt)	PM₁₀ (kt)	PM_2.5 (kt)	SO_x (kt)	NO_x (kt)	VOC (kt)	CO (kt)	NH₃ (kt)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Ore and Mineral Industries	290	130	34	170	78	7.0	500	1.8	110 000	2 300	1 000	17	500	3 300
Oil and Gas Industry	33	22	14	280	440	530	520	2.6	510	320	92	—	55	—
Electric Power Generation (Utilities)	12	4.4	2.1	150	91	1.3	40	0.24	950	110	490	0.66	5.1	220
Manufacturing	94	37	15	38	66	110	130	10	2 500	250	81	1.4	120	36
Transportation and Mobile Equipment	34	34	24	3.2	540	200	2 700	6.7	14 000	52	69	27	2 200	—
Agriculture	3 600	1 500	350	0.17	2.9	110	1.1	450	21	81	6.5	0.25	0.21	0.47
Commercial/Residential/Institutional	110	100	100	4.0	71	170	580	2.0	1 700	1 000	400	3.7	50 000	—
Incineration and Waste	5.0	2.1	0.86	2.0	4.6	12	9.2	7.0	180	35	820	29	37	660
Paints and Solvents	0.057	0.057	0.00	—	0.14	270	0.13	—	—	0.15	—	—	—	—
Dust	20 000	5 700	750	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Fires	8.9	7.6	5.5	0.00	1.2	3.6	57	0.11	—	—	—	1.3	1 600	—
Total	25 000	7 600	1 300	650	1 300	1 400	4 500	480	130 000	4 100	3 000	80	55 000	4 200

Notes:
Totals may not add up due to rounding.
Emissions of pollutants are expressed in either kt, kg, gTEQ or g.
Values in this report have been rounded to two significant digits.
a. PAH includes B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(1,2,3-cd)p.
0.00 Indicates emissions were truncated due to rounding.
— Indicates no emissions.

Important sources of emissions for each substance by category, sector and subsector in 2022 are in Table 2–2. The subsequent sections 2.1 to 2.11 of this chapter identify major source contributions to total emissions over the 1990–2022 period. Emission trends analyses for 2005 to 2022 have also been included for PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x and VOCs in relation to the emission reduction commitments as per the amended Gothenburg Protocol.^{Footnote 4}

The full-time series of national, provincial and territorial air pollutant emissions from 1990 to 2022 are available online on the Government of Canada Open Data Portal.^{Footnote 5}

Table 2–2: Total Air Pollutant Emissions in 2022 for Canada by Category, Sector and Subsector

Ore and Mineral Industries
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	290 000	130 000	34 000	170 000	78 000	7 000	500 000	1 800	110 000	2 300	1 000	17	500	3 300
Aluminium Industry	—	6 200	4 500	3 600	53 000	610	1 900	370 000	—	—	—	19	1.0	89	93
Aluminium Industry	Alumina (Bauxite Refining)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Aluminium Industry	Primary Aluminium Smelting and Refining	6 100	4 500	3 600	53 000	610	1 900	370 000	—	—	—	19	—	89	—
Aluminium Industry	Secondary Aluminium Production (Includes Recycling)	41	38	37	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.0	—	93
Asphalt Paving Industry	—	15 000	2 900	570	520	770	470	2 800	—	940	17	16	6.0	9.9	—
Cement and Concrete Industry	—	48 000	16 000	7 900	20 000	25 000	640	19 000	450	210	2.8	230	0.36	—	810
Cement and Concrete Industry	Cement Manufacturing	2 100	1 400	850	18 000	21 000	530	17 000	450	97	1.8	190	0.36	—	810
Cement and Concrete Industry	Concrete Batching and Products	44 000	14 000	6 600	0.00	0.62	110	14	—	110	1.1	—	—	—	—
Cement and Concrete Industry	Gypsum Product Manufacturing	95	81	72	0.30	230	1.2	180	—	—	—	34	—	—	—
Cement and Concrete Industry	Lime Manufacturing	1 400	770	340	2 100	4 100	—	1 300	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Foundries	—	5 100	4 600	4 000	2.1	75	1 100	44 000	—	1 500	280	—	0.00	—	140
Foundries	Die Casting	19	13	10	0.00	0.52	—	0.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Foundries	Ferrous Foundries	5 100	4 600	4 000	2.1	74	1 000	44 000	—	1 300	280	—	0.00	—	140
Foundries	Non-Ferrous Foundries	24	23	18	—	—	58	—	—	160	—	—	0.00	—	0.00
Iron and Steel Industry	—	5 600	3 500	2 400	16 000	9 900	800	21 000	55	4 800	170	450	4.2	400	1 100
Iron and Steel Industry	Primary (Blast Furnace and DRI)	3 800	2 200	1 400	11 000	7 200	550	13 000	55	1 700	79	180	0.57	390	65
Iron and Steel Industry	Secondary (Electric Arc Furnaces)	1 700	1 200	1 000	4 900	2 700	250	8 200	—	2 700	91	270	3.7	10.0	1 100
Iron and Steel Industry	Steel Recycling	32	17	9.1	0.18	—	—	15	—	430	—	1.7	0.00	—	3.3
Iron Ore Pelletizing	—	8 200	2 500	620	9 500	9 800	230	16 000	1.1	2 200	48	68	4.5	0.40	700
Mineral Products Industry	—	530	460	300	590	220	120	480	300	5.7	—	—	—	—	—
Mineral Products Industry	Brick Products	130	97	32	91	97	—	290	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mineral Products Industry	Clay Products	14	12	4.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mineral Products Industry	Other (Mineral Products Industry)	380	350	260	500	120	120	190	300	5.7	—	—	—	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	—	200 000	91 000	14 000	1 900	30 000	1 700	23 000	380	1 300	49	120	1.1	0.00	9.0
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Coal Mining Industry	120 000	57 000	6 900	570	2 700	130	4 100	—	23	1.3	14	—	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Iron Ore Mining	6 500	3 100	600	400	2 300	35	3 400	—	44	3.7	0.43	0.00	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Limestone	880	400	51	—	210	5.2	250	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Metal Mining	26 000	9 200	3 200	620	16 000	780	11 000	340	1 200	40	110	1.1	0.00	6.4
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Potash	7 400	3 200	1 400	6.4	2 300	420	1 900	—	0.00	0.00	—	—	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Rock, Sand and Gravel	35 000	17 000	1 700	9.6	690	1.7	370	—	0.00	—	—	—	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Silica Production	450	220	22	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mining and Rock Quarrying	Other (Mining and Rock Quarrying)	1 700	920	390	280	5 900	330	2 000	35	63	4.0	1.8	0.00	—	2.5
Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry	—	1 200	750	550	73 000	1 100	24	1 700	600	96 000	1 700	95	0.23	—	420
Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry	Primary Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb	1 200	750	540	72 000	1 100	24	1 700	580	96 000	1 700	95	0.22	—	420
Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry	Secondary Pb, Cu	1.5	0.88	0.62	570	22	—	—	—	280	0.80	0.00	0.00	—	—
Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry	Other (Non-Ferrous Refining and Smelting Industry)	0.34	0.17	0.15	—	—	—	—	16	0.00	0.00	0.00	—	—	—

Oil and Gas Industry
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	33 000	22 000	14 000	280 000	440 000	530 000	520 000	2 600	510	320	92	—	55	—
Downstream Oil and Gas Industry	—	3 300	2 200	1 400	48 000	17 000	19 000	22 000	53	350	74	53	—	15	—
Downstream Oil and Gas Industry	Natural Gas Distribution	1.6	1.6	1.6	0.47	120	230	110	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Downstream Oil and Gas Industry	Petroleum Refining	3 300	2 200	1 400	48 000	17 000	8 700	22 000	53	350	74	53	—	15	—
Downstream Oil and Gas Industry	Refined Petroleum Products Bulk Storage and Distribution	26	5.3	5.3	0.00	4.1	9 600	110	0.00	0.00	—	—	—	0.00	—
Downstream Oil and Gas Industry	Refined Petroleum Product Pipelines	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Downstream Oil and Gas Industry	Other (Downstream Oil and Gas Industry)	0.00	0.00	0.00	—	31	4.6	21	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	—	29 000	19 000	13 000	230 000	430 000	510 000	500 000	2 500	160	250	40	—	40	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Accidents and Equipment Failures	—	—	—	—	—	34 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Disposal and Waste Treatment	33	33	33	0.00	25	52	97	0.21	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Heavy Crude Oil Cold Production	570	570	570	1 900	13 000	15 000	17 000	42	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Light/Medium Crude Oil Production	2 600	2 600	2 600	19 000	36 000	320 000	47 000	15	1.3	1.4	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Natural Gas Production and Processing	3 300	3 300	3 300	120 000	300 000	60 000	380 000	230	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Natural Gas Transmission and Storage	92	92	92	22	19 000	800	5 600	1.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction	760	750	740	24 000	23 000	3 200	26 000	720	—	160	28	—	0.00	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading	22 000	12 000	5 700	61 000	36 000	55 000	20 000	1 500	160	84	11	—	40	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Petroleum Liquids Storage	73	44	36	—	240	4 800	130	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Petroleum Liquids Transportation	17	17	13	140	0.36	15 000	2.0	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry	Well Drilling/Servicing/Testing	22	22	22	3 600	36	1 100	67	0.00	—	—	—	—	—	—

Electric Power Generation (Utilities)
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	12 000	4 400	2 100	150 000	91 000	1 300	40 000	240	950	110	490	0.66	5.1	220
Coal	—	11 000	3 300	1 200	140 000	59 000	250	22 000	2.1	410	54	460	0.38	—	160
Diesel	—	160	150	140	7.4	7 100	47	1 400	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Landfill Gas	—	8.9	7.1	7.1	6.5	100	—	470	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Natural Gas	—	680	500	420	2 100	18 000	820	10 000	120	100	4.1	2.0	0.00	0.00	53
Other (Electric Power Generation)	—	650	410	340	8 800	7 200	160	6 300	110	440	52	23	0.28	5.1	8.3

Manufacturing
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	94 000	37 000	15 000	38 000	66 000	110 000	130 000	10 000	2 500	250	81	1.4	120	36
Abrasives Manufacturing	—	74	30	12	—	—	14	—	—	—	—	—	0.00	—	—
Bakeries	—	15	13	9.4	—	—	5 300	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Biofuel Production	—	6.2	2.0	0.67	—	21	16	18	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Chemicals Industry	—	2 800	2 000	1 200	19 000	22 000	9 600	18 000	7 900	42	8.3	17	0.00	2.9	—
Chemicals Industry	Chemical Manufacturing	1 400	960	780	18 000	8 200	4 500	8 000	90	32	0.00	16	0.00	2.9	—
Chemicals Industry	Cleaning Compound Manufacturing	1.0	1.0	1.0	—	38	27	—	16	—	—	—	—	—	—
Chemicals Industry	Fertilizer Production	1 000	750	210	370	8 400	770	6 800	7 800	2.1	4.6	1.1	—	—	—
Chemicals Industry	Paint and Varnish Manufacturing	6.0	5.5	3.8	—	—	380	2.2	1.9	7.2	0.00	—	—	—	—
Chemicals Industry	Petrochemical Industry	260	220	170	850	4 600	1 800	2 400	—	0.064	3.7	0.43	—	0.075	—
Chemicals Industry	Plastics and Synthetic Resins Fabrication	64	51	35	5.7	380	1 800	250	12	—	—	—	—	—	—
Chemicals Industry	Other (Chemical Industry)	38	21	12	0.055	130	370	58	3.3	—	—	0.00	—	—	—
Electronics	—	0.64	0.61	0.51	—	—	42	—	13	15	—	0.00	—	—	—
Food Preparation	—	2 600	1 600	740	320	1 500	18 000	1 100	210	0.29	0.65	—	—	—	—
Glass Manufacturing	—	210	190	180	470	680	150	300	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Grain Industry	—	62 000	18 000	2 700	440	940	2 900	460	5.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
Grain Industry	Grain Processing	61 000	17 000	2 700	440	940	2 900	460	4.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
Grain Industry	Warehousing and Storage	730	290	58	—	—	—	—	0.27	—	—	—	—	—	—
Metal Fabrication	—	470	330	270	14	190	2 100	550	23	230	2.6	3.9	0.17	—	—
Plastics Manufacturing	—	98	81	65	—	12	9 500	11	—	1.3	—	—	—	—	—
Pulp and Paper Industry	—	10 000	6 700	4 800	17 000	26 000	11 000	60 000	1 300	1 000	180	44	0.45	110	36
Pulp and Paper Industry	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	58	48	40	0.055	26	720	130	—	—	5.3	—	—	—	—
Pulp and Paper Industry	Pulp and Paper Product Manufacturing	10 000	6 700	4 800	17 000	26 000	10 000	59 000	1 300	1 000	170	44	0.45	110	36
Textiles	—	—	—	—	—	—	420	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Vehicle Manufacturing (Engines, Parts, Assembly, Painting)	—	350	250	210	0.30	500	6 300	950	8.0	64	0.37	—	—	0.00	—
Wood Products	—	14 000	7 900	4 300	1 100	14 000	38 000	49 000	920	1 100	59	17	0.76	8.6	0.088
Wood Products	Panel Board Mills	5 100	3 300	2 000	360	7 400	19 000	28 000	420	970	33	7.2	0.35	4.3	—
Wood Products	Sawmills	7 900	3 600	1 700	700	5 800	16 000	19 000	500	170	25	9.6	0.41	4.2	—
Wood Products	Other (Wood Products)	1 300	970	690	28	1 000	3 100	2 000	—	—	—	—	0.00	0.00	0.088
Other (Manufacturing)	—	410	320	270	370	590	3 000	460	33	36	0.15	—	—	—	—

Transportation and Mobile Equipment
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	34 000	34 000	24 000	3 200	540 000	200 000	2 700 000	6 700	14 000	52	69	27	2 200	—
Air Transportation (LTO)	—	240	240	240	400	7 200	2 300	26 000	4.1	14 000	—	—	—	4.7	—
Domestic Marine Navigation, Fishing and Military	—	1 500	1 400	1 300	1 800	130 000	3 900	4 700	—	160	8.7	0.13	5.2	31	—
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles	—	3 700	3 700	3 400	130	120 000	7 400	54 000	920	—	—	0.32	0.44	390	—
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles	—	120	120	110	28	4 700	2 800	67 000	250	—	—	0.60	0.45	190	—
Heavy-Duty LPG/NG Vehicles	—	2.4	2.4	2.1	1.3	120	78	3 200	8.4	—	—	0.00	0.00	2.7	—
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks	—	10	10	9.4	3.1	630	400	7 300	20	—	—	0.00	0.00	0.65	—
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles	—	3.4	3.4	3.1	1.2	180	160	4 100	7.6	—	—	0.00	0.00	0.40	—
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks	—	900	900	800	370	21 000	25 000	480 000	3 200	—	—	17	12	1 000	—
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles	—	360	360	320	160	9 600	17 000	290 000	1 700	—	—	8.6	6.5	440	—
Light-Duty LPG/NG Trucks	—	0.061	0.061	0.054	0.00	5.8	2.0	33	0.14	—	—	0.00	0.00	0.098	—
Light-Duty LPG/NG Vehicles	—	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.093	0.00	0.90	0.00	—	—	0.00	0.00	0.00	—
Motorcycles	—	42	42	37	4.9	1 300	3 100	23 000	110	—	—	0.23	0.17	69	—
Off-Road Diesel Vehicles and Equipment	—	10 000	10 000	9 800	120	140 000	12 000	59 000	280	—	—	—	—	—	—
Off-Road Gasoline/LPG/NG Vehicles and Equipment	—	6 000	6 000	5 500	51	32 000	120 000	1 600 000	150	—	—	—	—	—	—
Rail Transportation	—	1 500	1 500	1 500	47	77 000	3 200	16 000	52	130	43	43	1.3	26	—
Tire Wear and Brake Lining	—	9 400	9 400	1 200	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Agriculture
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	3 600 000	1 500 000	360 000	160	2 600	120 000	1 000	460 000	20	76	6.0	0.25	0.20	0.49
Agricultural Fuel Combustion	—	400	260	220	160	2 600	150	1 000	18	20	76	6.0	0.25	0.20	0.49
Animal Production	—	35 000	9 900	2 100	—	—	120 000	—	270 000	—	—	—	—	—	—
Crop Production	—	3 600 000	1 500 000	360 000	—	—	—	—	190 000	—	—	—	—	—	—
Crop Production	Harvesting	270 000	120 000	24 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Crop Production	Inorganic Fertilizer Application	13 000	6 200	1 800	—	—	—	—	180 000	—	—	—	—	—	—
Crop Production	Sewage Sludge Application	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5 500	—	—	—	—	—	—
Crop Production	Tillage Practices	990 000	210 000	99 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Crop Production	Wind Erosion	2 300 000	1 100 000	230 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Commercial/Residential/Institutional
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	110 000	100 000	100 000	4 000	71 000	170 000	580 000	2 000	1 700	1 000	400	3.7	50 000	—
Commercial and Institutional Fuel Combustion	—	2 800	2 700	2 700	930	29 000	1 500	22 000	200	190	510	65	0.16	2.3	—
Commercial Cooking	—	17 000	17 000	16 000	—	—	2 400	6 600	—	—	—	—	—	120	—
Construction Fuel Combustion	—	180	170	170	170	3 300	60	570	55	7.8	11	2.6	0.00	0.25	—
Home Firewood Burning	—	85 000	80 000	80 000	1 300	9 200	110 000	540 000	830	1 300	72	20	3.3	50 000	—
Human	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	650	—	—	1.8	—	—	—
Marine Cargo Handling	—	390	130	32	130	53	14	—	—	35	2.4	—	—	—	—
Residential Fuel Combustion	—	2 400	2 300	2 200	1 400	30 000	1 600	12 000	280	220	440	72	0.21	2.7	—
Service Stations	—	—	—	—	—	—	47 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other (Miscellaneous)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	240	—	—	—

Incineration and Waste
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	5 000	2 100	860	2 000	4 600	12 000	9 200	7 000	180	35	820	29	37	660
Crematoriums	—	16	15	15	30	350	5.5	59	—	13	2.1	640	7.2	0.00	63
Crematoriums	Human Crematoriums	9.6	8.6	8.6	18	210	3.2	35	—	7.5	1.3	630	4.2	0.00	37
Crematoriums	Pet Crematoriums	6.7	6.0	6.0	12	140	2.2	24	—	5.2	0.87	8.5	2.9	0.00	26
Waste Incineration	—	310	210	180	770	1 700	360	1 000	12	76	11	93	16	37	600
Waste Incineration	Hazardous Waste Incineration	9.2	4.9	0.81	110	84	77	32	0.00	1.3	0.052	4.7	0.00	—	13
Waste Incineration	Medical Waste Incineration	6.6	0.00	0.00	0.46	11	0.36	2.2	—	23	3.0	16	15	—	41
Waste Incineration	Municipal Incineration	71	58	38	180	980	41	180	4.9	21	1.9	7.3	0.080	—	67
Waste Incineration	Residential Waste Burning	120	120	120	7.7	46	230	640	4.9	—	—	—	1.1	37	250
Waste Incineration	Sewage Sludge Incineration	98	26	15	480	490	11	140	2.2	32	5.7	64	0.00	0.00	220
Waste Incineration	Other (Waste Incineration)	3.6	2.6	0.73	0.33	61	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Waste Treatment and Disposal	—	4 700	1 800	670	1 200	2 600	12 000	8 100	7 000	88	22	90	5.7	0.00	—
Waste Treatment and Disposal	Biological Treatment of Waste	11	11	11	4.8	37	4 100	150	3 200	—	—	—	—	—	—
Waste Treatment and Disposal	Landfills	4 500	1 700	570	960	750	6 200	6 700	—	0.00	0.00	71	5.7	0.00	—
Waste Treatment and Disposal	Municipal Wastewater Treatment	90	72	71	210	1 700	750	1 200	3 800	0.54	0.12	5.9	—	0.00	—
Waste Treatment and Disposal	Specialized Waste Treatment and Remediation	60	50	19	70	77	370	65	3.5	87	22	12	—	—	—
Waste Treatment and Disposal	Waste Sorting and Transfer	0.25	0.20	0.00	—	—	82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Paints and Solvents
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	57	57	49	—	140	270 000	130	—	—	0.15	—	—	—	—
Dry Cleaning	—	38	38	35	—	29	170	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
General Solvent Use	—	—	—	—	—	—	180 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Printing	—	12	11	11	—	110	23 000	130	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Surface Coatings	—	7.3	7.0	2.5	—	6.4	66 000	—	—	—	0.15	—	—	—	—

Dust
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	20 000 000	5 700 000	750 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Coal Transportation	—	2 100	1 100	430	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Construction Operations	—	5 400 000	1 600 000	330 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mine Tailings	—	3 100	2 500	620	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Paved Roads	—	440 000	88 000	23 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Unpaved Roads	—	15 000 000	4 000 000	400 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Fires
Sector	Subsector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2,5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Total	—	8 900	7 600	5 500	24	1 200	3 600	57 000	110	—	—	—	1,3	1 600	—
Prescribed Burning	—	8 700	7 400	5 300	24	1 100	3 400	56 000	100	—	—	—	1,3	1 600	—
Structural Fires	—	200	200	190	—	26	200	1 100	12	—	—	—	—	—	—

Totals
Sector	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Ore and Mineral Industries	290 000	130 000	34 000	170 000	78 000	7 000	500 000	1 800	110 000	2 300	1 000	17	500	3 300
Oil and Gas Industry	33 000	22 000	14 000	280 000	440 000	530 000	520 000	2 600	510	320	92	—	55	—
Electric Power Generation (Utilities)	12 000	4 400	2 100	150 000	91 000	1 300	40 000	240	950	110	490	0.66	5.1	220
Manufacturing	94 000	37 000	15 000	38 000	66 000	110 000	130 000	10 000	2 500	250	81	1.4	120	36
Transportation and Mobile Equipment	34 000	34 000	24 000	3 200	540 000	200 000	2 700 000	6 700	14 000	52	69	27	2 200	—
Agriculture	3 600 000	1 500 000	350 000	170	2 900	110 000	1 100	450 000	21	81	6.5	0.25	0.21	0.47
Commercial/Residential/Institutional	110 000	100 000	100 000	4 000	71 000	170 000	580 000	2 000	1 700	1 000	400	3.7	50 000	—
Incineration and Waste	6 700	3 900	2 800	1 300	5 300	15 000	14 000	5 700	160	38	850	39	690	9 800
Paints and Solvents	57	57	49	—	140	270 000	130	—	—	0.15	—	—	—	—
Dust	20 000 000	5 700 000	750 000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Fires	8 900	7 600	5 500	24	1 200	3 600	57 000	110	—	—	—	1.3	1 600	—
Grand Total	25 000 000	7 600 000	1 300 000	650 000	1 300 000	1 400 000	4 500 000	480 000	130 000	4 100	3 000	80	55 000	4 200

Notes:
Totals may not add up due to rounding.
a. PAH includes B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(1,2,3-cd)p.
0.00 Indicates emissions were truncated due to rounding.
— Indicates no emissions

Other emissions estimated in the APEI
Source	TPM (t)	PM₁₀ (t)	PM_2.5 (t)	SO_x (t)	NO_x (t)	VOC (t)	CO (t)	NH₃ (t)	Pb (kg)	Cd (kg)	Hg (kg)	D/F (gTEQ)	PAH^a (kg)	HCB (g)
Domestic Air Transportation (Cruise)	210	210	210	980	22 000	1 300	30 000	9.6	16 000	—	—	—	2.1	—
International Air Transportation (Cruise)	310	310	300	1 500	37 000	400	4 000	12	360	—	—	—	0.85	—
International Marine Navigation	1 200	1 100	1 100	2 200	94 000	3 800	3 000	—	160	7.7	0.11	5.3	32	—

Note:
Refer to Annex 4.4 for more information on international marine navigation and air transportation reporting emissions.

References, Chapter 2, 2022 Emissions and Trends

[AB] Government of Alberta. 2018. Methane Emission Reduction Regulation. A.R. 244/2018. [2018 Dec 12].

[BC] British Columbia Government. 2021. Oil and Gas Activities Act - Drilling and Production Regulation.B.C. Reg. 282/2010. [Amended 2021 Mar 4].

[EC] Environment Canada. 2001. Environmental Code of Practice for Integrated Steel Mills – CEPA 1999 Code of Practice.

[ECCC] Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2014. Annual Public Report of Environmental Performance Agreement Concerning Atmospheric Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons between Environment and Climate Change Canada and Rio Tinto Alcan.

[ECCC] Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2017. 2015 Progress report: pollution prevention planning by ase metals smelters and refineries and zinc plants.

[ECCC] Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2018a. Base metal smelters sector: environmental performance agreements overview. Gatineau (QC).

[ECCC] Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2018b. Regulations respecting reduction in the release of methane and certain volatile organic compounds (upstream oil and gas sector) (SOR/2018-66).

Newfoundland Municipal Affairs and Environment. 2017. Solid Waste Management Strategy Performance Monitoring Report (PDF, 749 KB).

[SK] Government of Saskatchewan. 2020. The Oil and Gas Emissions Management Regulations (OGEMR) (PDF, 231 KB)[Amended 2020].

Footnote 1

Throughout this report, data are presented as rounded figures. However, all calculations (including the ones to obtain percentages) were performed using unrounded data.

Return to footnote1 referrer

Footnote 2

See Chapter 1 for list of regulations.

Return to footnote2 referrer

Footnote 3

APEI Transportation categories considered include Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks and Vehicles, as well as Off-Road Gasoline / Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) / Natural Gas (NG) Vehicles and Equipment.

Return to footnote3 referrer

Footnote 4

For more information on the reporting to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Canada’s international commitments and related protocols under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), refer to Annex 4.

Return to footnote4 referrer

Footnote 5