ARCHIVED - Suboptimal reporting of notifiable diseases in Canadian emergency departments: A survey of emergency physician knowledge, practices, and perceived barriers
1 September 2006
Volume 32
Number 17
SM Friedman, MD, MPH (1), L-A Sommersall, MD, BSc (2), MGardam, MD, MSc (3), T Arenovich, MSc, BSc (4)
Assistant Director (Research), Emergency Medicine, University Health Network,
Toronto and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoResident, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
Director, Infection Prevention and Control, University Health Network and
Assistant Professor, University of TorontoStatistician, University Health Network, University of Toronto
Introduction
Reporting of infectious diseases is integral to the detection of common-source outbreaks (such as food or waterborne outbreaks), provision of appropriate medical therapy, and the planning and evaluation of prevention and control programs1. The re-emergence of “old” infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, the appearance of new pathogens, for instance, the one giving rise to SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), and the deliberate introduction of infectious diseases through bioterrorism highlight the need for effective disease surveillance2,3. Ashford et al. argue that the most critical component for bioterrorism outbreak detection and reporting is the front-line health care profession and local health departments4.
Physician compliance with respect to mandatory reporting of common notifiable diseases has reportedly varied between 6% and 90%5. Failure in mandatory public health reporting by physicians has been attributed to lack of knowledge regarding the components of notification, including the requirement to report6, which diseases are reportable7,8, and how or to whom to report9. Poor compliance has also been attributed to physician assumption that someone else will report, concerns regarding the effort required for reporting10, insufficient compensation for doing so, and a view that no useful action is taken on notifications11. Physicians cite poor accessibility and complexity of notification forms, lack of motivation secondary to poor feedback, and a perception that reporting these diseases is a useless endeavor12.
Few studies have examined the reporting practices and barriers to reporting by emergency physicians (EPs), and none has specifically examined EPs practising in Canada. The goal of this study was to assess Canadian EP knowledge about public health reporting requirements as well as their self-reported practices and perceptions regarding barriers to compliance. A secondary goal was to identify potential improvements for facilitating timely and complete infectious disease reporting from Canadian emergency departments.
Methods
The survey instrument consisted of 14 multiple choice and short-answer questions, and seven questions regarding respondent demographics. The survey was piloted among 20 EPs for clarity and validity before study launch.
A cover letter and electronic link to a Web-based survey was e-mailed to all 1,176 members of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) who had furnished an e-mail address to the organization and indicated a willingness to be contacted in this manner. CAEP is a professional body representing Canadian EPs13. Membership is open to all physicians practising full- or part-time emergency medicine, residents engaged in postgraduate training in emergency medicine, and medical students. At the time of the survey, the CAEP membership numbered 1,725 paying members (CAEP administrator: personal communication, 2004).
A modified Dillman methodology was used14,15, and subjects were sent by e-mail an electronic letter describing the study and a link to an on-line survey, and then three weekly reminder e-mails with a link to the survey. Data were collected for 8 weeks from the first mass e-mail.
Correlations were sought between physician knowledge and demographic variables, nature of practice, and self-rating of knowledge. Chi square tests and analysis of covariance were performed using Excel and SPSS. This study was approved by the hospital Research Ethics Board. External funding was provided by Roche Canada.
Results
Of the 1,176 CAEP members solicited for participation, five responded that they were not practising emergency medicine, nine e-mail addresses consistently generated an automatic response indicating that the respondent was away, and 21 unique e-mails were invalid. Overall, 386 CAEP members completed part or all of the survey, representing 33.8% of surveys sent to 1,141 EPs with functioning e-mail addresses and no vacation alert. Their responses are shown in Table 1. The minimum number of respondents per question was 373 (32.7%).
Respondents represented all provinces/territories and a broad array of certifications and years in practice. The geographic and sex distribution of respondents was proportional to that of all those surveyed. Respondents were primarily from Ontario (44%), British Columbia (15.1%), and Alberta (14.3%).
EP knowledge of diseases and requirements
Test of physician knowledge: EPs were presented with a list of 16 diseases and asked to identify which are reportable. Seven diseases on the list (chlamydia, giardiaisis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and mumps) are reportable in every Canadian province and territory; performance on this subset was considered for comparison across regions.
The mean score (by province/territory) for identifying reportable disease was 70.9% (range 0% to 85.7%); 36.7% of EPs could only identify four or fewer of the seven diseases, and 21 % identified three diseases or fewer. EPs were most likely to correctly identify chlamydia (88.3%) and HIV (81.1 %) as notifiable diseases, and least likely to identify mumps (59.1%) and giardiasis (47%). EP performance was not correlated with years in practice, sex, certification, practice setting (urban, community, or rural), affiliation with teaching hospital, or emergency department workload (see Table 2).
Self-rating of knowledge: Overall, 80.5% of EPs estimated their knowledge of notifiable disease reporting requirements as “fair” or “poor”. This subjective rating of self-knowledge was associated with the objective test of knowledge (p < 0.001) (Table 1).
Reporting prior to positive confirmation: Only 12.9% of EPs correctly identified the requirement to report suspected diseases before laboratory confirmation. Approximately two-thirds of subjects indicated that they relied on the laboratory to report positive results to the local health authorities (Table 1).
EP practice and compliance
Approximately two-thirds of EPs reported knowing where the telephone number of the local public health unit is posted in their emergency department, but only approximately one-third indicated knowing where a list of notifiable diseases was posted. Knowledge of where this list was posted was positively associated with performance on the objective test of knowledge (p = 0.0072).
Approximately half of EPs reported that they never consulted a list of reportable diseases, and almost half indicated reporting 40% or fewer of notifiable diseases.
EPs indicated that notification of public health was initiated by emergency department staff (including physician, nurse, and clerical staff) approximately 40% of the time and by laboratory or infection control staff approximately 40% of the time. When EPs were asked who should do the reporting, their responses did not change significantly.
There was no significant association between province/territory and estimated proportion of diseases reported. However, province/ territory was associated with knowledge of the location of the notifiable diseases list in the emergency department (p = 0.0006), ranging from 0.0% (Northwest Territories and Yukon Territories) to 100% (Nunavut).
Ontario, the single province not divided into regional health systems, performed close to the median of other provinces in tests of physician knowledge and compliance.
Perceived barriers to compliance
Most EPs indicated that the reporting process takes too much time. The major barriers to reporting that were most frequently identified included time required for notification, lack of knowledge regarding which diseases are reportable, and a belief that many notifiable diseases are too common or unimportant to merit the effort of reporting (29.0%).
EPs were asked how they would improve public health reporting in Canada, and 161 (42% of respondents) provided a free text answer. The majority of responses focused on educating physicians and streamlining the process of reporting. Proposals for enhancing EP knowledge included mounting notifiable disease lists with contact information in emergency departments, use of concise mailings, and continuing education. There were numerous comments on the heavy workload of emergency department clinicians, with suggestions for streamlining the reporting process, shifting the notification responsibility to third parties (such as laboratory or infection control), and implementing remuneration for reporting. Advocates of automation proposed reporting on-line, use of voice mail-boxes, and pads of standardized sheets that could be faxed to the local authorities. Less frequent suggestions included shortening the list of notifiable diseases and enforcing sanctions against physicians for poor compliance.
Discussion
Public health surveillance systems typically include both a case-detection and diagnosis component, and a disease reporting component2. Legislation requiring physicians to report notifiable diseases is commonplace around the world. In the United States, the authority to require notification of cases resides in state legislatures, and reporting requirements vary substantially by state or territory1,16. In Canada, the reporting or notifying of diseases is mandated by provincial legislation, and the list of notifiable diseases differs by province/territory. Prior to 1990, each jurisdiction had its own set of case definitions, and comparability across jurisdictions was difficult. In March 1991, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (LCDC), in conjunction with the provincial and territorial epidemiologists, published disease-specific case definitions for diseases under national surveillance. Canadian physicians diagnosing a case of a specific (notifiable) disease are directed to report their clinical diagnosis, with or without laboratory confirmation, to local health authorities. These authorities are responsible for determining that the case meets the surveillance case definition before they officially report the case. The local health authority reporting the case collects all necessary epidemiologic data on it17.
Underreporting of notifiable diseases may distort trends observed in the incidence of diseases, distort attributable risk estimates for disease acquisition, prevent accurate assessment of the potential benefits or impact of control programs, prevent timely identification of disease outbreaks, and undermine the success of prevention and control programs1. This study suggests that Canadian emergency physician knowledge, motivation, and compliance regarding infection disease reporting requirements is deficient.
Durrheim and Thomas reported that differences in knowledge were not associated with physician sex, years of practice, or the number of partners in a particular practice8. Our findings are consistent with these past reports.We postulate that the high recognition by EPs of chlamydia and HIV as notifiable diseases relates to the public health education regarding sexually transmitted infections in earlier medical training, disproportionate to that for other notifiable diseases. Doyle et al. observed that in the United States, reporting completeness for AIDS, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases has been significantly greater than for all other notifiable diseases combined2.
Two primary barriers to reporting were identified: not knowing what diseases are reportable, and the perception that the reporting process requires too much time and effort. EPs currently struggle with increasing patient volumes, emergency department overcrowding, and deteriorating performance on such quality benchmarks as door-to-needle time for thrombolysis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction(18). A human factors approach to complex system failure would focus not solely on the physician but also on the system in which the EP operates19. Prominent posting of notifiable disease lists and a streamlined reporting process might improve EP knowledge and compliance. Improvement in completeness and expediency of reporting has been observed with the institution of automated reporting systems20,21. Appointment of a nurse charged with compliance has been shown to improve notification rates22. Bek et al. propose that feedback to doctors, showing them that preventive action is taken as a result of notification, may be an effective way to improve notification practices23.
Several limitations to this study are identified. First, the response rate (approximately one-third of those surveyed) was low, hence our results may not be generalizable to EPs as a whole. Second, there is the potential of selection bias, as the study selected EPs who were members of CAEP, had Internet access, and were motivated to participate in a voluntary study. Nonetheless, selection bias and response potentially add concern to the counterintuitive results at hand. We argue that respondents to the study were likely to have been among the more motivated EPs, who view public health reporting as a concern.
Conclusions
EP knowledge, motivation, and compliance regarding notifiable disease reporting requirements merits improvement. Much planning for future infectious disease crises, such as bioterrorism events or emerging infectious disease epidemics, relies on surveillance by front-line health care workers to detect cases. Our study, with others, has shown that the current system is not particularly reliable. Respondents to our survey suggested that improved physician education, posting of notifiable disease lists in emergency departments, and streamlining the reporting process may improve performance. We concur and recommend that public health units wishing to improve reportable disease surveillance should discuss the barriers to reporting with front-line health care workers and include them in devising solutions to improve compliance.
Table 1. Canada-wide survey of emergency physicians (n = 1,141)
1) Which of the following diseases must be reported to public health as required by Health Canada? (n = 386, 33.8%)
Disease* |
Yes |
(%) |
No |
(%) |
Chickenpox (varicella) |
87 |
(23) |
298 |
(77) |
Chlamydia (genital) |
340 |
(88) |
45 |
(12) |
Cryptosporidiosis |
229 |
(59) |
156 |
(41) |
Cytomegalovirus |
98 |
(25) |
287 |
(75) |
Epstein-Barr virus |
27 |
(7) |
358 |
(93) |
Giardiasis |
181 |
(47) |
204 |
(53) |
Hepatitis A |
294 |
(76) |
91 |
(24) |
Hepatitis B |
297 |
(77) |
88 |
(23) |
Atypical mycobacteria |
166 |
(43) |
219 |
(57) |
Herpes simplex virus 2 |
92 |
(24) |
294 |
(76) |
HIV/AIDS |
313 |
(81) |
73 |
(19) |
Influenza |
167 |
(43) |
219 |
(57) |
Invasive group B Streptococcus |
203 |
(53) |
183 |
(47) |
Malaria |
260 |
(67) |
126 |
(33) |
Mumps |
228 |
(59) |
158 |
(41) |
Mycoplasma |
24 |
(6) |
362 |
(94) |
*Diseases in bold are reportable in each province and territory.
2) Rate your knowledge regarding which diseases are reportable.
(n = 384, 33.7%, nonrespondents: 2)
n |
% |
95% confidence interval (CI) |
|
Poor |
91 |
23.6 |
19.4, 28.0 |
Fair |
218 |
56.7 |
51.8, 61.7 |
Good |
69 |
18.0 |
14.1, 21.8 |
Very Good |
3 |
0.8 |
0.0, 1.7 |
Excellent |
3 |
0.8 |
0.0, 1.7 |
3) Do you know where a list of notifiable diseases is posted in your emergency department?
(n = 384, 33.7%, nonrespondents: 2)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Yes |
117 |
30.5 |
25.9, 35.1 |
No |
196 |
51.0 |
46.0, 56.0 |
Uncertain |
71 |
18.5 |
14.6, 22.4 |
4) Do you know where the telephone number of the local public health unit is posted in your emergency department? (n = 383, 33.6%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Yes |
243 |
63.4 |
58.6, 68.3 |
No |
96 |
25.1 |
20.7, 29.4 |
Uncertain |
44 |
11.5 |
8.3, 14.7 |
5) When is the last time you consulted a list of notifiable diseases that is posted in your emergency department? (n = 383, 33.6%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Less than 1 week ago |
8 |
2.1 |
0.7, 3.5 |
Less than 1 month ago |
31 |
8.1 |
5.4, 10.8 |
Less than 6 months ago |
80 |
20.9 |
16.8, 25.0 |
Less than 1 year ago |
79 |
20.6 |
16.6, 24.7 |
Never |
185 |
48.3 |
43.3, 53.3 |
6) What proportion of notifiable diseases diagnosed in the emergency department do you report (or direct your staff to report)? (n = 373, 32.7%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
< 20% |
139 |
37.3 |
32.4, 42.2 |
20% -40% |
32 |
8.6 |
5.7, 11.4 |
41% -60% |
66 |
17.7 |
13.8, 21.6 |
61% -80% |
53 |
14.2 |
10.7, 17.8 |
> 80% |
83 |
22.3 |
18.0, 26.5 |
7) Who in your emergency department USUALLY notifies public health about notifiable diseases? (n = 373, 32.7%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Emergency physician |
88 |
23.6 |
19.3, 27.9 |
Intern/resident |
2 |
0.5 |
0.0, 1.3 |
Emergency department nurse |
35 |
9.4 |
6.4, 12.3 |
Clerical staff |
19 |
5.1 |
2.9, 7.3 |
Laboratory |
105 |
28.2 |
23.6, 32.7 |
Patient's family physician |
3 |
0.8 |
0.0, 1.7 |
Patient/family member |
0 |
0.0 |
0.0, 0.0 |
Infection control |
48 |
12.9 |
9.5, 16.3 |
Nobody (typically do not notify) |
5 |
1.3 |
0.2, 2.5 |
Uncertain |
60 |
16.1 |
12.4, 19.8 |
Other (please specify) |
8 |
2.1 |
0.7, 3.6 |
8) Who in your emergency department SHOULD notify public health about notifiable diseases?
(n = 373, 32.7%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Emergency physician |
128 |
34.3 |
29.5, 39.1 |
Intern/resident |
1 |
0.3 |
0.0, 0.8 |
Emergency department nurse |
26 |
7.0 |
4.4, 9.6 |
Clerical staff |
10 |
2.7 |
1.0, 4.3 |
Laboratory |
85 |
22.8 |
18.5, 27.0 |
Patient's family physician |
3 |
0.8 |
0.0, 1.7 |
Patient/family member |
0 |
0.0 |
0.0, 0.0 |
Infection control |
66 |
17.7 |
13.8, 21.6 |
Nobody (typically do not notify) |
1 |
0.3 |
0.0, 0.8 |
Uncertain |
36 |
9.7 |
6.7, 12.6 |
Other (please specify) |
17 |
4.6 |
2.4, 6.7 |
9) Is it a requirement to report suspected diseases that are diagnosed clinically before laboratory confirmation? (n = 373, 32.7%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Yes |
48 |
12.9 |
9.5, 16.3 |
No |
72 |
19.3 |
15.3, 23.3 |
Sometimes |
136 |
36.5 |
31.6, 41.3 |
Uncertain |
117 |
31.4 |
26.7, 36.1 |
10) If you send a specimen to the laboratory for confirmation do you rely on the laboratory to report any positive results to the local health unit rather than reporting them yourself?
(n = 373) (nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Yes |
245 |
65.7 |
60.9, 70.5 |
No |
67 |
18.0 |
14.1, 21.9 |
Sometimes |
61 |
16.4 |
12.6, 20.1 |
11) Does the reporting process take too much time? (n = 373, 32.7%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Yes |
205 |
55.0 |
49.9, 60.0 |
No |
168 |
45.0 |
40.0, 50.1 |
12) Do ethical concerns (i.e. patient confidentiality) impact on your compliance with public health reporting requirements?
(n = 373, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Frequently |
12 |
3.2 |
1.4, 5.0 |
Sometimes |
122 |
32.7 |
27.9, 37.5 |
Never |
239 |
64.1 |
59.2, 68.9 |
13) What do you see as the major barriers to reporting notifiable diseases from the emergency department?
(n = 373, 32.7%, nonrespondents: 3)
n |
% |
95% (CI) |
|
Too much time required |
200 |
53.6 |
48.6, 58.7 |
I do not know what number to call |
95 |
25.5 |
21.0, 29.9 |
Too difficult to reach the right public health person |
134 |
35.9 |
31.1, 40.8 |
Many diseases too common or too unimportant to merit effort of reporting |
108 |
29.0 |
24.4, 33.6 |
I do not know what diseases are reportable |
195 |
52.3 |
47.2, 57.3 |
Ethical considerations |
38 |
10.2 |
7.1, 13.3 |
Not my job |
45 |
12.1 |
8.8, 15.4 |
Not compensated for my time |
90 |
24.1 |
19.8, 28.5 |
There are no barriers to reporting |
37 |
9.9 |
6.9, 13.0 |
Others |
49 |
13.1 |
9.7, 16.6 |
14) How would you improve public health reporting in Canada?
(n = 161, 14.1% [see Discussion])
Table 2. Demographic characteristics and practice
1) Years in clinical practice (n = 370, 32.4%, nonrespondents: 16)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
0-5 |
138 |
37.3 |
32.4, 42.2 |
6-10 |
59 |
15.9 |
12.2, 19.7 |
11-15 |
66 |
17.8 |
13.9, 21.7 |
16-20 |
46 |
12.4 |
9.1, 15.8 |
21+ |
61 |
16.5 |
12.7, 20.3 |
2) Gender ( n = 368, 32.3%, nonrespondents: 18)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
Male |
270 |
73.4 |
68.9, 77.9 |
Female |
98 |
26.6 |
22.1, 31.1 |
3) Where do you currently practice? ( n = 371, 32.5%, nonrespondents: 15)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
Alberta |
53 |
14.3 |
10.7, 17.8 |
British Columbia |
56 |
15.1 |
11.5, 18.7 |
Manitoba |
14 |
3.8 |
1.8, 5.7 |
New Brunswick |
10 |
2.7 |
1.0, 4.3 |
Newfoundland and Labrador |
5 |
1.3 |
0.2, 2.5 |
Northwest Territories |
3 |
0.8 |
0.0, 1.7 |
Nova Scotia |
28 |
7.5 |
4.9, 10.2 |
Nunavut |
1 |
0.3 |
0.0, 0.8 |
Ontario |
164 |
44.2 |
39.2, 49.3 |
Prince Edward Island |
4 |
1.1 |
0.0, 2.1 |
Quebec |
22 |
5.9 |
3.5, 8.3 |
Saskatchewan |
10 |
2.7 |
1.0, 4.3 |
Yukon |
1 |
0.3 |
0.0, 0.8 |
4) Certification* ( n = 368, 32.3%, nonrespondents: 18)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
None |
33 |
9.0 |
6.0, 11.9 |
CCFP |
51 |
13.0 |
10.3, 17.4 |
CCFP(EM) |
156 |
42.4 |
37.3, 47.4 |
FRCP (EM) |
83 |
22.6 |
18.3, 26.8 |
FRCP (Other) |
14 |
3.8 |
1.8, 5.8 |
DABEM |
8 |
2.2 |
0.7, 3.7 |
Other (please specify) |
23 |
6.2 |
*CCFlP = certificant of the College of Family Physicians; FRCP = Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; DABEM = Diplomate of the American Board of Emergency Medicine
5) Which best describes your primary emergency medicine practice setting?
( n = 371, nonrespondents: 15)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
Urban |
243 |
65.5 |
60.7, 70.3 |
Community |
98 |
26.4 |
21.9, 30.9 |
Rural |
30 |
8.1 |
5.3, 10.9 |
6) Is this practice setting a teaching hospital? ( n = 371, nonrespondents: 15)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
Yes |
244 |
65.8 |
60.9, 70.6 |
No |
127 |
34.2 |
29.4, 39.1 |
7) Number of shifts worked per month in emergency department ( n = 371, nonrespondents: 15)
n |
Proportion |
95% (CI) |
|
0-4 |
19 |
5.1 |
2.9, 7.4 |
5-9 |
77 |
20.8 |
16.6, 24.9 |
10-14 |
161 |
43..4 |
38.4, 48.4 |
15-19 |
105 |
28.3 |
23.7, 32.9 |
20 + |
9 |
2.4 |
0.9, 4.0 |
Table 3. Performance on test of knowledge of notifiable diseases (by province/territory)
Province/territory |
Score |
Standard error |
Nunavut |
85.7 |
+/-0.0 |
Northwest Territory |
80.9 |
+/-4.8 |
New Brunswick |
78.6 |
+/-6.8 |
Ontario |
78.3 |
+/-1.7 |
Saskatchewan |
74.3 |
+/-7.9 |
Quebec |
71.4 |
+/-6.0 |
Alberta |
69.8 |
+/-2.6 |
Newfoundland |
68.6 |
+/-14.6 |
Nova Scotia |
67.9 |
+/-5.3 |
Prince Edward Island |
67.9 |
+/-15.8 |
Manitoba |
67.3 |
+/-5.3 |
British Columbia |
52.3 |
+/-3.2 |
Yukon |
0.0 |
+/-0. |
Significant differences in knowledge scores exist across provinces (Chi-sq = 181.7, df = 84, p < 0.0001). Additional testing revealed that B.C. scores were significantly different than Alberta (p = 0.0195), New Brunswick (p = 0.0286), Ontario (p < 0.0001), Quebec (p = 0.0170), and Yukon scores (p = 0.0106). Ontario scores were also found to be significantly different from Alberta (p = 0.0315), Manitoba (p = 0.0352) and Yukon scores (p < 0.0001). Yukon scores were significantly different than Alberta (p < 0.0001) and Manitoba scores (p =0.0104).
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a grant from Roche Canada.
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