Convention Between Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Status of Tax Treaties

This consolidated version of Canada-Netherlands Income Tax Convention signed on May 27, 1986 and amended by the Protocols signed on March 4, 1993 and August 25, 1997 is provided for convenience of reference only and has no official sanction.

The Government of Canada and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, desiring to replace by a new convention the existing Convention between the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of Canada for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, signed at Ottawa on 2 April 1957, as modified by the Supplementary Convention signed at Ottawa on 28 October 1959 and as further modified by the Supplementary Convention signed at Ottawa on 3 February 1965, have agreed as follows:

This Convention shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the States.

1. This Convention shall apply to taxes on income imposed on behalf of each of the States, irrespective of the manner in which they are levied.

2. There shall be regarded as taxes on income all taxes imposed on total income, or on elements of income, including taxes on gains from the alienation of movable or immovable property, taxes on the total amounts of wages or salaries paid by enterprises, as well as taxes on capital appreciation.

3. The existing taxes to which the Convention shall apply are in particular:

4. The Convention shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed after the date of signature of the Convention in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The States or the competent authorities of the States shall notify each other of any substantial changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws.

1. For the purposes of this Convention, unless the context otherwise requires:

2. As regard the application of the Convention by a State any term not defined therein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning which it has under the law of that State concerning the taxes to which the Convention applies.

1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term "resident of one of the States" means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management or any other criterion of a similar nature.

2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 an individual is a resident of both States, then his status shall be determined as follows:

3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a person other than an individual is a resident of both States, the competent authorities of the States shall endeavour to settle the question by mutual agreement having regard to its place of effective management, the place where it is incorporated or otherwise constituted and any other relevant factors. In the absence of such agreement, such person shall be deemed not to be a resident of either State for the purposes of Articles 6 to 21 inclusive and Articles 23 and 24.

1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term "permanent establishment" means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.

2. The term "permanent establishment" includes especially:

3. A building site or construction or installation project constitutes a permanent establishment only if it lasts more than twelve months.

4. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term "permanent establishment" shall be deemed not to include:

5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, where a person - other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 6 applies - is acting on behalf of an enterprise and has, and habitually exercises, in one of the States an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise, that enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in that State in respect of any activities which that person undertakes for the enterprise, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph 4 which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make this fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph.

6. An enterprise shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in one of the States merely because it carries on business in that State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business.

7. The fact that a company which is a resident of one of the States controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other.

1. Income derived by a resident of one of the States from immovable property (including income from agriculture or forestry) situated in the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. For the purposes of this Convention, the term "immovable property" shall have the meaning which it has under the law of the State in which the property in question is situated. The term shall in any case include property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting landed property apply, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources; ships, boats and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property.

3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property.

4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise and to income from immovable property used for the performance of independent personal services.

1. The profits of an enterprise of one of the States shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on or has carried on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment.

2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, where an enterprise of one of the States carries on business in the other State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment.

3. In the determination of the profits of a permanent establishment situated in one of the States, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses of the enterprise (other than expenses which would not be deductible under the law of that State if the permanent establishment were a separate enterprise) which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment including executive and general administrative expenses, whether incurred in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere.

4. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise.

5. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary.

6. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Convention, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article.

1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7 and 12, profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the enterprise is situated.

2. For the purposes of this Convention, profits derived by an enterprise of one of the States from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic include profits from:

3. If the place of effective management of a shipping enterprise is aboard a ship, then it shall be deemed to be situated in the State in which the home harbour of the ship is situated, or, if there is no such home harbour, in the State of which the operator of the ship is a resident.

4. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall also apply to profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business or an international operating agency.

1. Where

It is understood, however, that the fact that associated enterprises have concluded arrangements, such as costsharing arrangements or general services agreements, for or based on the allocation of executive, general administrative, technical and commercial expenses, research and development expenses and other similar expenses, is not in itself a condition as meant in the preceding sentence.

2. Where one of the States includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State - and taxes accordingly - profits on which an enterprise of the other State has been charged to tax in that other State and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of the tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Convention.

3. A State shall not change the profits of an enterprise in the circumstances referred to in paragraph 1 after the expiry of the time limits provided in its national laws and, in any case, after six years from the end of the year in which the profits which would be subject to such change would have accrued to an enterprise of that State. However, the provisions of the preceding sentence shall not apply in the case of fraud or wilful default.

1. Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of one of the States to a resident of the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such dividends may also be taxed in the State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, and according to the laws of that State, but if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the dividends the tax so charged shall not exceed:

3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid.

4. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares, "jouissance" shares or "jouissance" rights, mining shares, founders' shares or other rights participating in profits, as well as other income which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident.

5. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of one of the States, carries on business in the other State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.

6. Where a company which is a resident of one of the States derives profits or income from the other State, that other State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company, except insofar as such dividends are paid to a resident of that other State or insofar as the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment or a fixed base situated in that other State, nor subject the company's undistributed profits to a tax on the company's undistributed profits, even if the dividends paid or the undistributed profits consist wholly or partly of profits of income arising in such other State.

7. Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as preventing one of the States from imposing a tax on the earnings of a company attributable to permanent establishments in that State, in addition to the tax which would be chargeable on the earnings of a company which is a resident of that State, provided that the rate of such additional tax so imposed shall not exceed the percentage limitation provided for under paragraph 2(a) of the amount of such earnings which have not been subjected to such additional tax in previous taxation years. For the purpose of this provision, the term "earnings" means the profits attributable to such permanent establishments in that State (including gains from the alienation of property forming part of the business property, referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 13, of such permanent establishments) in accordance with Article 7 in a year and previous years after deducting therefrom:

8. The provisions of paragraph 7 shall also apply with respect to earnings derived from the alienation of immovable property in one of the States by a company carrying on a trade in immovable property, whether or not it has a permanent establishment in that State, but only insofar as these earnings may be taxed in that State under the provisions of Article 6 or paragraph 1 of Article 13.

1. Interest arising in one of the States and paid to a resident of the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such interest may also be taxed in the State in which it arises and according to the laws of that State, but if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the interest the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 per cent of the gross amount of the interest.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, interest arising in one of the States and paid to a resident of the other State who is the beneficial owner thereof shall be taxable only in that other State to the extent that such interest:

5. The term "interest" as used in this Article means income from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, including premiums and prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or debentures, as well as income which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from money lent by the laws of the States in which the income arises. Penalty charges for late payment shall not be regarded as interest for the purpose of this Article. However, the term "interest" does not include income dealt with in Article 10.

6. The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the interest, being a resident of one of the States, carries on business in the other State in which the interest arises, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the debt-claim in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.

7. Interest shall be deemed to arise in one of the States when the payer is that State itself, a political subdivision, a local authority or a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of one of the States or not, has in one of the States a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.

8. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest, having regard to the debt-claim for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Convention.

1. Royalties arising in one of the States and paid to a resident of the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such royalties may also be taxed in the State in which they arise and according to the laws of that State, but if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the royalties the tax so charged shall not exceed 10% of the gross amount of the royalties.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2

arising in a State and paid to a resident of the other State who is the beneficial owner of the royalties shall be taxable only in that other State.

4. The term "royalties" as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including motion picture films and works on film, videotape or other means of reproduction for use in connection with television, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for the use of, or the right to use, industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience.

5. The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of one of the States, carries on business in the other State in which the royalties arise, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.

6. Royalties shall be deemed to arise in one of the States when the payer is that State itself, a political subdivision, a local authority or a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of one of the States or not, has in one of the States a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the obligation to pay the royalties was incurred, and such royalties are borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.

7. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties, having regard to the use, right or information for which they are paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Convention.

1. Gains derived by a resident of one of the States from the alienation of immovable property situated in the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of one of the States has in the other State or of movable property pertaining to a fixed base available to a resident of one of the States in the other State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise) or of such fixed base, may be taxed in that other State.

3. Gains from the alienation of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic or movable property pertaining to the operation of such ships or aircraft, shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the enterprise is situated. For the purposes of this paragraph the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 8 shall apply.

4. Gains derived by a resident of one of the States from the alienation of:

may be taxed in that other State. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "immovable property" includes the shares of a company the value of which shares is derived principally from immovable property or a substantial interest in a partnership, trust or estate referred to in sub-paragraph (b), but does not include property (other than rental property) in which the business of the company, partnership, trust or estate is carried on; and a substantial interest exists when the resident and persons related thereto own 10% or more of the shares of any class of the capital stock of a company or have an interest of 10% or more in a partnership, trust or estate; and a controlling interest exists when the resident and persons related thereto have an interest of 50% or more in a partnership, trust or estate.

5. Where a resident of one of the States alienates property which may in accordance with this Article be taxed in the other State and which was owned by a resident of the first-mentioned State on the date of signature of the Convention, the amount of the gain which is liable to tax in that other State in accordance with this Article shall be reduced by the proportion of the gain attributable (on a monthly basis), or such greater portion of the gain as is shown to the satisfaction of the competent authority of the other State to be reasonably attributable, to the period ending on 31 December of the year in which the Convention enters into force. However, this provision shall not apply to gains from the alienation of property which in accordance with the existing Convention may already be taxed in the other State.

6. Where a resident of one of the States alienates property in the course of a corporate or other organization, reorganization, amalgamation, division or similar transaction and profit, gain or income with respect to such alienation is not recognized for the purpose of taxation in that State, if requested to do so by the person who acquires the property, the competent authority of the other State may agree, subject to terms and conditions satisfactory to such competent authority, to defer the recognition of the profit, gain or income with respect to such property for the purpose of taxation in that other State until such time and in such manner as may be stipulated in the agreement.

7. Gains from the alienation of any property other than that referred to in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4, shall be taxable only in the State of which the alienator is a resident.

8. The provisions of paragraph 7 shall not affect the right of either of the States to levy, according to its law, a tax on gains from the alienation of any property derived by an individual who is a resident of the other State and has been a resident of the first-mentioned State at any time during the six years immediately preceding the alienation of the property.

1. Income derived by a resident of one of the States in respect of professional services or other activities of an independent character shall be taxable only in that State unless he has a fixed base regularly available to him in the other State for the purpose of performing his activities. If he has or had such a fixed base, the income may be taxed in the other State but only so much of it as is attributable to that fixed base.

2. The term "professional services" includes especially independent scientific, literary, artistic, educational or teaching activities as well as the independent activities of physicians, lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists and accountants.

1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 16, 18 and 19, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of one of the States in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State.

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of one of the States in respect of an employment exercised in the other State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if:

3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration derived by a resident of one of the States in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated in international traffic, shall be taxable only in that State.

1. Directors' fees or other remuneration derived by a resident of one of the States in his capacity as a member of the board of directors, a "bestuurder" or a "commissaris" of a company which is a resident of the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. Where the remuneration mentioned in paragraph 1 is derived by a person who exercises activities of a regular and substantial character in a permanent establishment situated in the State other than the State of which the company is a resident and the remuneration is deductible in determining the taxable profits of that permanent establishment, then, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, the remuneration, to the extent to which it is so deductible, may be taxed in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated.

1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 14 and 15, income derived by a resident of one of the States as an entertainer, such as a theatre, motion picture, radio or television artiste, or a musician, or as an athlete, from his personal activities as such exercised in the other State, may be taxed in that other State.

2. Where income in respect of personal activities exercised by an entertainer or an athlete in his capacity as such accrues not to the entertainer or athlete himself but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7, 14 and 15, be taxed in the State in which the activities of the entertainer or athlete are exercised.

3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not apply if the entertainer or the athlete establishes that neither he, nor any person associated with him or related to him, participates directly or indirectly in the profits of the person referred to in that paragraph.

1. Pensions, annuities and other similar payments, as well as lump sum payments out of a pension plan or arising on the surrender, cancellation, redemption, sale or other alienation of an annuity, and any pension and other payment paid under the provisions of a social security system, arising in one of the States and paid to a resident of the other State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such income may also be taxed in the State in which it arises, and according to the law of that State, but in the case of periodic payments the tax so charged shall not exceed 15% of the gross amount thereof which is taxable under the law of that State.

3. Benefits under the Old Age Security Act of Canada and war pensions and allowances (including pensions and allowances paid to war veterans or as a consequence of a war) arising in Canada and paid to a resident of the Netherlands may be taxed in Canada in accordance with the law of Canada.

4. Alimony and other similar payments arising in one of the States and paid to an individual who is a resident of the other State shall be taxable only in that other State.

2. The provisions of Articles 15 and 16 shall apply to remuneration in respect of services rendered in connection with a business carried on by one of the States or a political subdivision or local authority thereof.

Payments which a student, apprentice or business trainee who is or was immediately before visiting one of the States a resident of the other State and who is present in the first-mentioned State solely for the purpose of his education or training receives for the purpose of his maintenance, education or training shall not be taxed in that State, provided that such payments arise from sources outside that State.

1. Income from an estate or a trust which is a resident of Canada accruing to a resident of the Netherlands who is the beneficiary thereof, may be taxed in the Netherlands.

2. However, such income may also be taxed in Canada, and according to the laws of Canada, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 15% of the gross amount of the income.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, such income shall be exempt from tax in Canada to the extent of any amount paid, credited, or required to be distributed to such beneficiary out of income from sources outside Canada.

4. For the purposes of this Article, a trust does not include an arrangement whereby the contributions made to the trust are deductible for the purposes of taxation in Canada.

1. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2, items of income of a resident of one of the States, wherever arising, not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Convention shall be taxable only in that State.

2. However, if such income is derived by a resident of one of the States from sources in the other State, such income may also be taxed in the State in which it arises, and according to the law of that State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 25 per cent of the gross amount of such income.

1. The Netherlands, when imposing tax on its residents, may include in the basis upon which such taxes are imposed the items of income which, according to the provisions of this Convention, may be taxed in Canada.

2. However, where a resident of the Netherlands derives items of income which according to Article 6, Article 7, paragraph 5 of Article 10, paragraph 6 of Article 11, paragraph 5 of Article 12, paragraphs 1, 2 and 4 of Article 13, Article 14, paragraph 1 of Article 15, paragraph 3 of Article 18 and Article 19 of this Convention may be taxed in Canada and are included in the basis referred to in paragraph 1, the Netherlands shall exempt such items of income by allowing a reduction of its tax. This reduction shall be computed in conformity with the provisions of Netherlands law for the avoidance of double taxation. For that purpose the said items of income shall be deemed to be included in the total amount of the items of income which are exempt from Netherlands tax under those provisions.

3. Further, the Netherlands shall allow a deduction from the Netherlands tax so computed for the items of income which according to paragraph 2 of Article 10, paragraph 2 of Article 11, paragraph 2 of Article 12, paragraph 8 of Article 13, Article 16, Article 17, paragraph 2 of Article 18 and paragraph 2 of Article 21 and paragraph 2 of Article 21A of this Convention may be taxed in Canada to the extent that these items are included in the basis referred to in paragraph 1. The amount of this deduction shall be equal to the tax paid in Canada on these items of income, but shall not exceed the amount of the reduction which would be allowed if the items of income so included were the sole items of income exempt from Netherlands tax under the provisions of Netherlands law for the avoidance of double taxation.

4. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, the Netherlands shall allow a deduction from the Netherlands tax for the tax paid in Canada on items of income which according to Article 7, paragraph 5 of Article 10, paragraph 6 of Article 11, paragraph 5 of Article 12 and Article 14 of this Convention may be taxed in Canada to the extent that these items are included in the basis referred to in paragraph 1, if and insofar as the Netherlands under the provisions of the Netherlands law for the avoidance of double taxation allows a deduction from the Netherlands tax of the tax levied in another country on such items of income. For the computation of this deduction the provisions of paragraph 3 shall apply accordingly.

5. In the case of Canada, double taxation shall be avoided as follows:
6. For the purposes of paragraph 5

1. The provisions of this Article shall apply notwithstanding any other provisions of this Convention. However, this Article shall not apply where offshore activities of a person constitute for that person a permanent establishment under the provisions of Article 5 or a fixed base under the provisions of Article 14.

2. In this Article the term "offshore activities" means activities which are carried on offshore in connection with the exploration or exploitation of the seabed and its subsoil and their natural resources, situated in one of the States.

3. An enterprise of one of the States which carries on offshore activities in the other State shall, subject to paragraph 4, be deemed to be carrying on, in respect of those activities, business in that other State through a permanent establishment situated therein, unless the offshore activities in question are carried on in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 30 days in any twelve month period.

For the purposes of this paragraph:
4. However, for the purposes of paragraph 3 the term "offshore activities" shall be deemed not to include:

5. A resident of one of the States who carries on offshore activities in the other State, which consist of professional services or other activities of an independent character, shall be deemed to be performing those activities from a fixed base in the other State if the offshore activities in question last for a continuous period of 30 days or more.

6. Salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of one of the States in respect of an employment connected with offshore activities carried on through a permanent establishment in the other State may, to the extent that the employment is exercised offshore in that other State, be taxed in that other State.

7. Where documentary evidence is produced that tax has been paid in Canada on the items of income which may be taxed in Canada according to Article 7 and Article 14 in connection with respectively paragraph 3 and paragraph 5, and to paragraph 6, the Netherlands shall allow a reduction of its tax which shall be computed in conformity with the rules laid down in paragraph 2 of Article 22.

1. Nationals of one of the States shall not be subjected in the other State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith, which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which nationals of that other State in the same circumstances are or may be subjected. This provision shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 1, also apply to individuals who are not residents of one or both of the States.

2. The taxation on a permanent establishment which an enterprise of one of the States has in the other State shall not be less favourably levied in that other State than the taxation levied on enterprises of that other State carrying on the same activities. This provision shall not be construed as obliging one of the States to grant to residents of the other State any personal allowances, reliefs and reductions for taxation purposes on account of civil status or family responsibilities which it grants to its own residents.

3. Enterprises of one of the States, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of the other State, shall not be subjected in the first-mentioned State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which other similar enterprises of the first-mentioned State, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of a third State, are or may be subjected.

4. Contributions in a year in respect of services rendered in that year paid by, or on behalf of, an individual who is a resident of one of the States or who is temporarily present in that State, to a pension plan that is recognized for tax purposes in the other State shall, during a period not exceeding in the aggregate 60 months, be treated in the same way for tax purposes in the first-mentioned State as a contribution paid to a pension plan (that is, in the case of Canada, not an employee benefit plan) that is recognized for tax purposes in that first-mentioned State, provided that:

For the purposes of this paragraph, "pension plan" includes a pension plan created under a public social security system.

1. Where a person considers that the actions of one or both of the States result or will result for him in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, he may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those States, address to the competent authority of the State of which he is a resident an application in writing stating the grounds for claiming the revision of such taxation or, if his case comes under paragraph 1 of Article 24, to that of the State of which he is a national. The case must be presented within two years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.

2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the objection appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at a satisfactory solution, to resolve the case by mutual agreement with the competent authority of the other State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation which is not in accordance with the Convention.

3. A State shall not, after the expiry of the time limits provided in its national laws and, in any case, after six years from the end of the taxable period in which the income concerned has accrued, increase the tax base of a resident of either of the States by including therein items of income which have also been charged to tax in the other State. This paragraph shall not apply in the case of fraud or wilful default.

4. The competent authorities of the States shall endeavour to resolve by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the interpretation or application of the Convention. In particular, the competent authorities may agree to the same attribution of income, deductions, credits or allowances of an enterprise of one of the States to its permanent establishment in the other State or between related enterprises as provided for in Article 9. They may also consult together for the elimination of double taxation in cases not provided for in the Convention.

5. If any difficulty or doubt arising as to the interpretation or application of the Convention cannot be resolved by the competent authorities it may, if both competent authorities agree, be submitted for arbitration. The procedures for arbitration shall be established between the competent authorities.

The competent authorities of the States shall exchange such information as is necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Convention or of the domestic laws of the States concerning taxes covered by the Convention insofar as the taxation thereunder is not contrary to the Convention. The exchange of information is not restricted by Article 1. Any information received by one of the States shall be treated as secret in the same manner as information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) involved in the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to, taxes. Such persons or authorities shall use the information only for such purposes. They may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions.

1. The States undertake to lend assistance to each other in the collection of taxes covered by this Convention, together with interest, costs, additions to such taxes and civil penalties, referred to in this Article as a "revenue claim". The provisions of this Article are not restricted by Article 1.

2. An application for assistance in the collection of a revenue claim shall include a certification by the competent authority of the applicant State that, under the laws of that State, the revenue claim has been finally determined. For the purposes of this Article, a revenue claim is finally determined when the applicant State has the right under its internal law to collect the revenue claim and all administrative and judicial rights of the taxpayer to restrain collection in the applicant State have lapsed or been exhausted.

3. A revenue claim of the applicant State that has been finally determined may be accepted for collection by the competent authority of the requested State and, subject to the provisions of paragraph 7, if accepted shall be collected by the requested State as though such revenue claim were the requested State's own revenue claim finally determined in accordance with the laws applicable to the collection of the requested State's own taxes.

4. Where an application for collection of a revenue claim in respect of a taxpayer is accepted by a State, the revenue claim shall be treated by that State as an amount payable under the Income Tax Act of that State, the collection of which is not subject to any restriction.

5. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as creating or providing any rights of administrative or judicial review of the applicant State's finally determined revenue claim by the requested State, based on any such rights that may be available under the laws of either State. If, at any time pending execution of a request for assistance under this Article, the applicant State loses the right under its internal law to collect the revenue claim, the competent authority of the applicant State shall promptly withdraw the request for assistance in collection.

6. Subject to this paragraph, amounts collected by the requested State pursuant to this Article shall be forwarded to the competent authority of the applicant State. Unless the competent authorities of the States otherwise agree, the ordinary costs incurred in providing collection assistance shall be borne by the requested State and any extraordinary costs so incurred shall be borne by the applicant State.

7. A revenue claim of the applicant State accepted for collection shall not have in the requested State any priority accorded to the revenue claims of the requested State even if the recovery procedure used is the one applicable to its own revenue claims. A revenue claim of the applicant State shall not be recovered by imprisonment for debt of the debtor in the requested State.

8. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, the competent authorities of the States may by exchange of notes agree that the provisions of this Article also apply to taxes and duties other than the taxes referred to in Article 2 collected by or on behalf of the Government of the States.

9. The competent authorities of the States shall agree upon the mode of application of this Article, including agreement to ensure comparable levels of assistance to each of the States.

In no case shall the provisions of Articles 26 and 26A be construed so as to impose on one of the States the obligation:

1. Nothing in this Convention shall affect the fiscal privileges of diplomatic agents or consular officers under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements.

2. Notwithstanding Article 4, an individual who is a member of a diplomatic or consular mission of one of the States in the other State or in a third State and who is a national of the sending State, shall be deemed for the purposes of the Convention to be a resident of the sending State if he is subject therein to the same obligations in respect of taxes on income as are residents of that State.

3. The Convention shall not apply to international organisations, organs and officials thereof and members of a diplomatic or consular mission of a third State, being present in one of the States, if they are not subjected therein to the same obligations in respect of taxes on income as are residents of that State.

1. Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as preventing Canada from imposing a tax on amounts included in the income of a resident of Canada with respect to a partnership, trust, or controlled foreign affiliate, in which that resident has an interest.

2. Articles 6 to 21 of the Convention shall not apply to non-resident-owned investment corporations as defined under section 133 of the Canadian Income Tax Act, or under any similar provision enacted by Canada after the signature of the Convention.

3. The competent authorities of the States shall by mutual agreement settle the mode of application of Articles 10, 11, 12 and 21.

4. The competent authorities of each of the States, in accordance with the practices of that State, may prescribe regulations necessary to carry out the other provisions of the Convention.

5. The competent authorities of the States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of applying the Convention.

1. This Convention may be extended, either in its entirety or with any necessary modifications, to the Netherlands Antilles and/or Aruba, if those countries impose taxes substantially similar in character to those to which the Convention applies. Any such extension shall take effect from such date and subject to such modifications and conditions, including conditions as to termination, as may be specified and agreed in notes to be exchanged through diplomatic channels.

2. Unless otherwise agreed the termination of the Convention shall not also terminate any extension of the Convention to the Netherlands Antilles and/or Aruba.

1. This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the latter of the dates on which the respective Governments have notified each other in writing that the formalities constitutionally required in their respective States have been complied with, and, subject to the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 6, its provisions shall have effect:

2. Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 6 the existing Convention shall cease to have effect as respects taxes to which this Convention in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 applies.

3. Where, however, any greater relief from tax would have been afforded by any provision, except those dealt with in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6, of the existing Convention than is due under this Convention, any such provision as aforesaid shall continue to have effect for any taxation year beginning before the entry into force of this Convention.

4. Where a dividend is paid by a company which is a resident of one of the States on the date of signature of this Convention, and where the conditions set out in sub-paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 3 of Article VII of the existing Convention are met with respect to the dividend, paragraph 3 of Article VII of the existing Convention shall apply to the dividend in the year of signature of this Convention and in the three following calendar years and for the purposes of that paragraph:

However, this paragraph shall not apply in any event to a dividend paid after 31 December 1988.

5. Where any greater relief from tax would have been afforded by any provision of the existing Convention to a resident of the Netherlands in respect of interest (other than debenture interest) from any mortgage of immovable property situated in Canada and where the mortgage secured an obligation in existence on the date of signature of this Convention, that provision shall continue to apply for such interest received in the year of signature of this Convention and in the 18 calendar months following that year. However, this paragraph shall not apply in any event with respect to interest received after June 30, 1987 or interest received before that date that relates to a period after that date.

6. Where any greater relief from tax would have been afforded by any provision of the existing Convention to a resident of one of the States in respect of payments of any kind received as consideration for the use of, or right to use, industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, made pursuant to an agreement in existence on the date of signature of this Convention, that provision shall continue to apply with respect to any such payment made in the year of signature of this Convention and in the three following calendar years. However, this paragraph shall not apply in any event with respect to any such payment made after 31 December 1988 or any payment made before that date for the use of, or the right to use, equipment after that date.

7. The existing Convention shall terminate on the last date on which it has effect in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Article.

8. The termination of the existing Convention as provided in paragraph 7 shall not revive the Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands constituted by an exchange of notes, dated 23rd September, 1929, for reciprocal exemption from income tax of income arising from the operation of ships. Upon the entry into force of this Convention that Agreement shall terminate.

9. In this Convention the term "the existing Convention" means the Convention between Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income signed at Ottawa on 2 April 1957, as modified by the Supplementary Convention signed at Ottawa on 28 October 1959 and as further modified by the Supplementary Convention signed at Ottawa on 3 February 1965.

This Convention shall remain in force until terminated by one of the States. Either State may terminate the Convention, through diplomatic channels, by giving notice of termination at least six months before the end of any calendar year after the expiration of the fifth year after the year of the entry into force. In such event the Convention shall cease to have effect:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention.

DONE at the Hague this 27th day of May 1986, in duplicate, in the English, French and Netherlands languages, each version being equally authentic.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA:

Lawrence A.H. Smith
Ambassador

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS:

H. van den Broek
Minister of Foreign Affairs

At the moment of signing the Convention for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, this day concluded between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Canada, the undersigned have agreed that the following provisions shall form an integral part of the Convention.

In the French version of the Convention, the term "société" includes a "corporation" within the meaning of Canadian law.

The landing site or sites situated in one of the States regularly used in the transportation by ships of goods or passengers exclusively between places in one of the States, shall, for the enterprise operating such ships, constitute a permanent establishment in that State.

It is understood that the term "resident of one of the States" also includes:

An individual living aboard a ship without any real domicile in either of the States shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which the ship has its home harbour.

The provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 6 shall also apply to income or profits from the alienation of property referred to therein.

In the event that one of the States ceases to permit residents of the other State who are liable to tax in the first-mentioned State on income from immovable property situated therein to compute, in accordance with and subject to the domestic legislation of the first-mentioned State, the tax on such income on a net basis, then a resident of the other State who is so liable to tax on such income may compute the tax on such income in accordance with and subject to the domestic legislation of the first-mentioned State as it read at the time that State ceased to permit the computation. Interest on any mortgage or other indebtedness secured by immovable property situated in one of the States shall be deemed to arise in that State to the extent that, pursuant to any computation referred to in the preceding sentence, such interest is deducted in computing the tax on income of a resident of the other State from immovable property situated in the first-mentioned State.

It is understood that exploration and exploitation rights of natural resources shall be regarded as immovable property situated in the State the seabed and subsoil of which they are related to, and that these rights shall be deemed to pertain to the property of a permanent establishment in that State. Furthermore, it is understood that the aforementioned rights include rights to interests in, or to the benefits of, assets to be produced by such exploration or exploitation.

It is understood that in the case of profits from survey, supply, installation or construction activities, only so much of them shall be attributable to a permanent establishment as results from the actual performance of such activities by that permanent establishment. Accordingly, profits from deliveries of goods, whether or not in connection with these activities, to that permanent establishment by the head office, another permanent establishment or a third person shall not be attributed to that permanent establishment.

Where tax has been levied in excess of the amount of tax chargeable under the provisions of Articles 10, 11, 12 and 21, applications for the refund of the excess amount of tax have to be lodged with the competent authority of the State having levied the tax, within a period of three years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the tax has been levied.

The term "instrumentality" means any entity created or organized by the Government of either State or political subdivision or local authority of either State in order to carry out functions of a governmental nature.

Payments received as a consideration for technical services, including studies or surveys of a scientific, geological or technical nature, or for engineering contracts including blueprints related thereto, or for consultancy or supervisory services shall be deemed not to be payments received as a consideration for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience, except to the extent that the amounts of such payments are based on production, sales, performance, profits or any other similar basis related to the use of the said information.

The term "persons related thereto" means in the case of companies, related companies as meant in sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph 7 of Article 10 and in the case of an individual, his spouse and relatives in the direct line and in the second

It is understood that the terms "salary, wages and other similar remuneration" and "directors' fees or other remuneration" include all income from an employment or office.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention.

DONE at the Hague this 27th day of May 1986, in duplicate, in the English, French and Netherlands languages, each version being equally authentic.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA:

Lawrence A.H. Smith
Ambassador

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS:

H. van den Broek
Minister of Foreign Affairs

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