Alexander, L.M., Heaven, A., Tennant, A. et Morris, R. (1992). Symptomatology of children in contact with sea water contaminated with sewage. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 46(4): 340-344.
APHA, AWWA et WEF (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 23e édition, Washington (DC), American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association et Water Environment Federation.
Arnold, B.F., Schiff, K.C., Griffith, J.F., Gruber, J.S., Yau, V., Wright, C.C., Wade, T.J., Burns, S., Hayes, J.M., McGee, C., Gold, M., Cao, Y., Weisberg, S.B. et Colford, J.M., Jr (2013). Swimmer illness associated with marine water exposure and water quality indicators: Impact of widely used assumptions. Epidemiology, 24(6): 611-623.
Ashbolt, N.J., Dorsch, M.R., Cox, P.T. et Banens, B. (1997). Blooming E. coli, what do they mean? Dans: Kay, D. et Fricker, C. (eds.). Coliforms and E. coli: Problem or solution? London (UK): The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge: 78-85.
Ashbolt, N.J., Grabow, W.O.K. et Snozzi, M. (2001). Indicators of microbial water quality. In: Fewtrell, L. et Bartram, J. (eds.). Water quality—Guidelines, standards and health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. London (UK): IWA Publishing, au nom de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé: 289-315.
Ballesté, E. et Blanch, A.R. (2010). Persistence of Bacteroides species populations in a river as measured by molecular and culture techniques. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(22): 7608-7616.
Banihashemi, A., Van Dyke, M.I. et Huck, P.M. (2015). Detection of viable bacterial pathogens in a drinking water source using propidium monoazide-quantitative PCR. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. Aqua, 64(2): 139-148.
Bartram, J. et Rees, G. (eds.). (2000). Monitoring bathing waters: A practical guide to the design and implementation of assessments and monitoring programmes. New York (NY): E & FN Spon.
Beaudry, M. (2019). From nuisance to resource: Understanding microbial sources of contamination in urban stormwater-impacted bodies of water intended for water reuse activities. Thèse de maîtrise en sciences, Université de l'Alberta.
Benjamin-Chung, J., Arnold, B.F., Wade, T.J., Schiff, K., Griffith, J.F., Dufour, A.P., Weisberg, S.B. et Colford, J.M. (2017). Coliphages and gastrointestinal illness in recreational waters: Pooled analysis of six coastal beach cohorts. Epidemiology, 28(5): 644-652.
Bernhard, A.E. et Field, K.G. (2000a). Identification of nonpoint sources of pollution in coastal waters by using host-specific 16S ribosomal DNA genetic markers from fecal anaerobes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(4): 1587-1594.
Bernhard, A.E. et Field, K.G. (2000b). A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(10): 4571-4574.
Boehm, A. B., Soller, J. A. et Shanks, O. C. (2015). Human-associated fecal quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements and simulated risk of gastrointestinal illness in recreational waters contaminated with raw sewage. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2 (10): 270-275.
Boehm, A.B., Graham, et K.E., Jennings, W.C. (2018). Can we swim yet? Systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment of aging sewage in surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 52(17): 9634-9645.
Boehm, A.B. et Soller, J.A. (2020). Refined ambient water quality thresholds for human-associated fecal indicator HF183 for recreational waters with and without co-occurring gull fecal contamination. Microb. Risk Anal., 16:100139.
Brookes, J.D., Hipsey, M.R., Burch, M.D., Linden, L.G., Ferguson, C.M. et Antenucci, J.P. (2005). Relative value of surrogate indicators for detecting pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(22): 8614-8621.
Brown, K.I., Graham, K.E., Soller, J.A. et Boehm, A.B. (2017). Estimating the probability of illness due to swimming in recreational water with a mixture of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers. Environ. Sci.: Process. Impacts, 19: 1528-1541.
Byappanahalli, M.N., Fowler, M., Shively, D. et Whitman, R. (2003). Ubiquity and persistence of Escherichia coli in a midwestern coastal stream. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(3): 4549-4555.
Byappanahalli, M.N., Whitman, R.L., Shively, D.A., Sadowsky, M.J. et Ishii, S. (2006). Population structure, persistence, and seasonality of autochthonous Escherichia coli in temperate, coastal forest soil from a Great Lakes watershed. Environ. Microbiol., 8(3): 504-513.
Byappanahalli, M.N., Sawdey, R., Ishii, S., Shively, D.A., Ferguson, J.A., Whitman, R.L. et Sadowsky, M.J. (2009). Seasonal stability of Cladophora-associated Salmonella in Lake Michigan watersheds. Water Res., 43(3): 806-14.
Byappanahalli, M.N., Nevers, M.B., Korajkic, A., Staley, Z.R. et Harwood, V.J. (2012a). Enterococci in the environment. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 76(4): 685-706.
Byappanahalli, M.N., Yan, T., Hamilton, M.J., Ishii, S., Fujioka, R.S., Whitman, R.L. et Sadowsky, M.J. (2012b). The population structure of Escherichia coli isolated from subtropical and temperate soils. Sci. Total Environ., 417-418: 273-279.
Cabelli, V.J. (1983). Health effects criteria for marine recreational waters. Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, no de document: EPA-600/1-80-031, Cincinnati, OH.
Calderon, R.L., Mood, E.W. et Dufour, A.P. (1991). Health effects of swimmers and nonpoint sources of contaminated water. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 1(1): 21-31.
Cao, Y., Raith, M.R. et Griffith, J.F. (2016). A duplex digital PCR assay for simultaneous quantification of the Enterococcus spp. and the human fecal-associated HF183 marker in waters. J. Vis. Exp., (109): e53611.
Carman, R.J., Sayeed, S., Li, J., Genheimer, C.W., Hiltonsmith, M.F., Wilkins, T.D. et McClane, B.A. (2008). Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes in the feces of healthy North Americans. Anaerobe, 14(2): 102-108.
Chandran, A. et Mohamed Hatha, A.A. (2005). Relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary. Water Res., 39(7): 1397-1403.
Cheung, W.H., Chang, K.C., Hung, R.P. et Kleevens, J.W. (1990). Health effects of beach water pollution in Hong Kong. Epidemiol. Infect., 105(1): 139-162.
Cole, D., Long, S.C. et Sobsey, M.D. (2003). Evaluation of F+ RNA and DNA coliphages as source-specific indicators of fecal contamination in surface waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(11): 6507-6514.
Colford, J.M., Schiff, K.C., Griffith, J.F., Yau, V., Arnold, B.F., Wright, C.C., Gruber, J.S., Wade, T.J., Burns, S., Hayes, J., McGee, C., Gold, M., Cao, Y., Noble, R.T., Haugland, R. et Weisberg, S.B. (2012). Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water. Water Res., 46(7): 2176-2186.
Colford, J.M.,Jr, Wade, T.J., Schiff, K.C., Wright, C.C., Griffith, J.F., Sandhu, S.K., Burns, S., Sobsey, M., Lovelace, G. et Weisberg, S.B. (2007). Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination. Epidemiology, 18(1): 27-35.
Corbett, S.J., Rubin, G.L., Curry, G.K. et Kleinbaum, D.G. (1993). The health effects of swimming at Sydney beaches. the Sydney beach users study advisory group. Am. J. Public Health, 83(12): 1701-1706.
Day, M.J., Hopkins, K.L., Wareham, D.W., Toleman, M.A., Elviss, N., Randall, L., Teale, C., Cleary, P., Wiuff, C., Doumith, M., Ellington, M. J., Woodford, N. et Livermore, D.M. (2019). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in human-derived and foodchain-derived samples from England, Wales, and Scotland: An epidemiological surveillance and typing study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19 (12): 1325-1335.
Davies, C.M., Long, J.A., Donald, M. et Ashbolt, N.J. (1995). Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61(5): 1888-1896.
Degnan, A.J. (2006). Chapter 10. Escherichia coli. In: Waterborne pathogens (M48): AWWA manual of water supply practices. 2e éd. Denver (CO): American Water Works Association. pp. 103-106.
Denis-Mize, K., Fout, G.S., Dahling, D.R. et Francy, D.S. (2004). Detection of human enteric viruses in stream water with RT-PCR and cell culture. J. Water Health, 2(1): 37-47.
Desmarais, T.R., Solo-Gabriele, H. et Palmer, C.J. (2002). Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(3): 1165-1172.
Devane, M.L., Moriarty, E., Weaver, L., Cookson, A. et Gilpin, B. (2020). Fecal indicator bacteria from environmental sources; strategies for identification to improve water quality monitoring. Water Res., 185: 116204.
Dias, E., Ebdon, J. et Taylor, H. (2018). The application of bacteriophages as novel indicators of viral pathogens in wastewater treatment systems. Water Res., 129: 172-179.
Diston, D. et Wicki, M. (2015). Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides host strains (ARABA 84 and GB-124) in fecal samples of human and animal origin. J. Water Health, 13(3): 654-661.
Dorevitch, S., Panthi, S., Huang, Y., Li, H., Michalek, A.M., Pratap, P., Wroblewski, M., Liu, L., Scheff, P.A. et Li, A. (2011). Water ingestion during water recreation. Water Res., 45(5): 2020-2028.
Dorevitch, S., Pratap, P., Wroblewski, M., Hryhorczuk, D.O., Li, H., Liu, L.C. et Scheff, P.A. (2012). Health risks of limited-contact water recreation. Environ. Health Perspect., 120(2): 192-197.
Dorevitch, S., DeFlorio-Barker, S., Jones, R.M. et Liu, L. (2015). Water quality as a predictor of gastrointestinal illness following incidental contact water recreation. Water Res., 83: 94-103.
Dorner, S.M., Anderson, W.B., Gaulin, T., Candon, H.L., Slawson, R.M., Payment, P. et Huck, P.M. (2007). Pathogen and indicator variability in a heavily impacted watershed. J. Water Health, 5(2): 241-257.
Dufour, A.P. et Cabelli, V.J. (1976). Characteristics of Klebsiella from textile finishing plant effluents. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 48(5): 872-879.
Dufour, A.P. (1984). Health effects criteria for fresh water recreational waters. Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, numéro de document: EPA 600/1-84-004, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dufour, A.P., Behymer, T.D., Cantu, R., Magnuson, M. et Wymer, L.J.(2017). Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers. J. Water Health, 15(3): 429-437.
Dwight, R.H., Baker, D.B., Semenza, J.C. et Olson, B.H. (2004). Health effects associated with recreational coastal water use: Urban versus rural California. Am. J. Public Health, 94(4): 565-567.
Ebdon, J.E., Sellwood, J., Shore, J. et Taylor, H.D. (2012). Phages of Bacteroides (GB-124): A novel tool for viral waterborne disease control? Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(2): 1163-1169.
Edberg, S.C., Rice, E.W., Karlin, R.J. et Allen, M.J. (2000). Escherichia coli: The best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol., (29): 106S-116S.
Edge, T.A., El-Shaarawi, A., Gannon, V., Jokinen, C., Kent, R., Khan, I.U., Koning, W., Lapen, D., Miller, J., Neumann, N., Phillips, R., Robertson, W., Schreier, H., Scott, A., Shtepani, I., Topp, E., Wilkes, G. et van Bochove, E. (2012). Investigation of an Escherichia coli environmental benchmark for waterborne pathogens in agricultural watersheds in Canada. J. Environ. Qual., 41(1): 21-30.
Edge, T.A., Khan, I.U.H., Bouchard, R., Guo, J., Hill, S., Locas, A., Moore, L., Neumann, N., Nowak, E., Payment, P., Yang, R., Yerubandi, R. et Watson, S. (2013). Occurrence of waterborne pathogens and Escherichia coli at offshore drinking water intakes in Lake Ontario. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79(19): 5799-5813.
Edge, T.A., Hill, S., Crowe, A., Marsalek, J., Seto, P., Snodgrass, B., Toninger, R. et Patel, M. (2018). Remediation of a beneficial use impairment at Bluffer's Park Beach in the Toronto Area of Concern. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag., 21: 285-292.
Epibathe (2009). Activity report for EU framework 6 specific targeted research projects, numéro de référence du projet : 022618.
Ervin, J.S., Russell, T.L., Layton, B.A., Yamahara, K.M., Wang, D., Sassoubre, L.M., Cao, Y., Kelty, C.A., Sivaganesan, M., Boehm, A.B., Holden, P.A., Weisberg, S.B. et Shanks, O.C. (2013). Characterization of fecal concentrations in human and other animal sources by physical, culture-based, and quantitative real-time PCR methods. Water Res., 47(18): 6873-6882.
Ferguson, D.M., Moore, D.F., Getrich, M.A. et Zhowandai, M.H. (2005). Enumeration and speciation of enterococci found in marine and intertidal sediments and coastal water in southern California. J. Appl. Microbiol., 99(3): 598-608.
Ferley, J.P., Zmirou, D., Balducci, F., Baleux, B., Fera, P., Larbaigt, G., Jacq, E., Moissonnier, B., Blineau, A. et Boudot, J. (1989). Epidemiological significance of microbiological pollution criteria for river recreational waters. Int. J. Epidemiol., 18(1): 198-205.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Pistone, C.V., Uzal, F.A., McClane, B.A. et Ibarra, C. (2005). Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin damages the human intestine in vitro. Infect. Immun., 73(12): 8407-8410.
Fewtrell, L., Kay, D., Salmon, R., Wyer, M., Newman, G. et Bowering, G. (1994). The health effects of low contact water activities in fresh and estuarine waters. Water Environ. J., 8: 97-101.
Fewtrell, L., Jones, F., Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Godfree, A.F. et Salmon, B.L. (1992). Health effects of white-water canoeing. Lancet, 339(8809): 1587-1589.
Fewtrell, L. et Kay, D. (2015). Recreational water and infection: A review of recent findings. Curr. Environ. Health Rep., 2(1): 85-94.
Finegold, S.M., Sutter, V.L. et Mathison, G.E. (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora. In Hentges, D.J. (ed.). Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. New York (NY): Academic Press. pp. 3-31.
Fleisher, J.M., Kay, D., Salmon, R.L., Jones, F., Wyer, M.D. et Godfree, A.F. (1996). Marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: Non-enteric illnesses associated with bather exposure in the United Kingdom. Am. J. Public Health, 86(9): 1228-1234.
Fleisher, J.M., Fleming, L.E., Solo-Gabriele, H.M., Kish, J.K., Sinigalliano, C.D., Plano, L., Elmir, S.M., Wang, J.D., Withum, K., Shibata, T., Gidley, M.L., Abdelzaher, A., He, G., Ortega, C., Zhu, X., Wright, M., Hollenbeck, J. et Backer, L.C. (2010). The BEACHES study: Health effects and exposures from non-point source microbial contaminants in subtropical recreational marine waters. Int. J. Epidemiol., 39(5): 1291-1298.
Frick, C., Vierheilig, J., Linke, R., Savio, D., Zornig, H., Antensteiner, R., Baumgartner, C., Bucher, C., Blaschke, A.P., Derx, J., Kirschner, A.K.T., Ryzinska-Paier, G., Mayer, R., Seidl, D., Nadiotis-Tsaka, T., Sommer, R., Farnleitner, A.H. (2018). Poikilothermic animals as a previously unrecognized source of fecal indicator bacteria in a backwater ecosystem of a large river. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 84 (16), art. no. e00715-18.
Fujioka, R.S. et Shizumura, L.K. (1985). Clostridium perfringens, a reliable indicator of stream water quality. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 57(10): 986-992.
Gammie, A.J. et Wyn-Jones, A.P. (1997). Does hepatitis a pose a significant health risk to recreational water users? Water Sci. Technol., 35(11): 171-177.
Gordon, D.M. (2013). The ecology of Escherichia coli. Dans: Donnenberg, M.S. (dir.). Escherichia coli: Pathotypes and principles of pathogenesis. 2e édition. Londres (R.-U.), Academic Press. p. 3-20.
Griffin, D.W., Gibson, C.J.,3rd, Lipp, E.K., Riley, K., Paul, J.H.,3rd et Rose, J.B. (1999). Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(9): 4118-4125.
Griffith, J.F., Weisberg, S.B., Arnold, B.F., Cao, Y., Schiff, K.C. et Colford, J.M. (2016). Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple alternate microbial water quality monitoring indicators at three California beaches. Water Res., 94: 371-381.
Haramoto, E., Otagiri, M., Morita, H. et Kitajima, M. (2012). Genogroup distribution of F-specific coliphages in wastewater and river water in the Dofu basin in Japan. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 54(4): 367-373.
Harrington, J.F., Wilcox, D.N., Giles, P.S., Ashbolt, N.J., Evans, J.C. et Kirton, H.C. (1993). The health of Sydney surfers: An epidemiological study. Water Sci. Technol., 27(3-4): 175-181.
Hartz, A., Cuvelier, M., Nowosielski, K., Bonilla, T.D., Green, M., Esiobu, N., McCorquodale, D.S. et Rogerson, A. (2008). Survival potential of Escherichia coli and enterococci in subtropical beach sand: Implications for water quality managers. J. Environ. Qual., 37(3): 898-905.
Harwood, V.J., Boehm, A.B., Sassoubre, L.M., Vijayavel, K., Stewart, J.R., Fong, T.T., Caprais, M.P., Converse, R.R., Diston, D., Ebdon, J., Fuhrman, J.A., Gourmelon, M., Gentry-Shields, J., Griffith, J.F., Kashian, D.R., Noble, R.T., Taylor, H. et Wicki, M. (2013). Performance of viruses and bacteriophages for fecal source determination in a multi-laboratory, comparative study. Water Res., 47(18): 6929-6943.
Harwood, V.J., Staley, C., Badgley, B.D., Borges, K. et Korajkic, A. (2014). Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: Relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 38(1): 1-40.
Heuvel, A.V., McDermott, C., Pillsbury, R., Sandrin, T., Kinzelman, J., Ferguson, J., Sadowsky, M., Byappanahalli, M., Whitman, R. et Kleinheinz, G.T. (2010). The green alga, Cladophora, promotes Escherichia coli growth and contamination of recreational waters in Lake Michigan. J. Environ. Qual., 39(1): 333-344.
Hong, P., Wu, J. et Liu, W. (2008). Relative abundance of Bacteroides spp. in stools and wastewaters as determined by hierarchical oligonucleotide primer extension. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74(9): 2882-2893.
Hörman, A., Rimhanen-Finne, R., Maunula, L., von Bonsdorff, C.H., Torvela, N., Heikinheimo, A. et Hanninen, M.L. (2004). Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., noroviruses, and indicator organisms in surface water in southwestern Finland, 2000-2001. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(1): 87-95.
Hughes, B., Beale, D.J., Dennis, P.G., Cook, S. et Ahmed, W. (2017). Cross-comparison of human wastewater-associated molecular markers in relation to fecal indicator bacteria and enteric viruses in recreational beach waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 83(8): e00028-17.
Huntley, B.E., Jones, A.E. et Cabelli, V.J. (1976). Klebsiella densities in waters receiving wood pulp effluents. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 48: 1766-1771.
Ishii, S., Ksoll, W.B., Hicks, R.E. et Sadowsky, M.J. (2006). Presence and growth of naturalized Escherichia coli in temperate soils from Lake Superior watersheds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(1): 612-621.
Ishii, S. et Sadowsky, M.J. (2008). Escherichia coli in the environment: implications for water quality and human health. Microbes Environ. 23(2): 101-108.
Jacob, P., Henry, A., Meheut, G., Charni-Ben-Tabassi, N., Ingrand, V. et Helmi, K. (2015). Health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 12(3): 2967-2983.
Jang, J., Hur, H.G., Sadowsky, M.J., Byappanahalli, M.N., Yan, T. et Ishii, S. (2017). Environmental Escherichia coli: Ecology and public health implications-a review. J. Appl. Microbiol., 123(3): 570-581.
Jebri, S., Muniesa, M. et Jofre, J. (2017). General and host-associated bacteriophage indicators of fecal pollution. Dans: Rose, J.B. et Jiménez-Cisneros, B. (dir.). Global water pathogens project. East Lansing (MI): UNESCO.
Jiang, S., Noble, R. et Chu, W. (2001). Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of southern California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(1): 179-184.
Jiang, S.C. et Chu, W. (2004). PCR detection of pathogenic viruses in southern California urban rivers. J. Appl. Microbiol., 97(1): 17-28.
Jofre, J., Lucena, F., Blanch, A.R. et Muniesa, M. (2016). Coliphages as model organisms in the characterization and management of water resources. Water (Suisse), 8(5): 199.
Kay, D., Jones, F., Wyer, M.D., Fleisher, J.M., Salmon, R.L., Godfree, A.F., Zelenauch-Jacquotte, A. et Shore, R. (1994). Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: Results from randomised exposure. The Lancet, 344(8927): 905-909.
Kay, D., Bartram, J., Prüss, A., Ashbolt, N., D. Wyer, M.D., Fleisher, J.M., Fewtrell, L., Rogers, A. et Rees, G. (2004). Derivation of numerical values for the World Health Organization guidelines for recreational waters, Water Res., 38(5): 1296-1304.
Kon, T., Weir, S.C., Howell, E.T., Lee, H. et Trevors, J.T. (2007a). Genetic relatedness of Escherichia coli isolates in interstitial water from a Lake Huron (Canada) beach. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73(6): 1961-1967.
Kon, T., Weir, S.C., Trevors, J.T., Lee, H., Champagne, J., Meunier, L., Brousseau, R. et Masson, L. (2007b). Microarray analysis of Escherichia coli strains from interstitial beach waters of Lake Huron (Canada). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73(23): 7757-7758.
Korajkic, A., McMinn, B.R., Harwood, V.J., Shanks, O.C., Fout, G.S. et Ashbolt, N.J. (2013). Differential decay of enterococci and Escherichia coli originating from two fecal pollution sources. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79(6): 2488-2492.
Korajkic, A., Parfrey, L.W., McMinn, B. R., Baeza, Y.V., Van Teuren, W., Knight, R. et Shanks, O.C. (2015). Changes in bacterial and eukaryotic communities during sewage decomposition in Mississippi River water. Water Res., 69: 30-9.
Korajkic, A., McMinn, B., Herrmann, M.P., Sivaganesan, M., Kelty, C.A., Clinton, P., Nash, M.S. et Shanks, O.C. (2020). Viral and bacterial fecal indicators in untreated wastewater across the contiguous United States exhibit geospatial trends. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 86: e02967-19.
Korhonen, L.K. et Martikainen, P.J. (1991). Survival of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni in untreated and filtered lake water. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 71(4): 379-382.
Krkosek, W., Reed, V. et Gagnon, G.A. (2016). Assessing protozoan risks for surface drinking water supplies in Nova Scotia, Canada. J. Water Health, 14(1): 155-166.
Lalancette, C., Papineau, I., Payment, P., Dorner, S., Servais, P., Barbeau, B., Di Giovanni, G.D. et Prévost, M. (2014). Changes in Escherichia coli to Cryptosporidium ratios for various fecal pollution sources and drinking water intakes. Water Res., 55: 150-161.
Lamparelli, C.C., Pogreba-Brown, K., Verhougstraete, M., Sato, M.I.Z., de Castro Bruni, A., Wade, T.J. et Eisenberg, J.N.S. (2015). Are fecal indicator bacteria appropriate measures of recreational water risks in the tropics: A cohort study of beach goers in Brazil? Water Res., 87: 59-68.
Leclerc, H., Mossel, D.A., Edberg, S.C. et Struijk, C.B. (2001). Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: Their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 55: 201-234.
Lee, H.S. et Sobsey, M.D. (2011). Survival of prototype strains of somatic coliphage families in environmental waters and when exposed to UV low-pressure monochromatic radiation or heat. Water Res., 45(12): 3723-3734.
Lee, J.V., Dawson, S.R., Ward, S., Surman, S.B. et Neal, K.R. (1997). Bacteriophages are a better indicator of illness rates than bacteria amongst users of a white water course fed by a lowland river. Water Sci. Technol., 35(11): 165-170.
Leonard, A.F.C., Zhang, L., Balfour, A.J., Garside, R., Hawkey, P.M., Murray, A.K., Ukoumunne, O.C. et Gaze, W.H. (2018). Exposure to and colonisation by antibiotic-resistant E. coli in UK coastal water users: Environmental surveillance, exposure assessment, and epidemiological study (Beach Bum Survey). Environ. Int., 114: 326-333.
Lipp, E.K., Kurz, R., Vincent, R., Rodriguez-Palacios, C., Farrah, S.R. et Rose, J.B. (2001). The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary. Estuaries, 24(2): 266-276.
Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G. et Huttenhower, C. (2016). The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine, 8(51): 11.
Logan, L.K., Zhang, L., Green, S.J., Dorevitch, S., Arango-Argoty, G.A., Reme, K., Garner, E., Aldstadt, J., Johhson-Walker, Y.J., Hayden, M.K., Weinstein, R.A. et Pruden, A. (2020). A pilot study of Chicago waterways as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDR-Ent) in a high-risk region for community-acquired MDR-Ent infection in children. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 64(4): e02310-19.
Luther, K. et Fujioka, R. (2004). Usefulness of monitoring tropical streams for male-specific RNA coliphages. J. Water Health, 2(3): 171-181.
Marino, F.J., Morinigo, M.A., Martinez-Manzanares, E. et Borrego, J.J. (1995). Microbiological-epidemiological study of selected marine beaches in Malaga (Spain). Water Sci. Technol., 31(5): 5-9.
Marion, J.W., Lee, J., Lemeshow, S. et Buckley, T.J. (2010). Association of gastrointestinal illness and recreational water exposure at an inland U.S. beach. Water Res., 44(16): 4796-4804.
McBride, G.B., Salmond, C.E., Bandaranayake, D.R., Turner, S.J., Lewis, G.D. et Till, D.G. (1998). Health effects of marine bathing in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 8(3): 173-189.
McLaughlin, M.R. et Rose, J.B. (2006). Application of Bacteroides fragilis phage as an alternative indicator of sewage pollution in Tampa Bay, Florida. Estuaries Coast., 29(2): 246-256.
McMinn, B.R., Korajkic, A. et Ashbolt, N.J. (2014). Evaluation of Bacteroides fragilis GB-124 bacteriophages as novel human-associated fecal indicators in the United States. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 59(1): 115-121.
McMinn, B.R., Ashbolt, N.J. et Korajkic, A. (2017). Bacteriophages as indicators of fecal pollution and enteric virus removal. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 65(1): 11-26.
McQuaig, S., Griffith, J. et Harwood, V.J. (2012). Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 78(18): 6423-6432.
Mocé-Llivina, L., Lucena, F. et Jofre, J. (2005). Enteroviruses and bacteriophages in bathing waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(11): 6838-6844.
Moore, D.F., Guzman, J.A. et McGee, C. (2008). Species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from surface and ocean water. J. Appl. Microbiol., 105(4): 1017-1025.
Mueller-Spitz, S.R., Stewart, L.B., Klump, J.V. et McLellan, S.L. (2010). Freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive Clostridium perfringens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(16): 5556-5562.
Muniesa, M., Moce-Llivina, L., Katayama, H. et Jofre, J. (2003). Bacterial host strains that support replication of somatic coliphages. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 83(4): 305-315.
Napier, M.D., Haugland, R., Poole, C., Dufour, A.P., Stewart, J.R., Weber, D.J., Varma, M., Lavender, J.S. et Wade, T.J. (2017). Exposure to human-associated fecal indicators and self-reported illness among swimmers at recreational beaches: A cohort study. Environ. Health, 16(Article Number 103): 1-15.
Nappier, S.P., Aitken, M.D. et Sobsey, M.D. (2006). Male-specific coliphages as indicators of thermal inactivation of pathogens in biosolids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(4): 2471-2475.
Nappier, S.P., Hong, T., Ichida, A., Goldstone, A., Eftim, S.E. (2019). Occurrence of coliphage in raw wastewater and in ambient water: A meta-analysis. Water Res., 153: 263-273.
Nelson, K.L., Boehm, A.B., Davies-Colley, R.J., Dodd, M.C., Kohn, T., Linden, K.G., Liu, Y., Maraccini, P.A., McNeill, K., Mitch, W.A., Nguyen, T.H., Parker, K.M., Rodriguez, R.A., Sassoubre, L.M., Silverman, A.I., Wigginton, K.R. et Zepp, R.G. (2018). Sunlight-mediated inactivation of health-relevant microorganisms in water: a review of mechanisms and modeling approaches. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts, 20(8): 1089-1122.
NHMRC (2008). Guidelines for managing risks in recreational water, National Health and Medical Research Council, gouvernement de l'Australie, Canberra.
Olapade, O.A., Depas, M.M., Jensen, E.T. et McLellan, S.L. (2006). Microbial communities and fecal indicator bacteria associated with Cladophora mats on beach sites along Lake Michigan shores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(3): 1932-1938.
OMS (1999). Health-based monitoring of recreational waters: The feasibility of a new approach (the "Annapolis protocol"). Outcome of an expert consultation, Annapolis, MD, co-sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. WHO/SDE/WDH/99.1, Genève (CH), Organisation mondiale de la santé.
OMS (2003). Guidelines for safe recreational water environments, Volume 1: Coastal and fresh waters, Genève (CH), Organisation mondiale de la santé.
OMS (2021). Guidelines on recreational water quality. Volume 1: coastal and fresh waters. Organisation mondiale de la santé, Genève.
Papastergiou, P., Mouchtouri, V., Pinaka, O., Katsiaflaka, A., Rachiotis, G. et Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2012). Elevated bathing-associated disease risks despite certified water quality: A cohort study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9(5): 1548-1565.
Payan, A., Ebdon, J., Taylor, H., Gantzer, C., Ottoson, J., Papageorgiou, G.T., Blanch, A.R., Lucena, F., Jofre, J. et Muniesa, M. (2005). Method for isolation of Bacteroides bacteriophage host strains suitable for tracking sources of fecal pollution in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(9): 5659-5662.
Percival, S.L. et Williams, D.W. (2014). Escherichia coli. In: Microbiology of waterborne diseases: Microbiological aspects and risks: Second edition. Elsevier Ltd. Oxford, UK. pp. 89-117.
Plummer, J.D., Long, S.C., Charest, A.J. et Roop, D.O. (2014). Bacterial and viral indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. American Water Works Association, 106(4): E200-E211.
Pourcher, A., Devriese, L.A., Hernandez, J.F. et Delattre, J.M. (1991). Enumeration by a miniaturized method of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis and enterococci as indicators of the origin of fecal pollution of waters. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 70(6): 525-530.
Power, M.L., Littlefield-Wyer, J., Gordon, D.M., Veal, D.A. et Slade, M.B. (2005). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of encapsulated Escherichia coli isolated from blooms in two Australian lakes. Environ. Microbiol., 7(5): 631-640.
Prieto, M.D., Lopez, B., Juanes, J.A., Revilla, J.A., Llorca, J. et Delgado-Rodriguez, M. (2001). Recreation in coastal waters: Health risks associated with bathing in sea water. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 55: 441-447.
Pruss, A. (1998). Review of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int. J. Epidemiol., 27(1): 1-9.
Prystajecky, N., Huck, P.M., Schreier, H. et Isaac-Renton, J.L. (2014). Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. as a microbial source tracking tool for surface water: Application in a mixed-use watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 80(8): 2328-2336.
Puig, A., Queralt, N., Jofre, J. et Araujo, R. (1999). Diversity of Bacteroides fragilis strains in their capacity to recover phages from human and animal wastes and from fecally polluted wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(4): 1772-1776.
Ran, Q., Badgley, B.D., Dillon, N., Dunny, G.M. et Sadowsky, M.J. (2013). Occurrence, genetic diversity, and persistence of enterococci in a Lake Superior watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79: 3067-3075.
Rhodes, M.W. et Kator, H. (1988). Survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in estuarine environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(12): 2902-2907.
Rijal, G., Tolson, J.K., Petropoulou, C., Granato, T.C., Glymph, A., Gerba, C., Deflaun, M.F., O'Connor, C., Kollias, L. et Lanyon, R. (2011). Microbial risk assessment for recreational use of the Chicago area waterway system. J. Water Health, 9(1): 169-186.
Rokosh, D.A., Rao, S.S. et Jurkovic, A.A. (1977). Extent of effluent influence on lake water determined by bacterial population distributions. J. Fish. Res. Board can., 34: 844-849.
Russo, G.S., Eftim, S.E., Goldstone, A.E., Dufour, A.P., Nappier, S.P. et Wade, T.J. (2020). Evaluating health risks associated with exposure to ambient surface waters during recreational activities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Water Res., 176: 115729.
Santé Canada (en cours de publication). Recommandations au sujet de la qualité des eaux utilisées à des fins récréatives au Canada- L'échantillonnage et l'analyse microbiologiques – Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de l'air, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
Santé Canada (2023). Recommandations au sujet de la qualité des eaux utilisées à des fins récréatives au Canada – Comprendre et gérer les risques dans les eaux récréatives, Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de l'air, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
Santé Canada (2020a). Conseils sur l'utilisation des entérocoques comme indicateur dans les sources d'approvisionnement en eau potable canadiennes. Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de l'air, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). (No de catalogue – H144-68/2020F-PDF)
Santé Canada (2020b). Recommandations au sujet de la qualité de l'eau potable au Canada- – Escherichia coli. Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de l'air, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
Santé Canada (2012). Recommandations au sujet de la qualité des eaux utilisées à des fins récréatives au Canada, 3e éd., Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de l'air, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario) (No de catalogue H129-15/2012F).
Sánchez-Nazario, E.E., Santiago-Rodriguez, T.M. et Toranzos, G.A. (2014). Prospective epidemiological pilot study on the morbidity of bathers exposed to tropical recreational waters and sand. J. Water Health, 12(2): 220-229.
Schoen, M.E. et Ashbolt, N.J. (2010). Assessing pathogen risk to swimmers at non-sewage impacted recreational beaches. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44: 2286-2291.
Schoen, M.E., Soller, J.A. et Ashbolt, N.J. (2011). Evaluating the importance of fecal sources in human-impacted waters. Water Res., 45(8): 2670-2680.
Schvoerer, E., Bonnet, F., Dubois, V., Cazaux, G., Serceau, R., Fleury, H.J. et Lafon, M.E. (2000). PCR detection of human enteric viruses in bathing areas, waste waters and human stools in southwestern France. Res. Microbiol., 151(8): 693-701.
Schvoerer, E., Ventura, M., Dubos, O., Cazaux, G., Serceau, R., Gournier, N., Dubois, V., Caminade, P., Fleury, H.J. et Lafon, M.E. (2001). Qualitative and quantitative molecular detection of enteroviruses in water from bathing areas and from a sewage treatment plant. Res. Microbiol., 152(2): 179-186.
Sinclair, R.G., Jones, E.L. et Gerba, C.P. (2009). Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: A review. J. Appl. Microbiol., 107(6): 1769-1780.
Sinigalliano, C.D., Fleisher, J.M., Gidley, M.L., Solo-Gabriele, H.M., Shibata, T., Plano, L.R.W., Elmir, S.M., Wanless, D., Bartkowiak, J., Boiteau, R., Withum, K., Abdelzaher, A.M., He, G., Ortega, C., Zhu, X., Wright, M.E., Kish, J., Hollenbeck, J., Scott, T., Backer, L.C. et Fleming, L.E. (2010). Traditional and molecular analyses for fecal indicator bacteria in non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters. Water Res., 44(13): 3763-3772.
Sinton, L.W. (1993). Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival and use. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 27: 117-137.
Sirikanchana, K., Wangkahad, B. et Mongkolsuk, S. (2014). The capability of non-native strains of Bacteroides bacteria to detect bacteriophages as fecal indicators in a tropical area. J. Appl. Microbiol., 117(6): 1820-1829.
Soller, J., Embrey, M., Tuhela, L., Ichida, A. et Rosen, J. (2010a). Risk-based evaluation of Escherichia coli monitoring data from undisinfected drinking water. J. Environ. Manage., 91(11): 2329-2335.
Soller, J.A., Schoen, M.E., Bartrand, T., Ravenscroft, J.E. et Ashbolt, N.J. (2010b). Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of fecal contamination. Water Res., 44: 4674-4691.
Soller, J., Bartrand, T., Ravenscroft, J., Molina, M., Whelan, G., Schoen, M., Ashbolt, N. (2015). Estimated human health risks from recreational exposures to stormwater runoff containing animal fecal material. Environ. Model. Softw., 72: 21-32.
Soller, J.A., Eftim, S., Wade, T.J., Ichida, A.M., Clancy, J.L., Johnson, T.B., Schwab, K., Ramirez-Toro, G., Nappier, S. et Ravenscroft, J.E. (2016). Use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to improve interpretation of a recreational water epidemiological study. Microb. Risk Anal., 1: 2-11.
Solo-Gabriele, H., Wolfert, M.A., Desmarais, T.R. et Palmer, C.J. (2000). Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal subtropical environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(1): 230-237.
Stachler, E. et Bibby, K. (2014). Metagenomic evaluation of the highly abundant human gut bacteriophage crAssphage for source tracking of human fecal pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 1: 405-409.
Staley, C., Dunny, G.M. et Sadowsky, M.J. (2014). Environmental and animal-associated enterococci. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 87: 147-186.
Staley, Z.R., Boyd, R.J., Shum, P. et Edge, T.A. (2018). Microbial source tracking using quantitative and digital PCR to identify sources of fecal contamination in stormwater, river water, and beach water in a Great Lakes Area of Concern. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 84(20): e01634-18.
Stea, E.C., Truelstrup Hansen, L., Jamieson, R.C. et Yost, C.K. (2015). Fecal contamination in the surface waters of a rural and an urban-source watershed. J. Environ. Qual., 44(5): 1556-1567.
Stone, D.L., Harding, A.K., Hope, B.K. et Slaughter-Mason, S. (2008). Exposure assessment and risk of gastrointestinal illness among surfers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A., 71(24): 1603-1615.
Sunger, N. et Haas, C.N. (2015). Quantitative microbial risk assessment for recreational exposure to water bodies in Philadelphia. Water Environ. Res., 87(3): 211-222.
Svec, P. et Devriese, L.A. (2009). The genus Enterococcus. In: De Vos, P., Garrity, G.M., Jones, D., Krieg, N.R., Ludwig, W., Rainey, F.A., Schleifer, K.H. et Whitman, W.B. (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Springer.
Tenaillon, O., Skurnik, D., Picard, B. et Denamur, E. (2010). The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 8(3): 207-217.
Tseng, L.Y. et Jiang, S.C. (2012). Comparison of recreational health risks associated with surfing and swimming in dry weather and post-storm conditions at southern California beaches using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 64(5): 912-918.
U.S. EPA (1986). Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria—1986. Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, Washington, DC, January (EPA 440/5-84-02).
U.S. EPA (2002). Implementation guidance for ambient water quality criteria for bacteria (ébauche de mai 2002), EPA-823-B-02-003, Washington (DC), Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, Office of Water.
U.S. EPA (2010). Report on 2009 National Epidemiologic and Environmental Assessment of Recreational Water Epidemiology Studies (NEEAR 2010 - Surfside & Boquerón), EPA-600-R-10-168.
U.S. EPA (2012). Recreational water quality criteria, Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, Office of Water, 820-F-12-058.
U.S. EPA (2014). Overview of technical support materials: a guide to the site-specific alternative recreational criteria TSM documents. Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis. Office of Water, EPA-820-R-14-010.
U.S. EPA (2015). Review of coliphages as possible indicators of fecal contamination for ambient water quality, Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, Office of Water, numéro de document : 820-R-15-098.
U.S. EPA (2019). Recommended human health recreational ambient water quality criteria or swimming advisories for microcystins and cylindrospermopsin, Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis, Office of Water, numéro de document : 822-R-19-001.
Union Européenne (2006). Directive 2006/7/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 15 février 2006 concernant la gestion de la qualité des eaux de baignade et abrogeant la directive 76/160/CEE, Journal officiel de l'Union européenne, Union européenne.
van Asperen, I.A., Medema, G., Borgdorff, M.W., Sprenger, M.J. et Havelaar, A.H. (1998). Risk of gastroenteritis among triathletes in relation to fecal pollution of fresh waters. Int. J. Epidemiol., 27(2): 309-315.
Van Dyke, M.I., Ong, C.S.L., Prystajecky, N.A., Isaac-Renton, J.L. et Huck, P.M. (2012). Identifying host sources, human health risk and indicators of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a Canadian watershed influenced by urban and rural activities. J. Water Health, 10(2): 311-323
Verhougstraete, M.P., Byappanahalli, M.N., Rose, J.B. et Whitman, R.L. (2010). Cladophora in the Great Lakes: Impacts on beach water quality and human health. Water Sci. Technol., 62(1): 68-76.
Viau, E.J., Goodwin, K.D., Yamahara, K.M., Layton, B.A., Sassoubre, L.M., Burns, S.L., Tong, H., Wong, S.H.C., Lu, Y. et Boehm, A.B. (2011). Bacterial pathogens in Hawaiian coastal streams—Associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality. Water Res., 45(11): 3279-3290.
Vierheilig, J., Frick, C., Mayer, R.E., Kirschner, A.K., Reischer, G.H., Derx, J., Mach, R.L., Sommer, R. et Farnleitner, A.H. (2013). Clostridium perfringens is not suitable for the indication of fecal pollution from ruminant wildlife but is associated with excreta from nonherbivorous animals and human sewage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79(16): 5089-5092.
von Schirnding, Y.E., Kfir, R., Cabelli, V., Franklin, L. et Joubert, G. (1992). Morbidity among bathers exposed to polluted seawater. A prospective epidemiological study. S. Afr. Med. J., 81(11): 543-546.
Wade, T.J., Pai, N., Eisenberg, J.N. et Colford, J.M.,Jr (2003). Do U.S. environmental protection agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect., 111(8): 1102-1109.
Wade, T.J., Calderon, R.L., Sams, E., Beach, M., Brenner, K.P., Williams, A.H. et Dufour, A.P. (2006). Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality are predictive of swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(1): 24-28.
Wade, T.J., Calderon, R.L., Brenner, K.P., Sams, E., Beach, M., Haugland, R., Wymer, L. et Dufour, A.P. (2008). High sensitivity of children to swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness: Results using a rapid assay of recreational water quality. Epidemiology, 19(3): 375-383.
Wade, T.J., Sams, E., Brenner, K.P., Haugland, R., Chern, E., Beach, M., Wymer, L., Rankin, C.C., Love, D., Li, Q., Noble, R. et Dufour, A.P. (2010). Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: A prospective cohort study. Environ. Health, 9(Article Number 66): 1-14.
Whitman, R.L., Shively, D.A., Pawlik, H., Nevers, M.B. et Byappanahalli, M.N. (2003). Occurrence of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Cladophora (chlorophyta) in nearshore water and beach sand of Lake Michigan. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(8): 4714-4719.
Whitman, R., Harwood, V.J., Edge, T.A., Nevers, M., Byappanahalli, M., Vijayavel, K., Brandao, J., Sadowsky, M.J., Alm, E.W., Crowe, A., Ferguson, D., Ge, Z., Halliday, E., Kinzelman, J., Kleinheinz, G., Przybyla-Kelly, K., Staley, C., Staley, Z. et Solo-Gabriele, H.M. (2014). Microbes in beach sands: Integrating environment, ecology and public health. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 13(3): 329-368.
Whitman, R.L. et Nevers, M.B. (2003). Foreshore sand as a source of Escherichia coli in nearshore water of a Lake Michigan beach. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(9): 5555-5562.
Wicki, M., Auckenthaler, A., Felleisen, R., Karabulut, F., Niederhauser, I., Tanner, M. et Baumgartner, A. (2015). Assessment of source tracking methods for application in spring water. J. Water. Health, 13(2): 473-488.
Wiedenmann, A., Kruger, P., Dietz, K., Lopez-Pila, J.M., Szewzyk, R. et Botzenhart, K. (2006). A randomized controlled trial assessing infectious disease risks from bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to the concentration of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic coliphages. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(2): 228-236.
Wilkes, G., Edge, T., Gannon, V., Jokinen, C., Lyautey, E., Medeiros, D., Neumann, N., Ruecker, N., Topp, E. et Lapen, D.R. (2009). Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. Water Res., 43(8): 2209-2223.
Wu, J., Long, S.C., Das, D. et Dorner, S.M. (2011). Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research. J. Water Health, 9(2): 265-278.
Wymer, L.J., Wade, T.J. et Dufour, A.P. (2013). Equivalency of risk for a modified health endpoint: A case from recreational water epidemiology studies. BMC Public Health, 13(1).
Yamahara, K.M., Walters, S.P. et Boehm, A.B. (2009). Growth of enterococci in unaltered, unseeded beach sands subjected to tidal wetting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(6): 1517-1524.
Yanko, W.A., De Leon, R., Rochelle, P.A. et Chen, W. (2004). Development of practical methods to assess the presence of bacterial pathogens in water. Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
Yau, V.M., Schiff, K.C., Arnold, B.F., Griffith, J.F., Gruber, J.S., Wright, C.C., Wade, T.J., Burns, S., Hayes, J.M., McGee, C., Gold, M., Cao, Y., Boehm, A.B., Weisberg, S.B. et Colford Jr., J.M. (2014). Effect of submarine groundwater discharge on bacterial indicators and swimmer health at Avalon beach, CA, USA. Water Res., 59: 23-36.
Yost, C.K., Diarra, M.S. et Topp, E. (2011). Animals and humans as sources of fecal indicator bacteria. In: Sadowsky, M.J. et Whitman, R.L. (eds.). The fecal bacteria. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology. p. 67.
Zhi, S., Banting, G., Li, Q., Edge, T.A., Topp, E., Sokurenko, M., Scott, C., Braithwaite, S., Ruecker, N.J., Yasui, Y., McAllister, T., Chui, L. et Neumann, N.F. (2016). Evidence of naturalized stress-tolerant strains of Escherichia coli in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 82(18): 5505-18.
