Quit with confidence: How to quit

Visit Tools for a smoke-free life for additional resources including videos and an online quit planner tool.

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On this page

Building confidence - Overcome concerns about quitting

Do you have concerns about whether you can or will quit? This is completely normal. Quitting smoking is a big change in your life. You may feel that you are walking away from something that has been a part of your life for a long time, something that you may enjoy or have come to depend on.

It is important to reflect on your concerns and plan to deal with them in a positive way.

Concern What you can do
How hard quitting will be Learn how to make a quit plan, planning a head can make quitting easier.
Losing an activity you enjoy Give yourself more time for your favourite hobbies. Create new smoke-free routines that you enjoy.
Reactions from friends who smoke Be proud of yourself. Find a friend that can support you. There could be a friend that might want to quit smoking with you or ask that your friends not smoke around you.
Returning to smoking after quitting Be kind to yourself and recognize that quitting takes time. Review your reasons for quitting.
Past quit attempt Remember that each quit attempt is a step forward. Reflect on any lessons learned from past quit attempts and prepare to quit again by exploring different options or methods.

Remember, quitting is not one big challenge - it is a series of small ones. Take it one minute, one hour and one day at a time. Small changes can lead to big transformations - like quitting for good!

Reflection Activity

Use the space below to write down your concerns about quitting and how you plan to manage them. 'If-then' statements can help you do this. Repeat these statements to yourself and imagine acting them out.

Review the examples above and use this template to write your own statements:

Understanding nicotine addiction

Every cigarette contains tobacco, and tobacco includes a variety of different chemicals and tar. Cigarettes also contain nicotine; an addictive chemical found naturally in tobacco. On its own, nicotine does not cause cancer, heart disease, or respiratory disease – it is the other chemicals in tobacco smoke that do this.

Nicotine can cause physical dependence and addiction. Nicotine enters your bloodstream, and quickly goes to your brain, causing a release of chemicals that can make you feel temporarily energized, happy, alert, or calm. Endnote 1 Soon after smoking, the level of nicotine in your system starts to decrease and your brain and body begin to crave it. You may begin to feel uncomfortable or irritable if you try to resist smoking.Endnote 2 Endnote 3 Endnote 4 This is nicotine withdrawal. When you smoke your next cigarette, your nicotine levels increase again temporarily relieving the cravings and withdrawal symptoms you are feeling.

While you may feel like smoking helps to relieve your stress, it is simply relieving the physical and mental stress associated with your nicotine addiction (i.e., cravings and discomfort from withdrawal), which gives a powerful illusion of stress relief. Over time, your body will need more and more nicotine to get that short burst of energy and calming feeling. Endnote 1 This creates a cycle of use.

Helpful hints: Is smoking your go-to stress management technique? While you are certainly not alone if you use cigarettes to cope with stress, smoking is not an effective way to deal with stress. See After you quit for more information on quitting smoking and mental health.

When you reduce the number of cigarettes that you smoke each day, your brain will get used to having less nicotine in your body. Endnote 2 You may get cravings to smoke, but if you resist and delay smoking the craving will only last a few minutes. Over time, the cravings will become fewer, shorter, and weaker. Before you smoke, ask yourself these questions:

  • Can I go without this cigarette?
  • Do I even really want to smoke?
  • Can I wait or do something else?

Nicotine withdrawal

Cutting back or quitting smoking can be hard and may cause some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. You may begin to feel restless, angry, or sad, and have difficulty concentrating or sleeping. Endnote 2 Endnote 3 Endnote 4 This is common. It's your body responding to the low levels of nicotine, which may give you a strong urge to smoke. Nicotine withdrawal is not dangerous and symptoms will improve over time, as long as you remain smoke-free.

To help you cope or manage your withdrawal symptoms when you feel a strong need to smoke, try the 5Ds.

Delay
Try to delay smoking for as long as you can. Set a timer for five minutes. If you still feel the urge, try to delay smoking for another five minutes. Remember, the craving will pass.
Distract
Do something that requires concentration. For example, play a game, browse the Internet, text and/or call a friend, engage in a hobby or get started on a project.
Deep Breathing
Practice relaxation breathing. Close your eyes and begin by breathing in through your nose expanding your stomach (rather than your chest) and then exhaling slowly through your mouth.
Drink Water
Try to keep your hands busy. Drink a glass of cold water to change the feeling in your mouth.
Discuss
Talk about how you feel with someone, like a friend or quit coach. Discussing how you are feeling can help you understand your urges and manage cravings. You can also take some time to self-reflect. Think about what triggered the feeling that you need to smoke and how you can cope with the situation in the future.

Identifying triggers and developing coping skills

Smoking is often tied to your daily routines. These routines can trigger the urge to smoke. Triggers are anything that you associate with smoking or something that would lead you to want to smoke. For some people, triggers may be associated with certain activities or feelings. For others, they can be associated with people or places. Common triggers include:

  • Drinking coffee or alcohol
  • Relaxing after work or after a meal
  • Talking on the phone or when driving
  • Feeling stressed or angry
  • Smelling tobacco

Reflection Activity

Learning to recognize your smoking triggers is an important part of quitting. Some people find it helpful to track their smoking by writing down what they were doing when they smoked. This can provide insight into your smoking patterns and routines.

Coping with cravings

Now that you have identified your triggers, you can start to develop strategies to help you cope with triggers and cravings. Remember, cravings are caused by your physical dependence and/or addiction to nicotine and are a normal part of the quitting process. The more you resist your cravings and refrain from smoking, the weaker the dependence or addiction will become.

Here are examples of coping strategies that you could use when cravings hit.

Mental coping strategies: thoughts that help you stay smoke-freeEndnote 6
  • Think about your reasons for quitting smoking
  • Remind yourself that having difficult feelings is normal
  • Recognize when your thoughts are not helpful
  • Think about your future goals
  • Think kind thoughts about yourself
Behavioural coping strategies: actions that help you stay smoke-freeEndnote 6
  • Try to avoid people or places that you associate with smoking
  • Focus on your breathing or meditate
  • Keep your hands busy (e.g., doodle, do housework, wash hands)
  • Keep your mouth busy (e.g., water, gum, fruit or vegetables)
  • Do something physical (e.g., walking, biking)
  • Change your routine (e.g., drink your coffee in a place where you wouldn't be able to smoke)
Emotional coping strategies: feelings that help you stay smoke-freeEndnote 6
  • Express your feelings to someone close to you or to yourself through writing
  • Praise yourself for the progress you have made
  • Use positive affirmations (e.g., "I am stronger than I know")
Urge surfing: mindfulness meditation to help you stay smoke-free Endnote 7 Endnote 8
  • Mindfulness meditation is the idea of being fully present in the moment without any judgment
  • By bringing awareness to the cravings you are experiencing, you are being mindful
  • Urge surfing uses the practice of mindfulness meditation to help you stay smoke-free by allowing you to ride out urges until they pass

Reflection Activity

Try practicing urge surfing. Picture your urges like waves of an ocean – they start small, grow in intensity, break, and then subside. Urges, like waves, will pass if we do not fight them.

To start, find a comfortable position, close your eyes, and focus on breathing.

  • Trigger: Notice any sensations you may feel in your body associated with the urge. Where is it located?
  • Rise: The urge may become more intense, either gradually or suddenly. Does the feeling change over time?
  • Peak: The urge will reach its peak. Keep attention on your breath and the sensation of the urge in your body.
  • Fall: After you ride the wave, your urge will become more manageable and will eventually fade away.

Practice this strategy often to help you cope with your cravings. Remember to be kind to yourself - mindfulness takes practice.

Reflection Activity

Take some time to think about what coping strategies you will use to help you resist the urge to smoke. Don't forget about the 5Ds - they also provide helpful actions for coping with cravings.

Managing relationships with people who smoke

If you live, work, or interact with someone who smokes cigarettes, it can be challenging to remain smoke-free. Don't let this stop you! Here are some tips to help you stay focused on your goal:

  • Let the person who smokes know that you are planning to quit ahead of time, so they are prepared for this change.
  • Ask them if they would like to quit with you. When you have a quit buddy for support, you're more likely to stay on track.
  • Ask them not to smoke when you are around.
  • Ask them to not offer you a cigarette, buy you cigarettes or leave them lying around.
  • Try to make your home and car smoke-free. If this is not possible, try to create a smoke-free space within your home and remove all lighters, ashtrays, and cigarette packages.

Choose the right quit approach

Part of planning to quit smoking includes choosing a quit approach that's right for you. Here are some common approaches to help you quit smoking.

Helpful hints: A great way to get ready for your quit date is to create a quit plan. A quit plan is a set of steps you can use to prepare and help you quit smoking. Making a quit plan and putting it into action can make quitting easier and help you succeed.

Quit plans can take many forms. Check out this quit plan to help you keep track of your reasons to quit smoking, concerns, triggers, coping strategies, overall approach to quitting, tools and supports, and your quit date.

1. Using a quit aid

Quit aids can help you deal with triggers and reduce your cravings for nicotine. A variety of quit aids are available that can be used in combination with other supports. Ask your healthcare provider about choosing a quit aid that is right for you to increase your chances of quitting successfully.

Nicotine replacement therapy

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is an over-the-counter medication that delivers nicotine to your body in small amounts and can help you control cravings. There are different forms of NRT products available. Using a single form of any NRT can double your chance of successfully quitting and combining a long-acting form of NRT with a short-acting form of NRT nearly triples your chance of successfully quitting. Endnote 9

Long-acting NRT: Nicotine patch

Nicotine patches are the only available form of long-acting NRT. Long-acting means that patches deliver a steady dose of nicotine as long as you keep it on for up to 24 hours. Typically, you would apply a patch in the morning when you wake up, wear it all day and night, and replace it with a new one the next morning.

Short-acting NRT: Nicotine gum, inhaler, spray, lozenge, buccal pouch

There are different forms of short-acting NRT including nicotine gum, spray, inhaler, and lozenge. While patches deliver a steady amount of nicotine to your body throughout the day, these short-acting forms of NRT are intended to help you control your cravings as they appear. For example, if you feel like smoking, you could use nicotine gum to help the craving pass. These short-acting NRT products can be used alone or in combination with nicotine patches.

Health Canada has recently authorized a new short-acting NRT called nicotine buccal pouches. A nicotine buccal pouch is a tobacco-free product that is placed between your gum and your cheek. It delivers nicotine to your body temporarily relieving cravings and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Only some nicotine pouches have been authorized by Health Canada as natural health products for smoking cessation. Do not use unauthorized nicotine buccal pouches, as they can pose risks to your health.

Helpful hints: To help you remember to take your NRT, try building it into your regular activities such as with other medications or with meals. Talking with a trained quit coach (e.g., doctor, pharmacist, nurse, or with a quit line) can also help you consider other practical tips.

Prescription medications

There are also smoking cessation medications available that contain no nicotine but can help you control cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Endnote 10 The two available in Canada are varenicline and bupropion.

Using bupropion alone can almost double your chances of quitting successfully; combining varenicline with counselling can nearly triple your chance of successfully quitting. Endnote 9

These medications require a prescription. If you are considering this approach, speak with your healthcare provider who can provide you with additional information about the benefits and potential side effects of taking prescription medications.

Cytisine

Cytisine is a natural health product that mimics the effects of nicotine, and has been shown to be effective for smoking cessation.Endnote 11 As a natural health product, it can be purchased without a prescription in Canada. There is a specific dosing schedule to follow when taking cytisine, so it's important to read and follow product instructions. Endnote 11 If you are considering this approach, speak with your healthcare provider or a pharmacist for advice.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) safe to take?
  • Yes, NRT products are the safest way to use nicotine. Endnote 5 In fact, it is even safe to combine different forms of NRT (e.g., the patch and gum, lozenge, inhaler, or spray). On its own, nicotine does not cause cancer, heart disease, or respiratory disease – it is the other chemicals in tobacco that do this.
2. Can I use quit aids if I am pregnant or breastfeeding/chestfeeding?
  • If you are pregnant or breastfeeding/chestfeeding, it is a great time to quit smoking. Counselling is recommended first. Endnote 12 If this quit approach does not work for you, speak with your healthcare provider about NRT. Short-acting NRT like nicotine gum, inhaler, spray or lozenge is preferred over the nicotine patch. Endnote 12
3. How do I know which quit aid is right for me?
  • A quit coach or healthcare provider can help you find what's right for you, even if you've tried to quit before. They can provide you with useful advice and refer you to other sources of support. Even if you have been unsuccessful in quitting smoking with the use of NRT before, consider trying it again, but perhaps in combination with something else.

Helpful hints: Are you looking to quit smoking and feel like you have tried everything? Don't get discouraged! Did you know that combining certain quit aids can significantly improve your chances of quitting? This video shows how combining the right tools and support can greatly improve your chances of success.

2. Cut back gradually before quitting

If you want to cut back gradually, you can slowly reduce the amount you smoke as you move closer to your quit date. Cutting back allows you to get a sense of what it will be like to quit for good. It also gives you the chance to deal with challenges one at a time, instead of all at once.

There are many ways to cut back. When choosing this approach, try a few different strategies from the list below to see what works best for you.

  • Each time you reach for a cigarette, stop, and think, "I'm going to skip this one".
  • Wait five or ten minutes before acting on your urge to smoke.
  • Smoke less of each cigarette than you normally would.
  • Carry only enough cigarettes to get you through the day, no extras, and do not purchase any additional packs.
  • Set SMART goals to reduce the amount you smoke every day or two and cut down as much as you can. Try delaying your first cigarette of the day by at least two hours.
  • Begin to change the daily routines that you associate with smoking.
  • Set a target quit date and put it in your calendar as soon as you decide and set reminders to review your progress. The date you choose should give you time to prepare and cut back, but not be so far ahead that you lose motivation.

3. Quit cold turkey without any quit aids

This means deciding to quit abruptly, without using any quit aids like prescription medications or NRT. This method works for some people, but it doesn't work for everyone and that's okay! If you choose this approach, review Coping with cravings and find coping strategies that can work for you.

Reflection Activity

In the space below, record which approach(es) to quitting you will use.
Check all that apply.

Support is available to help you succeed

There are a number of resources that can help you become smoke-free. A sample of the options available across Canada is listed below. Combining different types of support will give you the best chance of success.Endnote 13Endnote 14 You can also find local support and services available near you through your provincial and territorial services.

Testimonial: "I have to say what ultimately worked for me was surrounding myself with non-smokers (including my parents) on Facebook. Every time I had a craving, no matter how early in the morning it was, I would post that I was craving on Facebook on my phone. I got a lot of support that way - but the big thing was, even if nobody replied right away, I felt that I was being accountable to someone other than myself. So that's what got me through." - Anonymous

Helpful hints: Tell your family, friends, and co-workers that you are quitting smoking. Tell them what you plan to do and explain that you might need to rely on them to help you resist your cravings. Do not be afraid to tell your friends who smoke about your decision to quit and tell them how they can help you. Ask them not to offer you a cigarette and not to smoke around you.

Speak to a healthcare provider

Many healthcare providers understand the quit process and can support you along your path to quitting. We recommend talking to your healthcare provider when you are planning to quit. You can connect with supports at many places, including pharmacies, health units, or cessation clinics. Healthcare providers can:

  • Provide advice on appropriate quit approaches and methods
  • Follow your progress
  • Prescribe stop-smoking medications
  • Help manage smoking-related health conditions
  • Refer you to other sources of support

Canadian quit smoking programs

Smoking cessation programs or quit programs are designed to help people who smoke cope with the challenges that arise while quitting. These programs provide you with non-judgmental support and encouragement to reach your goals. Endnote 15

To learn more about the quit-smoking services provided in your provincial and territorial quit smoking services.

Counselling

Counselling provides one-on-one, confidential, and non-judgmental support to people interested in quitting smoking and can almost double your chances of quitting successfully. Endnote 16 Combining varenicline with counselling can nearly triple your chances of quitting successfully. Endnote 16 Quit counsellors can help you develop a tailored quit plan, answer your questions, and support your journey through in-person, phone, text or online services. Services can include one-on-one counselling or group support. If you already see a counsellor, share with them that you are going to quit smoking. They will be able to support you through the quit process or refer you to other supports as needed.

Connect with a quitline

Talking to a trained quit coach can increase your chance of quitting smoking. Endnote 17 They can help you develop a plan and answer your questions about quitting. The coach can also provide a choice of services tailored to your needs, including self-help materials, a referral list of programs in your community, and one-on-one counselling over the phone.

For more information or to talk with a trained quit coach for free, connect with your local quit smoking line at gosmokefree.gc.ca/quit or toll-free at 1-866-366-3667.

Phone applications or text messaging services

Apps and text messaging services can provide you advice and useful tips and can help maintain your motivation throughout the quit process. Signing up for an app or text messaging service along with other stop-smoking supports may help you stop smoking. Endnote 18

Consider exploring some options on the Apple App Store or Google Play Store to find an app that could work for you.

Get ready for your quit day

Set a quit date

A well-chosen quit date should give you enough time to prepare, but not too much time to lose motivation. Think about the activities that you have planned for the next few weeks to get an idea of when to set your quit date for. You may want to find a week when you have fewer deadlines, or plan to begin on a weekend so you can plan some activities that will keep your mind off smoking.

Helpful hints: Instead of putting off your quit date, use expected (e.g., quitting on your birthday, New Year's, or another event) and unexpected circumstances (e.g., quitting after a cold or flu when you may not have smoked due to illness) to your advantage.

Reflection Activity: Commitment sentence

Just like signing a contract with yourself, put your quit date down in writing. Choose a specific date that is no more than three weeks away. Mark it on your calendars, add it as a screensaver to your computer desktop, or create a reminder on your cell phone, etc.

Helpful hints: Make your commitment sentence relevant to you. Depending on the quit approach you have chosen, include more details about how you are going to quit using SMART goals discussed on Deciding to quit. For example, "I will quit smoking on June 2nd by reducing my daily number of cigarettes by 3 per day for the next 14 days because I want to improve my health."

Change your thinking

In advance of your quit date, change your thinking around smoking. Instead of saying "I will not," try saying, "I will."

For example, if you normally smoke after dinner, you could say: "Right after dinner tonight, I will go for a short walk instead of smoking."

This way, you are able to look forward to another activity, instead of thinking that you are missing out on smoking. Even small changes like this can go a long way in quitting successfully.

Recognize the skills and knowledge you already have

Think about the times in the past that you have gone without smoking, either intentionally or unintentionally. This can be anything from a quit attempt to not being able to smoke due to smoking restrictions (e.g., being on a long flight). Are there things that you did to keep yourself from smoking? Think about what worked for you and what didn't.

You can also think about other things that you have changed in your life besides smoking. For example, have you recently become more physically active, or have you started a new self-care routine? Think about how you have made other changes in your life and whether you can use these skills to help you quit.

On the day before you quit

Congratulations! You're almost there. As your quit day approaches, you may be experiencing a number of different feelings.

You may be feeling stressed, or you may feel that you are about to give up something in your life. This is completely normal. To help you deal with these feelings, remind yourself that you are prepared for this and have the tools and knowledge to succeed. Let your family, friends, and co-workers know that tomorrow is your quit day. Ask them to be understanding if you appear tense or irritable. Let them know how they can support you and that you appreciate their help.

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Endnotes

Endnote 1

Potts, D. A., & Daniels, J. S. (2014). Where there's smoke there must be ire! Nicotine addiction treatment: a review. Missouri medicine, 111(1), 80–84.

Return to endnote 1 referrer

Endnote 2

Benowitz N. L. (2008). Neurobiology of nicotine addiction: implications for smoking cessation treatment. The American journal of medicine, 121(4 Suppl 1), S3–S10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.015

Return to endnote 2 referrer

Endnote 3

American Psychiatry Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Return to endnote 3 referrer

Endnote 4

McLaughlin, I., Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2015). Nicotine withdrawal. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 24, 99–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_4

Return to endnote 4 referrer

Endnote 5

CAMH. (2021). Lower-Risk Nicotine Use Guidelines: Quick Tips. Toronto, ON: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. https://www.nicotinedependenceclinic.com/en/Documents/Quick%20Tips.pdf

Return to endnote 5 referrer

Endnote 6

CAMH. (2018). My Change Plan. Toronto, ON: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. www.nicotinedependenceclinic.com/en/teach/Documents/My%20Change%20Plan%20Edition%208.pdf

Return to endnote 6 referrer

Endnote 7

Vidrine, J. I., Spears, C. A., Heppner, W. L., Reitzel, L. R., Marcus, M. T., Cinciripini, P. M., Waters, A. J., Li, Y., Nguyen, N. T., Cao, Y., Tindle, H. A., Fine, M., Safranek, L. V., & Wetter, D. W. (2016). Efficacy of mindfulness-based addiction treatment (MBAT) for smoking cessation and lapse recovery: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 84(9), 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000117

Return to endnote 7 referrer

Endnote 8

Bowen, S., & Marlatt, A. (2009). Surfing the urge: brief mindfulness-based intervention for college student smokers. Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 23(4), 666–671. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017127

Return to endnote 8 referrer

Endnote 9

Cahill, K., Stevens, S., Perera, R., Lancaster, T. (2013). Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,(5), CD009329. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub2

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Endnote 10

Clinical Practice Guideline Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence 2008 Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. (2008). A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report. American journal of preventive medicine, 35(2), 158–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.009

Return to endnote 10 referrer

Endnote 11

Karnieg, T., & Wang, X. (2018). Cytisine for smoking cessation. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 190(19), E596. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.171371

Return to endnote 11 referrer

Endnote 12

CAN-ADAPTT. (2011). Canadian Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline - Specific populations: pregnant and breastfeeding women. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Action Network for the Advancement, Dissemination and Adoption of Practice-informed Tobacco Treatment, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

Return to endnote 12 referrer

Endnote 13

Hartmann-Boyce, J., Hong, B., Livingstone-Banks, J., Wheat, H., & Fanshawe, T. R. (2019). Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 6(6), CD009670. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub4

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Endnote 14

Stead, L. F., Koilpillai, P., Fanshawe, T. R., & Lancaster, T. (2016). Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3, CD008286. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3

Return to endnote 14 referrer

Endnote 15

Stead, L. F., Carroll, A. J., & Lancaster, T. (2017). Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3(3), CD001007. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001007.pub3

Return to endnote 15 referrer

Endnote 16

Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Ordóñez-Mena, J. M., Fanshawe, T. R., Lindson, N., Freeman, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Theodoulou, A., & Aveyard, P. (2021). Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 1, CD013229. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013229.pub2

Return to endnote 16 referrer

Endnote 17

Matkin, W., Ordóñez-Mena, J. M., & Hartmann-Boyce, J. (2019). Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 5(5), CD002850. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002850.pub4

Return to endnote 17 referrer

Endnote 18

Whittaker, R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Rodgers, A., Gu, Y., & Dobson, R. (2019). Mobile phone text messaging and app-based interventions for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 10(10), CD006611. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub5

Return to endnote 18 referrer

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