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Appendices of the Draft Screening Assessment

Cobalt and Cobalt-Containing Substances

Environment Canada
Health Canada
December 2014

Table of Contents

Appendix 1: Identities of cobalt-containing substances that met categorization criteria

The CAS RN (CAS Registry Numbers), DSL (Canadian Domestic Substance List) names, common or simplified names, chemical formula and substance category for cobalt-containing substances are presented in the table below. Common or simplified names were used to simplify substances identity throughout this assessment report. These names were derived primarily based on the English DSL name, or from chemical names used by other countries or jurisdictions as listed in the National Chemicals Inventory (NCI 2007).

Table A1 Identities for the cobalt-containing substances identified for further action during categorization
CAS RN DSL name (English) Common name / Simplified name Chemical formula Substance category
513-79-1 Carbonic acid, cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) Cobalt(II) carbonate CoCO3 Inorganics
1307-86-4 Cobalt hydroxide Cobalt(III) hydroxide Co(OH)3 Inorganics
1307-96-6 Cobalt oxide Cobalt oxide CoO Inorganics
1317-42-6 Cobalt sulfide Cobalt sulphide CoS Inorganics
7440-48-4 Cobalt Elemental cobalt Co Inorganics
7542-09-8 Carbonic acid, cobalt salt Cobalt carbonate CH2O3.xCo Inorganics
7646-79-9 Cobalt chloride Cobalt chloride CoCl2 Inorganics
10124-43-3 Sulfuric acid, cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) Cobalt(II) sulfate CoSO4 Inorganics
10141-05-6 Nitric acid, cobalt(2+) salt Cobalt nitrate Co(NO3)2 Inorganics
10393-49-4 Cobalt sulfate Cobalt sulfate Co.xH2O4S Inorganics
10534-89-1 Cobalt(3+), hexaammine-, trichloride, (OC-6-11)- Cobalt hexammine chloride Cl.1/3CoH18N6 Inorganics
12602-23-2 Cobalt, bis[carbonato(2-)]hexahydroxypenta- Cobalt hydroxide carbonate Co5(OH)6(CO3)2 Inorganics
13455-25-9 Chromic acid (H2CrO4), cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) Cobalt chromate CrCoO4 Inorganics
13455-36-2 Phosphoric acid, cobalt(2+) salt (2:3) Cobalt phosphate Co3(PO4)2 Inorganics
13782-01-9 Cobaltate(3-), hexakis(nitrito-N)-, tripotassium, (OC-6-11)- C.I. Pigment Yellow 40 CoN6O12.3K Inorganics
21041-93-0 Cobalt hydroxide Cobalt(II) hydroxide Co(OH)2 Inorganics
71-48-7 Acetic acid, cobalt(2+) salt Cobalt acetate C2H4O2.1/2Co Organic-metal salt
136-52-7 Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) salt Cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate C8H16O2.1/2Co Organic-metal salt
1560-69-6 Propanoic acid, cobalt(2+) salt Cobalt propionate C3H6O2.1/2Co Organic-metal salt
6700-85-2 Octanoic acid, cobalt salt Cobalt octanoate C8H16O2.xCo Organic-metal salt
13586-82-8 Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt salt Cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate C8H16O2.xCo Organic-metal salt
13586-84-0 Octadecanoic acid, cobalt salt Cobalt stearate C18H36O2.xCo Organic-metal salt
27253-31-2 Neodecanoic acid, cobalt salt Cobalt neodecanoate C10H20O2.xCo Organic-metal salt
27685-51-4 Cobaltate(2-), tetrakis(thiocyanato-N)-, mercury(2+) (1:1), (T-4)- Cobalt mercury isothiocyanate HgCo(NCS)4 Organic-metal salt
38582-17-1 Cyclohexanebutanoic acid, cobalt(2+) salt Cobalt cyclohexylbutyrate C10H18O2.1/2Co Organic-metal salt
94246-88-5 Cobalt, (2-ethylhexanoato-O)(isooctanoato-O)- Cobalt ethylhexanoate isooctanoate
(Cobalt EHI)		 C16H30CoO4 Organic-metal salt
10210-68-1 Cobalt, di-µ-carbonylhexacarbonyldi-, (Co-Co) Cobalt carbonyl C8Co2O8 Organometallics
8011-87-8 C.I. Pigment Green 19 C.I. Pigment Green 19 n/a UVCBs-inorganic
65997-18-4 Frits, chemicals Frits n/a UVCBs-inorganic
67711-89-1 Calcines, copper roastingFootnote Appendix 1 Table 1 [a] Calcines n/a UVCBs-inorganic
68186-89-0 C.I. Pigment Black 25 C.I. Pigment Black 25 n/a UVCBs-inorganic
68187-11-1 C.I. Pigment Blue 36 C.I. Pigment Blue 36 n/a UVCBs-inorganic
68608-93-5 C.I. Pigment Violet 48 C.I. Pigment Violet 48 n/a UVCBs-inorganic
68610-13-9 C.I. Pigment Violet 47 C.I. Pigment Violet 47 n/a UVCBs-inorganic
69012-71-1 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cobalt repulp[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
69012-72-2 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, zinc cobalt[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
72869-37-5 Zinc sulfide (ZnS), cobalt and copper-doped n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
91053-46-2 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cadmium-copper ppt.[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
121053-28-9 Electrolytes, cobalt-manufg.[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
121053-29-0 Slimes and Sludges, cobalt refining[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
121053-30-3 Slimes and Sludges, cobalt electrolytic[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
124222-14-6 Flue dust, cobalt-refining[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
124222-15-7 Residues, cobalt-refining[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
124222-18-0 Residues, precious metal-refining[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
129618-35-5 Electrolytes, copper-manufg.[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
129618-36-6 Solutions, copper hydrometallurgical[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
129618-39-9 Solutions, cobalt hydrometallurgical[a] n/a n/a UVCBs-inorganic
61789-51-3 Naphthenic acids, cobalt salts Cobalt naphthenate n/a UVCBs-organic-metal salts
68457-13-6 Cobalt, borate neodecanoate complexes Cobalt borate neodecanoate n/a UVCBs-organic-metal salts
68988-10-3 Zirconium, dipropylene glycol iso-Bu alc. neodecanoate propionate cobalt complexes n/a n/a UVCBs-organometallic

Appendix 2: Quantities, activities and uses of cobalt-containing substance for which information was received pursuant to section 71 surveys

Table A2.1 Summary of the quantities of cobalt-containing substances on the DSL that were manufactured, imported and/or used in Canada according to information received from 2006, 2008 or 2011. Quantities presented are for substances, not on a cobalt basis
CAS RN Common name / Simplified name Total quantityFootnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 [a]manufactured
(tonnes)		 Total quantity[a] imported
(tonnes)		 Total quantity[a] used
(tonnes)
10124-43-3 Cobalt(II) sulfate 1 000 – 10 000 100 – 1 000 1 000 – 10 000
10393-49-4 Cobalt sulfate 64 1 550 1 463
7440-48-4 Cobalt 1 000 – 10 000 100 – 1 000 100 – 1 000
1317-42-6 Cobalt sulfide 100 – 1 000 greater than 500 NAFootnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1[b]
7646-79-9 Cobalt chloride 100 – 1 000 10 – 100 10 – 100
21041-93-0 Cobalt hydroxide 100 – 1 000 10 – 100 10 – 100
136-52-7 Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) salt 10 – 100 52 – 166 NA
1307-96-6 Cobalt oxide 10 – 100 13 – 59 NA
68457-13-6 Cobalt borate neodecanoate 0.1 – 1 10 – 100 NA
27253-31-2 Cobalt neodecanoate 10 – 100Footnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 [c] 10 – 100[c] 10 – 100[c]
61789-51-3 Naphthenic acids, cobalt salts 10 – 100[c] 10 – 100[c] 10 – 100[c]
10210-68-1 Cobalt carbonyl below reporting threshold below reporting threshold 50
13586-84-0 Cobalt stearate below reporting threshold 10 – 100 NA
10141-05-6 Cobalt nitrate below reporting threshold 1 – 100 NA
1560-69-6 Cobalt propionate 10 – 100[c] 10 – 100[c] 10 – 100[c]
513-79-1 Cobalt(II) carbonate 1 – 10[c] 1 – 10[c] 1 – 10[c]
71-48-7 Cobalt acetate below reporting threshold[c] below reporting threshold[c] below reporting threshold[c]
12602-23-2 Cobalt hydroxide carbonate 0.1 – 1[c] 0.1 – 1[c] 0.1 – 1[c]
91053-46-2 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cadmium-copper ppt. greater than 1 000 below reporting threshold NA
124222-15-7 Residues, cobalt-refining greater than 500 below reporting threshold NA
69012-71-1 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cobalt repulp greater than 500 below reporting threshold NA
69012-72-2 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, zinc cobalt greater than 500 below reporting threshold NA
Table A2.2. Top activities or uses in Canada of cobalt-containing substances
CAS RN Common name / Simplified name Top 1 Activity or Use #1 Top 2 Activity or Use #2 Top 3 Activity or Use #3 Reporting Year
10124-43-3 Cobalt(II) sulfate Intermediate in metallurgical processes - - 2006
10393-49-4 Cobalt sulfate Intermediate in metallurgical processes - - 2006
7440-48-4 Cobalt Component in alloys and carbides for applications requiring high strength and temperature resistance Intermediate in metallurgical processes - 2006
1317-42-6 Cobalt sulfide Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining - - 2008
7646-79-9 Cobalt chloride Intermediate in metallurgical processes Analytical reagent - 2006
21041-93-0 Cobalt hydroxide Batteries Catalyst manufacturing Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining 2011
136-52-7 Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) salt Paints and Coatings manufacturing - - 2008
1307-96-6 Cobalt oxide Incidental production by-product Catalyst manufacturing Catalyst 2008
68457-13-6 Cobalt borate neodecanoate Rubber Automobile manufacturing Paints and Coatings 2008
27253-31-2 Cobalt neodecanoate Rubber Paints and Coatings Plastic 2011
61789-51-3 Naphthenic acids, cobalt salts Rubber Plastic− − 2011
10210-68-1 Cobalt carbonyl Catalyst − − 2011
13586-84-0 Cobalt stearate Rubber Adhesives and sealants - 2008
10141-05-6 Cobalt nitrate Plating agent - - 2008
1560-69-6 Cobalt propionate Rubber Paints and Coatings - 2011
513-79-1 Cobalt(II) carbonate Animal feed - - 2011
71-48-7 Cobalt acetate Food packaging - - 2008
12602-23-2 Cobalt hydroxide carbonate Animal feed - - 2011
91053-46-2 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cadmium-copper ppt. Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining - - 2008
124222-15-7 Residues, cobalt-refining Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining - - 2008
69012-71-1 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cobalt repulp Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining - - 2008
69012-72-2 Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, zinc cobalt Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining - - 2008
Table A2.3. Cobalt-containing substances that were below the reporting threshold in 2008 or 2011, or that were not surveyed
CAS RN Common name Reporting Year
1307-86-4 Cobalt hydroxide 2008
7542-09-8 Carbonic acid, cobalt salt 2008
13455-36-2 Phosphoric acid, cobalt(2++) salt (2:3) 2008
6700-85-2 Octanoic acid, cobalt salt 2008
13586-82-8 Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt salt 2008
94246-88-5 Cobalt, (2-ethylhexanoato-O)(isooctanoato-O)- 2008
121053-28-9 Electrolytes, cobalt-manufg. 2008
121053-30-3 Slimes and Sludges, cobalt electrolytic 2008
129618-39-9 Solutions, cobalt hydrometallurgical 2008
68186-89-0 C.I. Pigment Black 25 2008
68608-93-5 C.I. Pigment Violet 48 2008
68610-13-9 C.I. Pigment Violet 47 2008
121053-29-0 Slimes and Sludges, cobalt refining 2008
124222-14-6 Flue dust, cobalt-refining 2008
8011-87-8 C.I. Pigment Green 19 2011
10534-89-1 Cobalt(3+), hexaammine-, trichloride, (OC-6-11)- 2011
13455-25-9 Chromic acid (H2CrO4), cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) 2011
13782-01-9 Cobaltate(3-), hexakis(nitrito-N)-, tripotassium, (OC-6-11)- 2011
27685-51-4 Cobaltate(2-), tetrakis(thiocyanato-N)-, mercury(2+) (1:1), (T-4)- 2011
38582-17-1 Cyclohexanebutanoic acid, cobalt(2+) salt 2011
68988-10-3 Zirconium, dipropylene glycol iso-Bu alc. neodecanoate propionate cobalt complexes 2011
72869-37-5 Zinc sulfide (ZnS), cobalt and copper-doped 2011
65997-18-4 Frits, chemicals Not surveyed
67711-89-1 Calcines, copper roasting Not surveyed
68187-11-1 C.I. Pigment Blue 36 Not surveyed
124222-18-0 Residues, precious metal-refining Not surveyed
129618-35-5 Electrolytes, copper-manufg. Not surveyed
129618-36-6 Solutions, copper hydrometallurgical Not surveyed

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Appendix 3: Releases reported for 2011 to the NPRI for “Cobalt and its compounds”

Table A3.1. Releases (in tonnes) and disposals reported to the NPRI for 2011 for “Cobalt and its compounds”. The reporting threshold is 10 tonnes Manufactured, Processed or Otherwise used (MPO) at a concentration of 1% or greater. All sectors covered by the NPRI are listed and appear in decreasing order in terms of total on-site releases (to air, water and/or land). Quantities for on-site and off-site disposalFootnote Appendix 3 Table A3-1 [a] as well as for off-site recycling are also shown. Units are tonnes
Industrial Sector Air Water Land Total On-site Off-siteFootnote Appendix 3 Table A3-1[b] Total Off-site recycling
Mining (mines/mills) 1.7 8.5 8.9 20 3 577 0.088 3 577 0
Other manufacturing 5.2 0 0 5.2 0 7.6 7.6 45
Metals (smelters/
refineries)		 3.8 0.242 0 4.1 156 4.7 156 13
Transportation equipment manufacturing 1.3 0 0 1.3 0 0.007 0.007 19
Pulp and paper 0.264 0 0 0.264 0.010 0 0.010 0
Electricity (power generation) 0.069 0.002 0 0.071 5.5 36 42 5.4
Oil sands and heavy oil 0.014 0.007 0 0.099 530 0.701 531 0.440
Iron and steel 0.03 0 0 0.030 0 41 41 21
Chemicals 0.006 0.002 0 0.021 40 30 70 12
Wastewater treatment 0 0.008 0 0.008 0 0.001 0.001 0
Waste treatment and disposal 0 0 0 0 20 7.9 28 18
Rubber 0 0 0 0 0 1.3 1.3 1.5
Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0.271 0.007 0.069 0.076 20
Other 0 0 0 0 0 0.031 0.031 0
Aluminum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cement, lime and other non-metallic minerals 0 0 0 0.001 0 0 0 0
Oil and gas pipelines and storage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Upstream oil and gas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wood products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 12 8.8 8.9 31 4 329 129  4 454 153

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Appendix 4: Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to aquatic, benthic and soil organisms.

Table A4.1 Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to freshwater fish
Test
Organism		 Test
Compound		 Hardness
(mg CaCO3/L)		 pH Endpoint and duration Toxicity Value
(μg Co/L)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1[a]		 Reference
Zebrafish
Brachydanio rerio		 CoCl2*6H2O 100 7.5-7.7 MATC 16d (survival) 340 (340)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 [b],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 [c] Dave and Xiu 1991
Zebrafish
Brachydanio rerio		 CoCl2 103 ± 6.1 7.8 ± 0.1 EC10 33d
(biomass)		 1084 (1016) Parametrix 2010a
Fathead minnow
Pimephales promelas		 CoCl2 109 7.6-8.5 EC10 34d
(survival)		 351 (339)[c] Parametrix 2010a
Fathead minnow
Pimephales promelas		 CoSO4 236Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1[d] 8.14 IC10 28d
(growth)		 480 (336) Kimball 1978
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss		 CoCl2 115 7.6-7.8 EC10 81d
(biomass)		 2 171 (2049)[c] Parametrix 2010a
Table A4.2. Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to freshwater invertebrates
Test
Organism		 Test
Compound		 Hardness
(mg CaCO3/L)		 pH Endpoint and duration Toxicity Value
(μg Co/L)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2[a]		 Reference
Amphipod
Hyalella azteca		 CoCl2*6H2O 122 8.2 IC25 28d
(growth)		 2.9 (2.7)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 [b],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 [c] Norwood et al. 2007
Amphipod
Hyalella azteca		 CoCl2 125 ± 10 7.15-7.69 EC10 28d
(survival)		 5.5 (5.0) Heijerick et al. 2007
Water flea
Daphnia magna		 CoSO4 150Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2[d] 8.31 LOEC 28d
(reproduction)		 4.4 (3.7)[c] Kimball 1978
Water flea
Daphnia magna		 CoCl2 230-250 7.22-7.64 EC10 21d (reproduction) 54 (38) Heijerick et al. 2007
Water flea
Ceriodaphnia dubia		 CoCl2 108 8.0-8.7 EC10 21d (reproduction) 7.9 (7.7)[c] Parametrix 2010a
Snail
Lymnea stagnalis		 CoCl2 140 7.64-7.88 EC10 28d
(growth)		 22 (19)[c] De Schamphelaere et al. 2008a
Midge
Chironomus tentans		 CoCl2 32-34 7.58-8.17 EC10 20d
(growth)		 167 (202)[c],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 [e] Pacific Ecorisk 2005
Oligochaete
Aeolosoma sp		 CoCl2 54 7.4-7.8 EC10 14d (reproduction) 155 (200)[c] Parametrix 2010a
Table A4.3. Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to freshwater plants and algae
Test
Organism		 Test
Compound		 Hardness
(mg CaCO3/L)		 pH Endpoint and duration Toxicity Value
(μg Co/L)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[a]		 Reference
Duckweed
Lemna minor		 CoCl2 55Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[b] 6.52-6.68 EC10 7d
(growth)		 4.9 (6.3)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 [c],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 [d] Heijerick et al. 2007
Green algae
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata		 CoCl2 25Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[e] 7.51-7.72 EC10 4d
(growth)		 23 (31)[d],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 [f] Heijerick et al. 2007
Giant Duckweed
Spirodela polyrhiza		 CoCl2 12[e] 7.0 EC50 4d
(growth)		 140 (257)[d],[f] Gaur et al. 1994
Green algae
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii		 CoCl2 12Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[g] 6.8 EC30 5d
(growth)		 1 120
(2 055)[d],[f]		 Macfie et al. 1994
Green algae
Chlamydomonas acidophila		 CoCl2 200Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[h] 4.0 EC50 4d
(growth)		 4 096
(3 074)[d]		 Nishikawa and Tominaga 2001
Table A4.4. Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to freshwater benthic invertebrates
Test
Organism		 Test
Compound		 Endpoint and duration Toxicity Value
(mg Co/kg dry wt.)		 Reference
Hyallela azteca CoCl2 EC10 28d
(growth)		 86 Nguyen et al. 2009a
Ephoron virgo CoCl2 EC10 28d
(growth)		 136 Nguyen et al. 2009b
Chironomus riparius CoCl2 EC10 28d
(emergence)		 148 Nguyen et al. 2009a
Gammarus pulex CoCl2 EC10 28d
(survival)		 273 Nguyen et al. 2009b
Tubifex tubifex CoCl2 EC10 28d
(reproduction)		 1176 Nguyen et al. 2009a
Lumbriculus variegatus CoCl2 EC10 28d
(survival)		 greater than 2170Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-4 [a] Nguyen et al. 2009b
Table A4.5. Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to terrestrial plants
Test organism Test
Compound		 Endpoint and duration Endpoint and duration Toxicity Value
(mg Co/kg dw soil)		 Reference
Alfalfa Medicago sativa CoCl2 emergence 14d-EC20 62.7 (art.)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-5 [a]
62.6 (nat.)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-5[b]		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Alfalfa Medicago sativa CoCl2 shoot length 14d-EC20 15.3 (art.)
15.9 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Alfalfa Medicago sativa CoCl2 root length 14d-EC20 9.4 (art.)
22.1 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 emergence 14d-EC20 1118 (art.)
536.2 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 shoot length 14d-EC20 44.7 (art.)
108.9 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 root length 14d-EC20 34.2 (art.)
37.5 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 Shoot growth 21d-EC50 40-1708 Li et al. 2009
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 Root growth 4d-LC50 341
5.45 mg/L		 Lock et al. 2007
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 Root growth 4d-LC50 166
79.8 mg/L		 Lock et al. 2007
Barley Hordeum vulgare CoCl2 Root growth 4d-EC50 45 – 863 Micó et al. 2008
Northern wheatgrass
Elymus lanceolatus		 CoSO4 emergence 21d-EC50
21d-EC10		 greater than 1210
greater than 1210		 Environment Canada 2010c
Northern wheatgrass
Elymus lanceolatus		 CoSO4 shoot length 21d-IC50
21d-IC10		 1364
189		 Environment Canada 2010c
Northern wheatgrass
Elymus lanceolatus		 CoSO4 root length 21d-IC50
21d-IC10		 271
64.6		 Environment Canada 2010c
Northern wheatgrass
Elymus lanceolatus		 CoSO4 shoot dry weight 21d-IC50
14d-IC10		 1175
524		 Environment Canada 2010c
Northern wheatgrass
Elymus lanceolatus		 CoSO4 root dry weight 21d-IC50
14d-IC10		 250
44.4		 Environment Canada 2010c
Oilseed rape
Brassica napus		 CoCl2 Shoot growth 21d-EC50 7-966 Li et al. 2009
Radish Raphanus sativus CoCl2 emergence 14d-EC20 496.2 (art.)
393.2 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Radish Raphanus sativus CoCl2 shoot length 14d-EC20 59.7 (art.)
94.0 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Radish Raphanus sativus CoCl2 root length 14d-EC20 41.2 (art.)
45.3 (nat.)		 Kapustka et al. 2006
Radish Raphanus sativus CoSO4 emergence 14d-EC50
14d-EC10		 greater than 1210
greater than 1210		 Environment Canada 2010
Radish Raphanus sativus CoSO4 shoot length 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 488
119		 Environment Canada 2010c
Radish Raphanus sativus CoSO4 root length 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 243
22.2		 Environment Canada 2010c
Radish Raphanus sativus CoSO4 shoot dry weight 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 2213
452		 Environment Canada 2010c
Radish Raphanus sativus CoSO4 root dry weight 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 741
407		 Environment Canada 2010c
Red clover
Trifolium pratense		 CoSO4 emergence 14d-EC50
14d-EC10		 865
287		 Environment Canada 2010c
Red clover
Trifolium pratense		 CoSO4 shoot length 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 914
102		 Environment Canada 2010
Red clover
Trifolium pratense		 CoSO4 root length 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 163
93		 Environment Canada 2010c
Red clover
Trifolium pratense		 CoSO4 shoot dry weight 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 783
516		 Environment Canada 2010c
Red clover
Trifolium pratense		 CoSO4 root dry weight 14d-IC50
14d-IC10		 69.5
11.9		 Environment Canada 2010c
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill		 CoSO4 emergence 14d-EC50
14d-EC10		 greater than 1210
greater than 1210		 Environment Canada 2010c
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill		 CoSO4 shoot length 14d-IC50
14d-EC10		 673
98		 Environment Canada 2010c
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill		 CoSO4 root length 14d-IC50
14d-EC10		 561
267		 Environment Canada 2010c
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill CoSO4 shoot dry weight 14d-IC50
14d-EC10		 847
426		 Environment Canada 2010c
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill CoSO4 root dry weight 14d-IC50
14d-EC10		 220
49.7		 Environment Canada 2010c
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill		 CoCl2 Shoot growth 21d-EC50 7-733 Li et al. 2009
Table A4.6. Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to terrestrial invertebrates
Test organism Test
Compound		 Endpoint Duration Toxicity Value
(mg Co/kg dw soil)		 Reference
Earthworm
Eisenia andrei		 CoSO4 Adult survival 35d-LC50
35d-LC10		 greater than 1210
greater than 1210		 Environment Canada 2010c
Earthworm
Eisenia andrei		 CoSO4 Juvenile production 63d-IC50
28d-IC10		 16.4
4.23		 Environment Canada 2010c
Earthworm
Eisenia andrei		 CoSO4 Juvenile dry mass 63d-IC50 70.5
57.7		 Environment Canada 2010c
Earthworm
Eisenia fetida		 CoCl2 Reproduction 28d-EC10 58-437 De Schamphelaere et al. 2008b
Potworm
Enchytraeus albidus		 CoCl2 Survival 14d-LC50 683
227		 Lock et al. 2006
Springtail
Folsomia candida		 CoSO4 Adult survival 28d-LC50
28d-LC10		 greater than 1210
greater than 1210		 Environment Canada 2010c
Springtail Folsomia candida CoSO4 Juvenile production 28d-IC50
28d-EC10		 432
181		 Environment Canada 2010c
Springtail Folsomia candida CoCl2 Reproduction 28d-EC50 159 mg/L
174 mg/L		 Lock et al. 2004
Table A4.7. Summary of reliable data for toxicity of cobalt to soil microorganisms
Test organism Test
Compound		 Endpoint (microbial process) Duration Toxicity Value
(mg Co/kg dw soil)		 Reference
Variety of soil microorganisms CoCl2 Potential nitrification NOEC or
EC10		 23.1-725 Salpeteur et al. 2007
Variety of soil microorganisms CoCl2 Glucose induced respiration NOEC or
EC10		 6.3-606 Salpeteur et al. 2007
Variety of soil microorganisms CoCl2 Maize residue mineralization NOEC or
EC10		 37.2-4696 Salpeteur et al. 2007

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Appendix 5: Summary of human health Effects information

Table A5.1.  Summary of health effects information for cobalt substances (laboratory animals and in vitro)
Endpoint Lowest Effect Levels/Result References
Acute- oral Lowest oral (gavage) LD50 (rat) = 42.4 mg Co/kg-bw
 [CoCl2]		 Singh and Junnarkar 1991
Additional references: Speijers et al 1982 [CoCl2,CoSO4, Cobalt oxide, Nitric acid cobalt (2++) salt]; FDRL 1984 [CoSO4]; Reagan 1992 [Cobalt metal, Cobalt sulfide]; Lewis1996 [Carbonic acid, cobalt (2+) salt (1:1)]; Kniga 1980 [Cobaltate(3-), hexakis(nitrito-N)-, tripotassium,]; Luckey 1975 [CoO]; Llobet and Domingo 1983 [Nitric acid cobalt (2++) salt]
Acute- inhalation Lowest inhalation LC50(rat-male/female) less than 0.261 mg/L air [Cobalt oxide]. CoRC 2010d
Additional references: CoRC 2010b
Acute- dermal Lowest dermal LC50 (rat-male/female) greater than 2000 mg/kg-bw [Resin acids and Rosin acids, cobalt salts, cobalt(II) 4-oxopent-2-en-2-Olate] CoRC 2010a.
Sensitization-dermal Positive dermal sensitization in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and guinea pig maximization test to CoCl2.
Guinea pigs were also sensitized by contact with CoCl2 for 24 hours. Positive dermal sensitization in adjuvant and patch test to CoSO4.		 Ikarashi et al. 1992 a, b; Camner et al. 1993; Yamano et al. 2006; Liden & Wahlberg 1994; Yanagi et al. 2001
Sensitization-  Inhalation Positive sensitization in minipigs to Co metal aerosols Kerfoot et al. 1975
Irritation- dermal Not irritating in in vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method. [cobalt oxide, cobalt sulphide, cobalt dihydroxide] CoRC 2010c; CoRC 2010d; CoRC 2010e
Irritation- eye Not irritating to eye in acute eye irritation and corrosion test in NZW rabbits [cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide. cobalt sulphide] CoRC 2010b; CoRC 2010c; CoRC 2010d
Short-term repeated dose toxicity- oral Lowest oral LOAEL (rat) = 2.5 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on increased red blood cells (polycythemia). NOAEL = 0.62 mg Co/kg bw/day [CoCl2.6H2O] Stanley et al. 1947
Short-term repeated dose toxicity- inhalation Lowest inhalation LOEC (rabbit) = 0.5mg Co/m3 based on effects in the respiratory system following exposure for 4-6 weeks [CoCl2] Johansson et al. 1983, 1984
Short-term repeated dose toxicity- dermal Lowest dermal LOEL (rat) = 9.6 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on sensitization in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) – 3 day exposure [CoCl2] Ikarashi et al. 1992 a, b
Subchronic toxicity- oral Lowest oral LOEL (rat) = 0.5 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on increased latent period of conditioned reflexes and transient polycythemia following 7 months of treatment. NOAEL = 0.05 mg Co/kg-bw per day [CoCl2] Krasovskii and Fridlyand 1971
Additional studies: Union Carbide Corp 1992[CoO]
Subchronic toxicity- inhalation Lowest inhalation LOEC (mice, rat) = 0.11 mg Co/m3 based on effects in the respiratory system (squamous metaplasia of the larynx) following 13 weeks of exposure. [CoSO4. 7H2O] NTP 1991, Bucher et al. 1990
Additional studies: Johansson et al. 1987
Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity Non-neoplastic effects:
LOEC(mouse, rat) = 0.11 mg Co/m3 based on effects in the respiratory system (lesions in larynx, lung, and nose) based on 2-year inhalation bioassay of CoSO4. 7H2O at 0, 0.11, 0.38, or 1.14 mg Co/m3, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 105 weeks. 
Carcinogenicity:
NTP concluded there were ‘clear evidence of carcinogenicity’ in male and female mice, and in female rats; and ‘some evidence of carcinogenicity’ in male rats. Rats and mice: significantly different benign and malignant alveolar/ bronchiolar neoplasms at 1.14 mg Co/m3 for males and at 0.38, or 1.14 mg Co/m3 for females.		 NTP 1991, Bucher et al. 1990
Developmental Toxicity Lowest oral LOAEL (rat) = 5.2 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on developmental toxicity [visceral retardation, skeletal malformations (stern hyperplasia, double vertebral ossification centres, shortened rib 13)], increased perinatal pup death, stunted growth and transiently delayed developmental parameters [CoSO4.7H2O] Szakmary et al. 2001
Additional studies: Domingo et al. 1985; Patternain et al. 1988
Reproductive Toxicity Lowest oral LOAEL (mice) = 9.9 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on decreased implantations, decreased number of viable fetuses, increased number of resorptions, and decreased epididymal sperm count [CoCl2-6H2O] Elbetieha et al. 2008
Additional studies: Pedigo and Vernon 1993; Pedigo et al. 1988
Counter ions of cobalt substances  Literature search on the health effects of counter ions were conducted and based on the available data; most of the counter ions are less toxic to experimental animals and humans than cobalt moiety. Counter ions that are more toxic (eg: chromium-containing substances) than cobalt moiety have already been assessed in the previous assessments, such as Priority Substances List. US EPA 2009; HSDB 1983a, 1983b, 1983 c, 1985, 1986, 1992; Environment Canada, Health Canada 1994; Environment Canada, Health Canada 2011b; European Commission. c2000a, c2000b
Table: A5.2.  Summary of health effects information for cobalt substances (epidemiological studies)
Endpoint Effect levels/Results References
Sensitization-Dermal Positive sensitization in 1-10% of patients for cobalt chloride in 1% in petrolatum applied as a patch test to over 4000 subjects.
Positive sensitization for cobalt (2++) nitrate at 5% in water was applied in a patch test to 436 pottery factory workers.		 Pratt et al. 2004; Uter et al. 2005; Warshaw et al. 2007
Pirila 1953; Additional studies: Camarasa 1967; Nielsen et al. 2000
Sensitization- inhalation Inhalation sensitization:
Inhalation of cobalt chloride aerosols can produce an asthmatic response in sensitized individuals.
IgE and IgA antibodies specific to cobalt have been detected in humans.
Following occupational studies, explained in details under chronic exposure, showed respiratory irritation, asthma and bronchitis among workers exposed to cobalt and cobalt compounds:
Based on those occupational studies, EC has classified cobalt and cobalt substances, including  cobalt powders, cobalt sulphate, cobalt di-chloride, cobalt di-nitrate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt acetate, cobalt monoxide, tricobalt tetraoxide, cobalt sulphide, cobalt di-hydroxide, cobalt tri-hydroxide, cobalt oxy-hydroxide, cobalt resinate and cobalt stearate as respiratory sensitizer: Category 1B.		 Shirakawa 1989; Bencko et al. 1983; Shirakawa et al. 1988, 1989; Nemery et al.1992; Linna et al. 2004; Swennen et al. 1993; Linna et al. 2003; Roto P.  1980 and Sauni R. et al. 2010; CoRC 2010a
Short-term repeated dose toxicity- (oral) Increased red blood cells (polycythemia)

Healthy male volunteers aged 20-47 exposed to CoCl2
at about 1 mg Co/kg bw/day for up to 22 days resulted in 16–20% increase in red blood cell (erythrocytes) numbers (polycythemia) and 6–11% increase in haemoglobin levels. Effects were transient and erythrocyte counts became normal in 9-15 days.
 
Study in anephric, anaemic patients:
0.16 to 0.32 mg Co/kg-bw per day as CoCl2 (25 or 50 mg/day).
Patients were treated for 12 to 47 consecutive weeks, followed by a break of at least 12 weeks. Significant increase in haemoglobin and red cell volume in most patients.

Pregnant women:
0.45 to 0.64 mg Co/kg-bw per day as CoCl2 (75 or 100 mg/day) daily for 90 days (third trimester). Haemoglobin levels and red blood cells were not increased.

Children:
Children (ages 5-9 years old) dosed up to 1.8 mg Co/kg-bw per day showed no change in hemoglobin levels. 

 Davis and Fields 1958;
Duckham and Lee 1976; Taylor et al. 1977; Holly 1955; Jaimet and Thode 1955
Short-term repeated dose toxicity- (oral) Thyroid effects Volunteers and patients receiving cobalt salts to treat anaemia:
 Doses of 2.8 to 3.9 mg Co/kg-bw per day for 3 to 8 months. Goiter enlarged thyroid and microscopic changes in thyroid.
No thyroid effects reported in some anemic children orally exposed to cobalt 1.8 mg Co/kg-bw per day for 10 weeks and dialysis adults exposed to 0.32 mg Co/kg bw/day for 4 weeks.		 Kriss et al. 1955; Gross et al. 1955
Jaimet and Thode, 1955 and Bowie and Hurley 1975 Additional studies: Paley et al. 1958; Roche and Layrisse 1956
Subchronic toxicity- Oral
Lethal cardiomyopathy

Case reports of consumers of large quantities (approximately 8-30 pints/day or 4-14 liters) of beer containing CoSO4 as a foam stabilizer. Possible influences on the victims’ susceptibility included a protein-poor diet and cardiac damage from alcohol abuse. Estimates of the cobalt exposures leading to death ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 mg/kg-bw per day (“for several years”)

Well-nourished beer drinkers who drank similar quantity of beer treated with cobalt sulfate (approximate cobalt intake 0.09 mg Co/kg bw/day), did not experience any cardiac damage

 Alexander 1969, 1972; Bonenfant et al. 1969; Kesteloot et al. 1968; Morin and Daniel 1967;  Morin et al. 1971; Sullivan et al. 1969; IPCS 2006; Kesteloot et al. 1968
Chronic toxicity- inhalation
non-cancer endpoints		 Cross-sectional study on 194 workers (166 men and 28 women) from 10 diamond-polishing workshops and 59 workers from three other workshops in the diamond industry (controls – 46 men and 13 women)
Workers divided into three exposure categories according to airborne cobalt measurements (personal + area air samples): controls (0.0004 +/- 0.0006 mg/m3), low (0.0053+/- 0.0032 mg/m3 and high exposure (0.0151 +/- 0.0117 mg/m3). Exposure was also confirmed by measurement of cobalt in urine.
The duration of employment in each exposure group was not discussed; the exposure categories represent air concentrations only at the time of the study.
The high exposure group was more likely to complain about respiratory symptoms and had significantly higher prevalence of eye, nose, and throat irritation and cough. The prevalence of some symptoms (e.g. cough, phlegm) was elevated in the low exposure group compared with the control group, but the magnitude of the increase (over that seen in controls) did not achieve statistical significance (at P less than 0.05).
Lung function, assessed by FVC, FEV1, MMEF (forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC), and mean PEFR, was significantly reduced in workers in the high exposure group compared with workers in the lower exposure and control groups. Lung function was not decreased in the low exposure group compared with the control group.
LOAEC = 0.0151 mg/m3
NOAEC = 0.0053 mg/m3

Nemery et al. 1992 (reviewed in ATSDR 2004)

Additional studies: Linna et al. 2004; Swennen et al. 1993; Linna et al. 2003; Roto P.  1980; Sauni et al. 2010; Rehfisch et al. 20102; Lantin et al. 2013 (route-not clear); Mur et al. 1987 and Moulin et al. 1993

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Appendix 6: Summary of human biomonitoring data

  Table A6.1: Concentration of cobalt in blood (µg/L)
Location / Reference Sampling year(s) Age (years) Gender N Median 95th  Percentile
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-79 Male 2940 0.21 (0.19 - 0.22) 0.33 (0.30 - 0.37)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-79 Female 3130 0.23 (0.21 - 0.26) 0.44 (0.38 - 0.50)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-79 Male + Female 6070 0.22 (0.20 - 0.24) 0.40 (0.36 - 0.43)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-5 Male + Female 495 0.26 (0.24 - 0.28) 0.42 (0.32 - 0.52)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 6-11 Male + Female 961 0.24 (0.22 - 0.26) 0.37 (0.34 - 0.40)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 12-19 Male + Female 997 0.23 (0.21 - 0.25) 0.38 (0.34 - 0.41)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 20-39 Male + Female 1313 0.21 (0.19 - 0.23) 0.40 (0.35 - 0.44)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 40-59 Male + Female 1222 0.21 (0.20 - 0.23) 0.43 (0.34 - 0.52)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 60-79 Male + Female 1082 0.22 (0.20 - 0.24) 0.39 (0.35 - 0.42)
Quebec City, Canada / INSPQ 2004 2001 18-65 Male + Female 472 less than 0.18 0.37
British Columbia, Canada / Clark et al. 2007 2004–2005 30-65 Male + Female 39 0.47 0.71
Alberta, Canada / Alberta Health and Wellness 2008 2005 less than 25-31+ Female 50,599, pooled 0.2-3.6Footnote Appendix 6 Table A6-1 [a] -
Alberta, Canada / Government of Alberta 2010 2004–2006 less than 5-13 Male + Female 1373, pooled 0.16–0.2[a]  
  Table A6.2: Concentration of cobalt in urine (µg/L)
Location / Reference Sampling year(s) Age (years) Gender N Median 95th  Percentile
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-79 Male 3035 0.23 (0.19 - 0.28) 0.81 (0.71 - 0.91)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-79 Female 3269 0.27 (0.24 - 0.30) 1.1 (1.0 - 1.3)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-79 Male + Female 6304 0.25 (0.22 - 0.29) 0.97 (0.86 - 1.1)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 3-5 Male + Female 573 0.37 (0.31 - 0.43) 1.1 (0.65 - 1.6)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 6-11 Male + Female 1061 0.40 (0.37 - 0.43) 1.1 (0.95 - 1.3)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 12-19 Male + Female 1041 0.36 (0.32 - 0.41) 1.5 (1.2 - 1.9)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 20-39 Male + Female 1320 0.26 (0.21 - 0.30) 0.92 (0.75 - 1.1)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 40-59 Male + Female 1224 0.22 (0.17 - 0.27) 0.85 (0.72 - 0.97)
Canada / Health Canada 2013 2009–2011 60-79 Male + Female 1085 0.18 (0.14 - 0.23) 0.74 (0.51 - 0.98)
United States / US CDC 2013 2009–2011 6–20+ Male + Female 2848 0.38 (0.350 - 0.400) 1.4 (1.20 - 1.58)
France / Fréry et al. 2010 2009–2011 18–74 Male + Female 1991 0.220 1.40
Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 2005 2–6 Male + Female 24 0.6 Footnote Appendix 6 Table A6-2[a] 2.21
Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 2005 7–11 Male + Female 24 0.61 [a] 2.19
Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 2005 12–17 Male + Female 24 0.46 [a] 2.21
Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 2005 18–65 Male + Female 87 0.18 [a] 1.53

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Appendix 7: Summary of human exposure data

Table A7.1: Average estimates of daily intake (μg/kg-bw per day) of cobalt by the general population in Canada by environmental media and food
Route of Exposure 0-6 months breast fedFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[a],Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[b] 0-6 months not breast fed[a],[b] 0.5–4 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[d] 5–11 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[e] 12–19 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[f] 20–59 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[g] 60+ yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[h]
Personal AirFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[i] less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001
Drinking waterFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[j] NAFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[n] 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001
Food and beveragesFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[k] 0.59 0.63 0.57 0.42 0.29 0.23 0.19
SoilFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[l] NA NA 0.002 0.002 less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001
Household DustFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[m] 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.002 less than 0.001 less than 0.001 less than 0.001
Total intake 0.60 0.64 0.58 0.42 0.29 0.23 0.19
Table A7.2: Blood equivalent of daily exposure
Age Total intake
(μg/kg-bw per day)Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2[a]		 Total intake
(μg per day)Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2[b]		 Calculated blood concentration (µg/L)Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2 [c]
20–59 years 0.23 16 0.39
Table A7.3: Concentration of cobalt in human milk (µg/L)
Location (city or province, Country) Sampling year (s) Sample description n Central Tendency Range Reference
Newfoundland, Canada 1988 – 1993 1 sample per week for 8 weeks and 1 sample week 12, 43 participants 43 0 – 6Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-3 [a] - Friel et al. 1999
Austria - Single sample from 27 participants 27 0.19[a] less than 0.07 – 1.20 Krachler et al. 2000
Venice, Italy 1998 – 2000 Single sample from each participant – low fish diet 10 0.00595Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-3 [b] - Abballe et al. 2008
Venice, Italy 1998 – 2000 Single sample from each participant – medium fish diet 13 0.00242[b] - Abballe et al. 2008
Venice, Italy 1998 – 2000 Single sample from each participant – high fish diet 6 less than 0.001[b] - Abballe et al. 2008
Rome, Italy 1998 – 2000 Single sample from each participant 10 less than 0.001[b] - Abballe et al. 2008
Portugal 2003 Single sample from each participant about 30 days post-partum 19 0.69[a]
0.72b		 0.48 – 1.22 Almedia et al. 2008
Guatemala - 1 sample about 3 months post-partum 84 0.24[a] 0.05 – 2208 WHO 1989
Hungary - 1 sample about 3 months post-partum 71 0.15[a] 0.02 – 3.68 WHO 1989
Nigeria - 1 sample about 3 months post-partum 18 0.64[a] 0.26 – 1.41 WHO 1989
Philippines - 1 sample about 3 months post-partum 65 1.40[a] 0.48 – 4.74 WHO 1989
Sweden - 1 sample about 3 months post-partum 32 0.27[a] 0.10 – 0.75 WHO 1989
Zaire - 1 sample about 3 months post-partum 69 0.36[a] 0.09 – 1.90 WHO 1989
Table A7.4: Concentration of cobalt in air (ng/m3) in Canada
Location Year(s) Sample Type n / n less than LOD Central Tendency 95th %ile Reference
Windsor, ON 2005 – 2006 Indoor PM2.5 437 / 394 less than LOD 0.228 Rasmussen 2013
Windsor, ON 2005 – 2006 Outdoor PM2.5 447 / 358 less than LOD 0.145 Rasmussen 2013
Windsor, ON 2005 – 2006 Personal PM2.5 445 / 386 less than LOD 0.192 Rasmussen 2013
Edmonton, AB 2010 Indoor PM 2.5 562 / 169 0.0197 0.320 WAQB 2013a
Calgary 2010 Outdoor PM1 29/0 0.006Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-4 [a] 0.055 WAQB 2013b
Calgary 2011 Outdoor PM1 25/0 0.004[a] 0.009 WAQB 2013b
Halifax 2010 Outdoor PM1 38/0 0.030[a] 0.170 WAQB 2013c
Halifax 2011 Outdoor PM1 68/0 0.027[a] 0.192 WAQB 2013c
Windsor, ON 2005 – 2006 Indoor PM10 532 / 58 0.017[a] 0.230 Rasmussen 2013
Windsor, ON 2005 – 2006 Outdoor PM10 890 / 2 0.071[a] 0.337 Rasmussen 2013
Windsor, ON 2005 – 2006 Personal PM10 397 / 20 0.022[a] 0.280 Rasmussen 2013
Sable Island 2007 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 22 / 20 less than 0.02 0.04 NAPS 2003 - 2008
Kelowna, BC 2006 – 2007 Outdoor PM10 61 / 54 less than 0.05 0.05 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Quesnel 2007 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 136 / 114 less than 0.04 0.06 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Wallaceburg 2006 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 104 / 81 less than 0.04 0.07 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Golden 2004 – 2007 Outdoor PM10 224 / 158 less than 0.04 0.07 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Simcoe 2005 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 279 / 186 less than 0.04 0.07 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Ottawa, ON 2007 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 185 / 131 less than 0.04 0.08 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Abbotsford 2003 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 496 / 274 less than 0.04 0.08 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Burnaby 2003 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 545 / 281 less than 0.04 0.09 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Dow Settlement 2004 – 2007 Outdoor PM10 329 / 208 less than 0.04 0.9 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Saint Anicet 2003 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 515 / 294 less than 0.04 0.9 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Toronto 2004 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 493 / 289 less than 0.04 0.10 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Windsor 2004 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 234 / 151 less than 0.05 0.11 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Saint John 2007 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 147 / 73 0.04 0.14 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Flin Flon 2007 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 25 / 15 less than 0.03 0.15 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Montreal 2003 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 405 / 147 0.05 0.17 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Edmonton 2006 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 279 / 121 0.05 0.45 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Halifax 2006 – 2008 Outdoor PM10 135 / 18 0.14 0.68 NAPS 2003 – 2008
Table A7.5: Concentration of cobalt in drinking water (μg/L) from identified cities and provinces in Canada for most recent 5 years (2008 to 2012)
Location Year(s) Sample Type n Central Tendency 95th/Max Reference
Toronto, ON 2008 – 2010 All plants and distribution 101 less than 0.5Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-5 [a] -/ less than 0.5 Toronto Water 2008, 2009, 2010.
Winnipeg, MB 2008 – 2010 Plants and distribution system - less than 0.20 [a] -/0.23 City of Winnipeg 2008, 2009, 2010.
Montreal, QC 2008 Treatment plants - less than 1[a] -/ less than 1 Montreal 2008.
Montreal, QC 2009, 2011 Treatment plants - less than 0.03 [a] -/0.07 Montreal 2009, 2011.
Victoria, BC 2008 – 2011 Treatment plant 40 Not detected – 0.5Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-5 [b] ?? CRD Water Services 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011.
Ottawa, ON 2008 – 2010 Plants and distribution system 173 less than 0.5 [a] -/ less than 0.5 City of Ottawa 2008, 2009, 2010.
Alberta 2008 Treated water 4 0.10[b] 0.47/2 Province of Alberta
Manitoba 2009 – 2012 Treated water 455 less than 0.2[b] 0.69/6.1 Povince of Manitoba
New Brunswick 2008 – 2012 Treated and untreated 458 less than 0.1 0.2/4.8 Province of New Brunswick
Saskatchewan 2008 – 2012 Plants and distribution system 75 less than 1 less than 1/4.6 Province of Saskatchewan
Ontario 2008 – 2009 Treated water 623 0.11[a] 0.26/1.37 Province of Ontario
Canada wide 2009 - 2010 Treated water 122 Not detected - Tugulea 2013
Canada wide 2009 - 2010 Distribution System 96 Not detected - Tugulea 2013
Table A7.6. Concentration of cobalt in surface soil (mg/kg)
Location
(city or province)		 Sampling year (s) Sample description n Central tendency range 95th  percentile Reference
All Canada ~1956 to 2006 background Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [a]
Glacial till ( less than 63 µm)		 7398 9.3Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6[b]
7Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [c]		 0.25 - 95 23 Rencz et al. 2006
Ottawa, ON 1993 ambientFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [d]
garden soil		 50 8.36[b]
8.05[c]		 5.55 – 15.18 11.58 Rasmussen et al. 2001
Toronto, ON 2010 Ambient[d]
soil adjacent to moderate traffic		 5 6.0[b]
6.0[c]		 5.6 – 6.4 - Wiseman et al. 2013
Toronto, ON 2010 ambient[d]
soil adjacent to high traffic		 11 10.0[b]
10.0[c]		 7.9 – 12 - Wiseman et al. 2013
Toronto, ON 2010 ambient[d]community garden (no traffic) 2 6.6[b] 4.5 – 8.7 - Wiseman et al. 2013
Toronto, ON 2010 Ambient[d]
University of Toronto (no traffic)		 4 7.1[b]
6.9[c]		 5.0 – 9.6 - Wiseman et al. 2013
Port Colborne, ON 1991? point sourceFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [e]
not stated		 - 51[b]
39[c]		 5 – 262 - OMOE 2002 (see B10)
Cobalt, ON 2006 Point source[e],
Cobalt Coleman Public School		 11 11[b] 7-28 23 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2006 Point source[e],
St. Patricks Catholic School		 20 7 [b] 5-12 11 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2005/6 Point source[e]
Cobalt Lake green spaces exposed tailings		 22 340 [b] 140-1700 1200 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2005/6 Point source[e]Cobalt Lake green spaces - western shore 17 30 [b] 12-86 68 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2005/6 Point source[e]Cobalt Lake Green Spaces - Walking Trail 8 6 [b] 4-8 7 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2005/6 Point source[e]Cobalt Lake Green Spaces - soccer field and baseball diamond 18 14[b][a] 6-67 64 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2005/6 Point source[e]Cobalt Lake green spaces - Lions Playground 8 11 [b] 6-97   OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2005/6 Point source[e]Other parks and green spaces 17 18 [b] 5-130 120 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2007 Point source[e]Residential, adjacent to Buffalo Mill and tailings 47 31 [b] 7-550 260 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2007 Point source[e]Residential, adjacent to Nipissing low grade tailings 24 39 [b] 12-850 580 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2007 Point source[e]Residential, adjacent to other mills and tailings 20 72 [b] 13-1500 930 OMOE 2011
Cobalt, ON 2003-2007 Point sourcee
All samples		 1947 640[b] 1.3 – 54000 16000 OMOE 2011
Table A7.7. Concentration of cobalt in household dust (mg/kg)
Location Sampling Year (s) Sample description
(wipe / vacuum / particle size		 n Central Tendency Range 95th  percentile Reference
All Canada,
(total Co)		 2007 - 2010 Vacuum less than 80µm 1017 5.6Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7[b] 0.7 – 70.2 18.9 Rasmussen 2013
All Canada (biaccessible Co) 2007 - 2010 Vacuum less than 80µm 1017 2.0[b] 0.3 – 23.2 5.1 Rasmussen 2013
Ottawa, ON
(total Co)		 1993 Vacuum 48 8.40Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7[a]
8.77[b]		 3.28 – 22.67 13.10 Rasmussen 2001
Sudbury area, ON (homes) 2001 vacuum,
near point source		 82 41.30[b]
55.59Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7[c]		 6.28 – 246.00 - SARA 2005
Sudbury area, ON (elementary schools) 2001 vacuum, near point source 8 28.8[c] 13.6 – 45.1 - SARA 2005

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