Quality of Canadian barley in 2025: Annual harvest survey

ISSN 1182-4417

Summary

Production: In 2025, barley production in western Canada is estimated at 9.448 million tonnes. This is approximately 20% higher than in 2024, and 11% higher than the 10-year average. Cooler than normal temperatures and near-average to above-average precipitation in July during heading and grain filling contributed to a higher than initially anticipated barley yield (79.9 bushels per acre) and higher than anticipated barley production in 2025.

Top varieties: In 2025, AAC Synergy was the most widely grown malting barley variety in western Canada. Its seeded area increased slightly from the previous year and accounted for 35.6% of the total malting barley acreage. By contrast, the area seeded with CDC Copeland declined substantially to 13.5% from 17.4% in 2024. Based on seeded area, other popular varieties included AAC Connect (11.7%) and CDC Fraser (8.9%). CDC Churchill also gained popularity, with its seeded area rising to 9.6% in 2025 from 7.1% in 2024. Areas seeded with newer varieties, such as Bill Coors 100, CDC Goldstar, and SY Stanza, were relatively small, although they did increase slightly compared with 2024.

Growing conditions: Warm and dry conditions early in the 2025 growing season, followed by timely rainfall in late May and early June, allowed for rapid seeding of barley and gave the crop an excellent start. Cooler than normal temperatures combined with adequate precipitation in July created conditions that enhanced both the yield and quality of barley harvested this year.

Barley quality: Barley selected for malting in 2025 demonstrated excellent grain quality compared with 2024 and long-term data. The average protein content (11.8%) was below the 2024 average (12.2%) and the 10‑year average (12.0%), reflecting a shift toward starch accumulation. This is also evident from the starch content, which was 2 to 3% higher than last year. Gelatinization temperature was 2 to 3°C lower than in 2024 and this, along with higher starch, was favourable for malting. Test weight was 67.9 kg/hL, well above the 2024 average (64.6 kg/hL) and the 10‑year average (66.6 kg/hL). Kernel traits were particularly strong, with an average 1000‑kernel weight of 48.1 g and an average kernel plumpness of 96%, significantly above the 2024 average (87.3%) and the 10‑year average (93.4%). Overall, the 2025 barley crop combined lower protein with heavier, plumper kernels and higher starch, underscoring its excellent malting potential and superior grain quality.

Malting performance: The 2025 barley crop demonstrated outstanding malting performance, driven by its higher test weight, greater kernel plumpness, and heavier kernels. Although these traits required a slightly longer steeping process to achieve full grain modification, the result was a well‑modified malt with high friability, strong enzyme activity (diastatic power and α‑amylase), and ample levels of soluble proteins and free amino nitrogen (FAN). The wort exhibited low β‑glucan concentrations and excellent viscosity values, further confirming its high processing quality. The larger, thicker kernels also contributed to elevated malt extract levels. Overall, the combination of enhanced physical grain traits and favorable biochemical properties underscores the excellent quality of the 2025 crop for malting and brewing applications.

Growing and harvesting conditions in 2025

The beginning of the 2025 growing season across western Canada was marked by warm temperatures (Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2) and dry conditions (Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.4), and this allowed seeding to progress rapidly. Producers in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba were able to complete seeding ahead of schedule. By early June, 85 to 90% of seeding was completed, a significantly higher percentage than the five-year average. Although early May was dry, rain in late May and early June helped bring levels of seasonal precipitation closer to normal in many areas. However, windy conditions contributed to declining topsoil moisture, and some regions, particularly southern Alberta and western Saskatchewan, continued to experience moisture deficits.

In July, much of the Prairies experienced cooler than normal temperatures (Figure 1.5) and near-average to above-average precipitation (Figure 1.7). These conditions provided relief to crops during the critical stages of heading and grain filling, which helped stabilize yield potential, especially in the central and northern regions. Rainy conditions developed in mid-July and persisted in some areas through mid-August, raising concerns about crop damage due to lodging and pre-germination (Figure 1.8).

Fortunately, by mid-August, the weather shifted to drier and warmer conditions across the western Prairies (Figure 1.6), creating an ideal environment for crop ripening. This improvement helped mitigate earlier risks and supported strong grain quality. In summary, while early-season dryness posed challenges, the favorable July weather and dry conditions at the end of the season allowed barley crops to recover and perform well. The result was a larger and better-quality crop than initially expected.

Figures 1.1 and 1.2  Mean temperature difference from normal

Figure 1.1  May 2025

Map of western Canada

Figure 1.2  June 2025

Map of western Canada
Source

Prepared by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Science and Technology Branch. Data provided through partnership with Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Provincial and private agencies. Produced using near real-time data that has undergone some quality control. The accuracy of this map varies due to data availability and potential data errors.

© 2025 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Figures 1.3 and 1.4  Departure from average precipitation

Figure 1.3  May 2025

Map of western Canada

Figure 1.4  June 2025

Map of western Canada
Source

Prepared by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Science and Technology Branch. Data provided through partnership with Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Provincial and private agencies. Produced using near real-time data that has undergone some quality control. The accuracy of this map varies due to data availability and potential data errors.

© 2025 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Figures 1.5 and 1.6  Mean temperature difference from normal

Figure 1.5  July 2025

Map of western Canada

Figure 1.6  August 2025

Map of western Canada
Source

Prepared by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Science and Technology Branch. Data provided through partnership with Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Provincial and private agencies. Produced using near real-time data that has undergone some quality control. The accuracy of this map varies due to data availability and potential data errors.

© 2025 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Figures 1.7 and 1.8  Departure from average precipitation

Figure 1.7  July 2025

Map of western Canada

Figure 1.8  August 2025

Map of western Canada
Source

Prepared by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Science and Technology Branch. Data provided through partnership with Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Provincial and private agencies. Produced using near real-time data that has undergone some quality control. The accuracy of this map varies due to data availability and potential data errors.

© 2025 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Barley production in 2025

Annual production statistics

The total area seeded with barley in western Canada was 2.397 million hectares in 2025. This is approximately 4.3% lower than in 2024 and 11.5% lower than the 10-year average of 2.710 million hectares (Table 2.1). Barley production in western Canada is estimated at 9.448 million tonnes. This is approximately 20% higher than in 2024, and 11% higher than the 10-year average (Table 2.2). Cooler than normal temperatures and near-average to above-average precipitation in July during heading and grain filling contributed to a higher than initially anticipated barley yield (68.8 bushels per acre) and higher than anticipated barley production in 2025 (Table 2.3 and Figure 2.3).

Table 2.1  Area (million hectares) seeded with barley in Canada
Location2025Footnote1202410-year averageFootnote2
Manitoba0.1250.1260.153
Saskatchewan0.9120.9361.119
Alberta1.3381.4181.414
British Columbia0.0220.0230.025
Western Canada2.3972.5042.710
Canada2.4832.5922.820
Figure 2.1  Annual comparison of area (million hectares) seeded with barley in Canada.
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Graph data
Area seeded with barley (million hectares)
YearCanadaWestern CanadaAlbertaSaskatchewanManitoba
20152.702.571.420.950.182
20162.702.581.381.000.168
20172.332.221.150.940.107
20182.632.501.261.090.131
20193.002.881.441.280.136
20203.062.941.481.260.168
20213.373.261.571.500.167
20222.852.761.441.130.171
20232.972.881.551.140.168
20242.592.501.420.940.126
20252.482.401.340.910.125
Table 2.2  Barley production (million tonnes) in Canada
Location2025Footnote1202410-year averageFootnote2
Manitoba0.5350.5120.561
Saskatchewan3.5223.0353.396
Alberta5.3134.2294.481
British Columbia0.0780.0630.062
Western Canada9.4487.8398.499
Canada9.7258.1448.851
Figure 2.2  Annual comparison of barley production (million tonnes) in Canada.
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Graph data
Production of barley (million tonnes)
YearCanadaWestern CanadaAlbertaSaskatchewanManitoba
20158.267.824.292.860.60
20168.848.424.403.380.59
20177.897.523.913.140.44
20188.388.004.003.440.50
201910.3810.004.964.450.53
202010.7410.425.284.390.69
20216.986.613.652.500.44
20229.999.675.383.550.66
20238.918.684.723.230.67
20248.147.844.233.040.51
20259.739.455.313.520.54
Table 2.3  Average barley yield (bushels per acre) in Canada
Location2025Footnote1202410-year averageFootnote2
Manitoba85.078.373.6
Saskatchewan78.264.961.9
Alberta80.760.667.6
British Columbia73.754.757.3
Western Canada79.963.165.4
Canada79.463.265.2
Figure 2.3  Annual comparison of average barley yield (bushels per acre) in western Canada.
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Graph data
Average barley yield (bushels per acre)
YearManitobaSaskatchewanAlberta
201568.860.768.3
201672.069.875.9
201780.466.471.8
201875.362.766.8
201976.969.372.4
202079.968.774.0
202154.835.547.4
202274.363.475.9
202375.457.462.9
202478.364.960.6
202585.078.280.7

Distribution of barley classes and varieties in 2025

Barley is grown across the Prairies and is used for malting, food and general purposes (feed and forage). In 2025, the area seeded with barley consisted of 48.0% general purpose barley, 46.2% malting barley, and 1% food barley (Figure 2.4).

Based on insured commercial acres in 2025, Alberta remained the biggest producer of barley in western Canada, followed by Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Figure 2.5). The distribution of barley classes in each province in 2025 was similar to that observed in 2024 (Figure 2.5). More than 50% of the area seeded with barley in western Canada in 2025 was in Alberta. The area seeded with general purpose barley in Alberta (31.8%) exceeded that seeded with malting barley (22.8%). Saskatchewan accounted for approximately 37% of the area seeded with barley in western Canada. The area seeded with malting barley in Saskatchewan (21.0%) surpassed that seeded with general purpose barley (11.8%). Manitoba remained the smallest producer of barley in western Canada and accounted for approximately 6.3% of the total area seeded with barley on the Prairies.

AAC Synergy, a malting barley (M), was the most popular variety seeded in western Canada in 2025 and exceeded CDC Austenson, a general purpose (GP) barley that has continued to decline in seeded area. The other popular varieties were CDC Copeland (M), Sirish (M/GP), Esma (GP), AAC Connect (M), CDC Churchill (M), CDC Fraser (M), and Brahma (GP) (Figure 2.6a). Although initially registered as malting barley, Sirish is seldom selected for malting and is used primarily as general purpose barley. Figure 2.6b shows percentages of area seeded with the most popular malting and general purpose barley varieties in each of the Prairie provinces in 2025.

Figure 2.4  Distribution of barley classes as a percentage (%) of area seeded with barley in western Canada from 2020 to 2025Footnote 3.
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Graph data
% of area seeded with barley in western Canada
YearMaltingFoodGeneral purposeNot Specified
202053.72.438.55.3
202150.42.342.35.0
202248.22.444.35.1
202348.41.845.44.4
202447.71.347.23.9
202546.21484.8
Figure 2.5  Distribution of barley classes in each province as a percentage (%) of area seeded with barley in western Canada in 2025 and 2024Footnote3.
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Graph data
% of area seeded with barley in 2025
LocationMaltingFoodGeneral purposeNot specified
Alberta22.80.931.80.0
Saskatchewan21.00.111.84.6
Manitoba2.00.14.20.1
% of area seeded with barley in 2024
LocationMaltingFoodGeneral purposeNot specified
Alberta24.01.231.00.0
Saskatchewan21.00.012.03.7
Manitoba2.30.14.00.1
Figure 2.6a  Comparison area seeded for the top barley varieties in western Canada from 2019 to 2025Footnote 3.
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Graph data
% of area seeded for top barley varieties in western Canada
YearAAC SynergyCDC AustensonEsmaSirishCDC CopelandAAC ConnectCDC ChurchillCDC FraserBrahma
201910.9216.49no data0.1925.051.17no data0.304.45
202012.7918.560.000.8924.072.95no data0.954.75
202114.8921.650.132.5618.404.570.141.744.99
202214.4620.421.223.8315.814.910.471.924.65
202316.2918.743.656.1411.306.231.543.213.97
202416.0815.195.756.728.315.883.433.863.65
202516.4113.126.536.466.245.424.434.103.73
Figure 2.6b  Percentage of area seeded with most popular general purpose and malting barley varieties in the Prairie provinces in 2025. Results expressed as a percentage (%) of the area seeded with all barley in western Canada in 2025Footnote3.
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Graph data
% of area seeded with barley in Alberta in 2025
Variety%
AAC Synergy6.13
CDC Austenson6.11
Esma5.74
Sirish6.31
CDC Copeland3.20
AAC Connect1.18
CDC Churchill2.62
CDC Fraser2.00
Brahma3.66
Altorado2.62
% of area seeded with barley in Saskatchewan in 2025
Variety%
AAC Synergy9.61
CDC Austenson4.86
Esma0.24
Sirish0.15
CDC Copeland3.00
AAC Connect3.51
CDC Churchill1.51
CDC Fraser1.99
CDC Maverick1.88
CDC Durango0.97
% of area seeded with barley in Manitoba in 2025
Variety%
AAC Synergy0.67
CDC Austenson2.14
Esma0.55
Sirish0.00
CDC Copeland0.05
AAC Connect0.72
CDC Churchill0.29
CDC Fraser0.11
CDC Durango0.33
Conlon0.55

Distribution of malting barley varieties

In 2025, AAC Synergy was the most widely grown malting barley variety in western Canada (Figure 2.7, Table 2.4). Its seeded area increased slightly from 2024, accounting for 35.6% of the total malting barley acreage. By contrast, the area seeded with CDC Copeland declined substantially to 13.5% from 17.4% in 2024 (Figure 2.7). Based on seeded area, other popular varieties included AAC Connect (11.7%) and CDC Fraser (8.9%). CDC Churchill also gained popularity, with its seeded area rising to 9.6% in 2025 from 7.1% in 2024. The variety Sirish, registered in 2017, continued to occupy a considerable share of seeded area (14%), though it is used primarily as feed. The area seeded with AC Metcalfe continued to decline.

In 2025, areas seeded with newer varieties, such as Bill Coors 100, CDC Goldstar and SY Stanza, were still relatively small, but increased slightly compared with 2024 (Figure 2.7, Table 2.4). In contrast, area seeded with CDC Copper, CDC Bow, Newdale, and AB BrewNet declined modestly. Six‑rowed cultivars represented approximately 1.9% of the total malting barley area seeded in 2025, marginally lower than the 2.0% recorded in 2024. Within this group, Legacy expanded to 1.6% from 1.4% in 2024. Legacy, Celebration, and Tradition remained the leading six‑rowed varieties (Table 2.4).

The most popular barley variety seeded in Alberta in 2025 was Sirish, followed by AAC Synergy, CDC Copeland, CDC Churchill, and CDC Fraser (Figure 2.8). AAC Synergy dominated in Saskatchewan, while In Manitoba, the most popular malting varieties were AAC Connect and AAC Synergy.

Figure 2.7  Comparison of the area seeded with the top malting barley varieties and the minor malting barley varieties in western Canada from 2019 to 2025Footnote3.

Top malting barley varieties

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Minor malting barley varieties

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Graph data
% of area seeded with malting barley
VarietyAAC SynergyCDC CopelandSirishAAC ConnectCDC ChurchillCDC FraserAC Metcalfe
201919.2044.030.332.06no data0.5323.70
202022.5442.441.585.190.021.6717.66
202128.0834.694.848.620.263.2811.15
202228.5031.207.609.700.903.809.20
202332.1922.3312.1212.303.056.353.72
202433.6017.3613.9712.257.128.111.53
202535.5513.5213.9911.739.598.881.14
% of area seeded with malting barley
VarietyLegacyCDC CopperBill Coors 100CDC GoldstarCDC BowNewdaleSY StanzaAB BrewNetAB Dram
20211.920.930.250.072.690.88no data0.01no data
20221.941.310.610.151.820.83no data0.08no data
20231.891.360.600.350.860.54no data0.2no data
20241.371.060.600.250.460.310.010.280.04
20251.550.920.750.410.270.210.180.130.05
Figure 2.8  Percentage of area seeded with malting barley varieties in the Prairie provinces in 2025Footnote3.
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Graph data
% of area seeded with malting barley in Alberta in 2025
Variety%
AAC Synergy13.19
Sirish13.41
CDC Copeland6.86
AAC Connect2.28
CDC Churchill5.69
CDC Fraser4.32
AC Metcalfe0.51
CDC Copper0.71
Bill Coors 1000.75
Legacy0.26
% of area seeded with malting barley in Saskatchewan in 2025
Variety%
AAC Synergy20.83
Sirish0.33
CDC Copeland6.49
AAC Connect7.61
CDC Churchill3.28
CDC Fraser4.31
AC Metcalfe0.55
CDC Copper0.09
CDC Goldstar0.41
Legacy1.24
% of area seeded with malting barley in Manitoba in 2025
Variety%
AAC Synergy1.45
Sirish0.00
CDC Copeland0.10
AAC Connect1.57
CDC Churchill0.62
CDC Fraser0.25
AC Metcalfe0.05
CDC Copper0.05
Legacy0.05

Table 2.4  Distribution of malting barley varieties as a percentage (%) of area seeded with malting barley in western Canada in 2025Footnote3

Malting barley variety, 2-rowBritish ColumbiaAlbertaSaskatchewanManitobaWestern Canada
AAC Synergy0.0813.1920.831.4535.55
Sirish0.2513.410.330.0013.99
CDC Copeland0.086.866.490.1013.52
AAC Connect0.272.287.611.5711.73
CDC Churchill0.005.693.280.629.59
CDC Fraser0.004.324.310.258.88
AC Metcalfe0.040.510.550.051.14
CDC Copper0.060.710.090.050.92
Bill Coors 1000.000.750.000.000.75
CDC Goldstar0.000.000.410.000.41
CDC Bow0.000.270.000.000.27
Newdale0.000.060.100.050.21
Bentley0.000.180.000.000.18
SY Stanza0.000.180.000.000.18
Cerveza0.000.060.100.000.16
AB BrewNet0.000.130.000.000.13
CDC Stratus0.000.110.000.000.11
Harrington0.000.020.070.000.09
Torbellino0.000.060.000.000.06
AAC Prairie0.000.050.000.000.05
AB Dram0.000.050.000.000.05
CDC Meredith0.000.040.000.000.04
Other0.000.070.000.000.07
Total 2-row0.7848.9944.184.1398.07
Malting barley variety, 6-rowBritish ColumbiaAlbertaSaskatchewanManitobaWestern Canada
Legacy0.000.261.240.051.55
Celebration0.000.000.050.100.15
Tradition0.000.000.000.080.08
Other0.000.150.000.000.15
Total 6-row0.000.411.290.221.93

Distribution of general purpose and food barley varieties

Based on the 2025 insured acreage in western Canada, food (F) and general purpose (GP) barley varieties accounted for approximately 49% of the total area seeded with barley (Figure 2.4). Although CDC Austenson predominated the area seeded with GP barley varieties, its acreage has continued to decrease since 2021 (Table 2.5 and Figure 2.9). The other most popular GP variety in 2025 was Esma, followed by Brahma, Altorado, and CDC Maverick. The area seeded with CDC Durango increased to 4.8% in 2025 (Figure 2.9).

Figure 2.9  Comparison of area seeded with the top general purpose and food barley varieties in western Canada from 2019 to 2025Footnote 3.
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Graph data
% of area seeded for general purpose and food barley varieties in western Canada
YearCDC AustensonEsmaBrahmaAltoradoCDC MaverickCDC DurangoOreanaClaymoreAB PrimeAB Hague
201940.42no data10.91no data3.68no data2.482.52no datano data
202042.90no data11.000.033.86no data4.104.69no datano data
202146.100.2710.631.113.49no data7.126.040.020.01
202241.452.479.432.214.87no data6.835.880.060.13
202337.957.388.044.624.67no data5.825.400.510.96
202431.1711.767.466.675.780.254.593.871.331.39
202526.7413.327.606.535.664.773.392.731.561.18

Table 2.5  Distribution of barley varieties as a percentage (%) of area seeded with general purpose and food barley in western Canada in 2025Footnote3

General purpose/food barley variety, 2-rowBritish ColumbiaAlbertaSaskatchewanManitobaWestern Canada
CDC Austenson0.2312.239.924.3626.74
Esma0.0111.700.491.1213.32
Brahma0.087.380.140.007.60
Altorado0.005.331.110.096.53
CDC Maverick0.051.633.830.105.60
CDC Durango0.002.121.980.674.77
Conlon0.002.620.311.124.04
Oreana0.003.120.270.003.39
Champion0.002.300.440.032.76
Claymore0.001.181.220.332.73
KWS Kellie0.052.480.000.002.54
CDC Renegade0.021.011.110.052.19
Xena0.001.800.140.001.94
Canmore (F)0.001.680.000.111.79
AB Prime0.001.560.000.001.56
CDC Cowboy0.040.800.700.001.54
CDC Coalition0.001.240.000.001.24
AB Hague0.000.830.360.001.18
AB Wrangler0.010.700.150.000.86
AC Sirius0.000.520.000.000.52
AAC Lariat0.000.410.000.000.41
Other0.000.580.090.000.74
Total 2-row0.4963.4522.307.9794.21
General purpose/food barley variety, 6-rowBritish ColumbiaAlbertaSaskatchewanManitobaWestern Canada
AB Advantage0.011.091.430.222.75
AB Cattlelac0.000.860.280.201.34
AB Tofield0.000.290.070.000.35
Richer0.000.000.000.300.30
Alston0.000.190.000.000.19
Seebe0.000.180.000.000.18
AB Standswell0.000.110.000.000.11
AC Albright0.050.010.040.000.09
Amisk0.000.070.000.000.07
AC Rosser0.000.000.060.000.06
Other0.000.320.040.000.36
Total 6-row0.063.111.920.715.79

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2025-12-08