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Hexabromocyclododecane

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
3194-55-6

Environment Canada
Health Canada

November 2011

Table of Contents

Appendix A: Data Tables for HBCD Assessment

Table A-1. Substance identity for HBCD

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 3194-55-6
DSL name Cyclododecane, 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromo-
National Chemical Inventories (NCI) names[1]

Cyclododecane, 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromo- (TSCA, ENCS, AICS, PICCS, ASIA-PAC, NZIoC)

1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclodecane (EINECS)

1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (ENCS, ECL, PICCS)

Hexabromocyclododecane (ECL)

1,2,5,6,9,10- HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE (PICCS)

CYCLODODECANE, 12,5,6,9,10-HEXABROMO- (PICCS
Other names

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD); 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane hbcd

Bromkal 73-6D

FR 1206

FR 1206HT

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)

Pyroguard SR 104

SR 104

YM 88A
Chemical group Brominated flame retardant
Chemical subgroup Brominated cyclic alkane
Chemical formula C12H18Br6
Chemical structures

Dominant Isomer Structures of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)

Dominant Isomer Structures of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) - alpha-HBCD (10–13%)
alpha-HBCD
10–13%

Dominant Isomer Structures of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) - beta-HBCD (1–12%)
beta-HBCD
1–12%

Dominant Isomer Structures of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) - gamma-HBCD (75–89%)
gamma-HBCD
75–89%

Ratios of dominant isomers in technical product.
Each isomer is a pair of enantiomers or mirror-images.
SMILES[2] BrC(C(Br)CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC(Br)C(Br)C1)C1
Molecular mass 641.69 g/mol (ACC 2002)
Physical state White powder at 25°C
[1] National Chemical Inventories (NCI). 2009: AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances); ASIA-PAC (Asia-Pacific Substances Lists); ECL (Korean Existing Chemicals List); EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances); ENCS (Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances); NZIoC (New Zealand Inventory of Chemicals); PICCS (Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances); and TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory).
[2] Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System.

Table A-2. Physical and chemical properties of HBCD

Property Type Value Temperature (°C) Reference
Molecular mass (g/mol) Experimental 641.7   Sigma Aldrich 2004
Melting point
(ºC)		 Experimental 180–185   Albemarle Corporation 2000a, 2000b
175–195   ACCBFRIP 2005
180–197   Great Lakes Chemical Corporation 2005a, 2005b
172–184
(crude product)
201–205
(highest melting version)		   ECHA 2008
179–181 α-HBCD
170–172 β-HBCD
207–209 γ-HBCD		   ECHA 2008
Modelled 180
(weighted value)		   MPBPWIN 2000
Boiling point
(ºC)		 Experimental Decomposition starts at 200   Albemarle Corporation 2000a
Decomposes at > 445   Great Lakes Chemical Corporation 2005a
Decomposes at > 190   ECHA 2008
Modelled 462
(Adapted Stein and Brown method)		   MPBPWIN 2000
Density
(g/mL)		 Experimental 2.36–2.37 Not provided Albemarle Corporation 2000a, 2000b
2.1 25 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation 2005a, 2005b
Vapour pressure (Pa) Experimental 6.27 × 10-5 21 CMABFRIP 1997b
Modelled 2.24 × 10-6
(1.68 × 10-8 mm Hg; Modified Grain method)		 25 MPBPWIN 2000
Henry’s Law constant
(Pa m3/mol)		 Modelled 0.174
(1.72 × 10-6 atm·m3/mole; Bond method)
6.52 × 10-6
(6.43 × 10-11 atm·m3/mole; Group method)
11.8
(1.167 × 10-4 atm·m3/mole; VP/Wsol method)[1]
68.8
(6.79 × 10-4 atm·m3/mole; VP/Wsol method)[2]		 25 HENRYWIN 2000
Water solubility[3] (mg/L) Experimental 3.4 × 10-3
(γ-HBCD)		 25 CMABFRIP 1997c
4.88 × 10-2
(α-HBCD)
1.47 × 10-2
(β-HBCD)
2.08 × 10-3
(γ-HBCD)
Total: 6.56 × 10-2		 20 EBFRIP 2004a
Modelled 2.09 × 10-5 25 WSKOWWIN 2000
3.99 × 10-3 (calculated) 25 ECOSAR 2004
Saltwater (Marine) 3.43 × 10-2
(α-HBCD)
1.02 × 10-2
(β-HBCD)
1.76 × 10-3
(γ-HBCD)		   ECHA 2008
Log Kow
(Octanol-water partition coefficient; dimensionless)		 Experimental 5.81 25 Veith et al. 1979
Experimental 5.625 25 CMABFRIP 1997a
Calculated 5.07 ± 0.09
(α-HBCD)
5.12 ± 0.09
(β-HBCD)
5.47 ± 0.10
(γ-HBCD)		 25 Hayward et al. 2006
Modelled 7.74 25 KOWWIN 2000
Log Koc
(Organic carbon-water partition coefficient; dimensionless)		 Modelled 5.10
(corrected value)		 25 PCKOCWIN 2000
[1] Estimate was derived using user-entered values for water solubility of 0.0034 mg/L (for the gamma isomer) and vapour pressure of 6.27 × 10-5 Pa (for the commercial product).
[2] Estimate was derived using model-entered values for water solubility of 2.089 × 10-5 mg/L (WSKOWWIN 2000) and vapour pressure of 2.24 × 10-6 Pa (MPBPWIN 2000).
[3] Water solubility is a function of isomer content.

Table A-3. Results of Level III fugacity modelling for HBCD (EQC 2003)[1]

Substance released to: Percentage of substance partitioning into each compartment
Air Water Soil Sediment
Air (100%) 0.002 2.1 87.3 10.6
Water (100%) 0.0 17.0 0.0 83.0
Soil (100%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.04
[1] Model inputs are listed in Appendix G.

Table A-4. Modelled data for degradation of HBCD

Fate process Model and model basis Model output Extrapolated half-life (days)
Air
Atmospheric oxidation AOPWIN 2000[1] t 1/2 = 2.133 days > 2
Ozone reaction AOPWIN 2000[1] n/a[2] n/a
Water
Hydrolysis HYDROWIN 2000[1] t1/2 = 1.9 × 105 days (pH7)
t 1/2 = 1.9 × 105 days (pH8)		 n/a
Biodegradation (aerobic) BIOWIN 2000[1]
Sub-model 3: Expert Survey (ultimate biodegradation)		 2.0 > 182
Biodegradation (aerobic) BIOWIN 2000[1]
Sub-model 4: Expert Survey (primary biodegradation)		 3.1 ≤ 182
Biodegradation (aerobic) BIOWIN 2000[1]
Sub-model 5: MITI linear probability		 -0.4 > 182
Biodegradation (aerobic) BIOWIN 2000[1]
Sub-model 6: MITI non-linear probability		 0.0 > 182
Biodegradation (aerobic) CPOPs 2008;


 0.1 > 182
[1] EPIWIN (2000).
[2] Model does not provide an estimate for this type of structure.

Table A-5. Persistence and bioaccumulation criteria as defined in CEPA 1999 Persistence and Bioaccumulation Regulations (Canada 2000)

Persistence[1] Bioaccumulation[2]
Medium Half-life
Air ≥ 2 days or is subject to atmospheric transport from its source to a remote area
 BAF ≥ 5000;
BCF ≥ 5000;
log Kow ≥ 5
Water ≥ 182 days (≥ 6 months)
Sediment ≥ 365 days (≥ 12 months)
Soil ≥ 182 days (≥ 6 months)
[1] A substance is persistent when at least one criterion is met in any one medium.
[2] When the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of a substance cannot be determined in accordance with generally recognized methods, then the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of a substance will be considered; however, if neither its BAF nor its BCF can be determined with recognized methods, then the log Kow will be considered.

Table A-6. Modelled bioaccumulation data for HBCD

Test organism Endpoint Value ww
(L/kg)		 Reference
Fish BAF kM = 5.89 × 10-3d-1:
1 819 701[1]; 158 489[2]
kM = 0 d-1:
6 456 542[1]; 275 423[2]		 Gobas BAF/BCF Middle Trophic Level
(Arnot and Gobas 2003)
Fish BCF kM = 5.89 × 10-3d-1:
4 2661; 17 3782
kM = 0 d-1:
20 417[1]; 23 988[2]		 Gobas BAF/BCF Middle Trophic Level
(Arnot and Gobas 2003)
6211 BCFWIN 2000
[1] Log Kow 7.74 (KOWWIN 2000) used
[2] Log Kow 5.625 (CMABFRIP 1997a), primarily for γ-HBCD, used

Table A-7. Concentrations measured in the ambient environment and waste treatment products

Medium Location; year Concentration Samples Reference
Air Canadian and Russian Arctic; 1994–1995 < 0.0018 ng/m3 12 Alaee et al. 2003
Air Alert, Canadian Arctic; 2006– 2007 0.001–0.002 ng/m3, peak at ~ 0.003 ng/m3 High volume continuous for 1 year Xiao et al. 20103
Air United States; 2002–2003 < 0.0002–0.011 ng/m3 In 120 of 156 Hoh and Hites 2005
Air United Kingdom; 2007 0.002–0.04 ng/m3 5 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Air The Netherlands; 1999 280 ng/m3 ns[1] Waindzioch 2000
Air Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic; 2006–2007 0.0065 ng/m3(2006)
0.0071 ng/m3 (2007)		 Mean values ManØ et al. 2008, as cited by de Wit et al. 2010
Air Sweden; 1990–1991 0.0053–0.0061 ng/m3 2 Bergander et al. 1995
Air Sweden; 2000–2001 < 0.001–1070 ng/m3 11 Remberger et al. 2004
Air Finland; 2000–2001 0.002, 0.003 ng/m3 2 Remberger et al. 2004
Air China; 2006 0.0012–0.0018 ng/m3 4 Yu et al. 2008a
Air China; 2006 0.00069–0.00309 ng/m3 4 Yu et al. 2008b
Air Sweden urban and rural 0.002–0.61 ng/m3 14 Covaci et al. 2006
Precipitation Great Lakes; no year nd[2] –35 ng/L ns Backus et al. 2005
Precipitation The Netherlands; 2003 1835 ng/L in 1 of 50 Peters 2003
Precipitation Sweden; 2000–2001 0.02–366 ng/m2·d 4 Remberger et al. 2004
Precipitation Finland; 2000–2001 5.1, 13 ng/m2·d 2 Remberger et al. 2004
Water United Kingdom lakes 0.08–0.27 ng/L 27 Harrad et al. 2009b
Water Lake Winnipeg, Canada; 2004 α-HBCD: 0.006–0.013 ng/L
β-HBCD: < 0.003 ng/L
γ-HBCD: < 0.003–0.005 ng/L		 3 Law et al. 2006a
Water United Kingdom; no year < 50–1520 ng/L 6 Deuchar 2002
Water United Kingdom; 1999 4810–15 800 ng/L ns Dames and Moore 2000b
Water The Netherlands; no year 73.6–472 ng/g dw[6](solid phase) ns Bouma et al. 2000
Water Japan; 1987 < 200 ng/L 75 Watanabe and Tatsukawa 1990
Water
(solid phase)		 Detroit River, Canada -United States; 2001 < 0.025–3.65 ng/g dw 63 Marvin et al. 2004, 2006
Sediment United Kingdom lakes 0.88–4.80 ng/g dw 9 Harrad et al. 2009b
Sediment Lake Winnipeg, Canada; 2003 α-HBCD: < 0.08 ng/g dw
β-HBCD: < 0.04 ng/g dw
γ-HBCD: < 0.04–0.10 ng/g dw		 4 Law et al. 2006a
Sediment Norwegian Arctic; 2001 α-HBCD: 0.43 ng/g dw
β-HBCD: < 0.06 ng/g dw
γ-HBCD: 3.88 ng/g dw		 4 Evenset et al. 2007
Sediment United Kingdom; no year 1131 ng/g dw 1 Deuchar 2002
Sediment England; 2000–2002 < 2.4–1680 ng/g dw 22 Morris et al. 2004
Sediment Ireland; 2000–2002 < 1.7–12 ng/g dw 8 Morris et al. 2004
Sediment Belgium; 2001 < 0.2–950 ng/g dw 20 Morris et al. 2004
Sediment The Netherlands; no year 25.4–151 ng/g dw ns Bouma et al. 2000
Sediment The Netherlands; 2000 < 0.6–99 ng/g dw 28 Morris et al. 2004
Sediment The Netherlands; 2001 14–71 ng/g dw ns Verslycke et al. 2005
Sediment Dutch North Sea; 2000 < 0.20–6.9 ng/g dw in 9 of 10 Klamer et al. 2005
Sediment Switzerland; no year < 0.1–0.7 ng/g dw[3] 1 Kohler et al. 2007
Sediment Switzerland; 2003 0.40–2.5 ng/g dw 1 Kohler et al. 2008
Sediment Sweden; 1995 nd–1600 ng/g dw 18 Sellström et al. 1998
Sediment Sweden; 1996–1999 0.2–2.1 ng/g dw 9 Remberger et al. 2004
Sediment Sweden; 2000 < 0.1–25 ng/g dw 6 Remberger et al. 2004
Sediment Norway; 2003 α-HBCD: < 0.03–10.15 ng/g dw
β-HBCD: < 0.08–7.91 ng/g dw
γ-HBCD: < 0.12–3.34 ng/g dw		 26 Schlabach et al. 2004a, 2004b
Sediment Spain; 2002 0.006–513.6 ng/g dw 4 Eljarrat et al. 2004
Sediment Spain; no year < 0.0003–2658 ng/g dw 4 Guerra et al. 2008
Sediment Spain; 2002–2006 nd–2430 ng/g dw 13 Guerra et al. 2009
Sediment Japan; 1987 nd–90 ng/g dw in 3 of 69 Watanabe and Tatsukawa 1990
Sediment Japan; 2002 0.056–2.3 ng/g dw in 9 of 9 Minh et al. 2007
Soil United Kingdom; 1999 18 700–89 600 ng/g dw 4 Dames and Moore 2000a
Soil Sweden; 2000 140–1300 ng/g dw 3 Remberger et al. 2004
Soil China; 2006 1.7–5.6 ng/g dw 3 Yu et al. 2008a
Landfill leachate England; 2002 nd 3 Morris et al. 2004
Landfill leachate Ireland; 2002 nd 3 Morris et al. 2004
Landfill leachate The Netherlands; 2002 2.5–36 000 ng/g dw (solid phase) 11 Morris et al. 2004
Landfill leachate Sweden; 2000 3, 9 ng/L 2 Remberger et al. 2004
Landfill leachate Norway; no year α-HBCD: nd–0.0091 ng/g ww[7]
β-HBCD: nd–0.0038 ng/g ww
γ-HBCD: nd–0.079 ng/g ww		 ns Schlabach et al. 2002
STP[4]influent
STP effluent
Receiving water		 United Kingdom; 1999 7.91 x 107–8.61 x 107ng/L
8850–8.17 x 107 ng/L
528–744 ng/L		 3
9
3		 Dames and Moore 2000b
STP influent
STP effluent
STP sludge		 United Kingdom; no year 934 ng/L (dissolved phase)
216 000 ng/g dw (solid phase)
nd (dissolved phase)
1260 ng/g dw (solid phase)
9547 ng/g dw		 ns Deuchar 2002
STP influent
STP effluent
STP sludge		 England; 2002 nd–24 ng/L (dissolved phase)
< 0.4–29.4 ng/g dw (solid phase)
< 3.9 ng/L
531–2683 ng/g dw		 5
5
5
5		 Morris et al. 2004
STP sludge Ireland; 2002 153–9120 ng/g dw 6 Morris et al. 2004
STP effluent
Activated sludge		 The Netherlands; 1999–2000 10 800–24 300 ng/L
728 000–942 000 ng/g dw		 ns 3 Institut Fresenius 2000a, 2000b
STP influent
STP effluent
STP sludge		 The Netherlands; 2002 < 330–3800 ng/g dw (solid phase)
< 1–18 ng/g dw (solid phase)
< 0.6–1300 ng/g dw		 5
5
8		 Morris et al. 2004
STP sludge Sweden; 1997–1998 11–120 ng/g dw 4 Sellström 1999; Sellström et al. 1999
STP sludge Sweden; 2000 30, 33 ng/g dw 2 Remberger et al. 2004
STP primary sludge
STP digested sludge		 Sweden; 2000 6.9 ng/g dw < 1 ng/g dw 1
3		 Remberger et al. 2004
STP sludge Sweden; 2000 3.8–650 ng/g dw ns Law et al. 2006c
Plant WWTP[5] influent
effluent		 United Kingdom; 1999 1.72 x 105–1.89 x 106ng/L
3030–46 400 ng/L		 3 Dames and Moore 2000a
WWTP- (domestic/
industrial waste)
secondary sludge		 Mid-Atlantic United States; 2002–2008 1160–1 600 000 ng/g TOC
(320 –400 000 ng/g dw)		 4 La Guardia et al. (2010)
Laundry effluent Sweden; 2000 31 ng/L 1 Remberger et al. 2004
STP sludge Switzerland; 2003 and 2005 39–597 ng/g dw 19 Kupper et al. 2008
Compost Switzerland; no year 19–170 ng/g dw ns Zennegg et al. 2005
= wet weight

Table A-8. Concentrations Measured in Biota

Location; year Organism Concentration (ng/g lipid weight) Samples Reference
α-HBCD β-HBCD γ-HBCD Dγ-HBCD ΣHBCD
Canadian Arctic; 1976–2004 Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) egg 2.1–3.8 24 Braune et al. 2007
Canadian Arctic; 1996–2002 Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)


 < 0.63–2.08


     < 0.07 – 0.46   5 Tomy et al. 2008
Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) nd–0.86 < 0.12 – 1.86 5
Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) 2.05–6.10 < 0.11 – 1.27 5
Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) nd–1.38 nd – 0.07 8
Redfish (Sebastes mentella) < 0.74–3.37 < 0.28 – 1.03 5
Shrimp (Pandalus borealis,
Hymenodora glacialis)		 0.91–2.60 0.23 – 1.24 5
Clam (Mya truncate, Serripes
groenlandica)		 nd–1.03 < 0.46 – 5.66 5
Zooplankton nd–9.16 0.13 – 2.66 5
Nunavut; 2007 Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) 0.38 10

Morris

et al. 2007
Alaska;
1994–2002		 Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) < 0.01–35.1 in 2 of 15 Muir et al. 2006
Greenland;
1999–2001		 Polar bear
(Ursus maritimus)		 32.4–58.6 11 Muir et al. 2006
Greenland;
1999–2001		 Polar bear
(Ursus maritimus)		 41 ng/g ww 20

Gebbink

et al. 2008

British Columbia, southern California;

2001–2003

 Bald eagle
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)		 < 0.01 ng/g 29 McKinney et al. 2006
Lake Winnipeg;
2000–2002		 Whitefish (Coregonus commersoni) 0.56–1.86

 0.10–1.25 0.90–1.19     5 Law et al. 2006a
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) 2.02–13.07 0.66–2.36 1.65–6.59 5
Mussel (Lampsilis radiate) 6.15–10.09 < 0.04–2.37 6.69–23.04 5
Zooplankton 1.40–17.54 < 0.04–1.80 0.22–1.82 5 Pooled
Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) 4.51–6.53 < 0.04–5.70 3.66–12.09 5
Goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) 7.39–10.06 < 0.04–2.08 3.23–6.95 5
White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) 2.30–5.98 0.27–0.90 1.53–10.34 5
Burbot (Lota lota) 10.6–25.47 2.29–10.29 24.4–47.90 5
Great Lakes;
1987–2004		 (ng/g ww)
Herring gull (Larus argentatus) egg		 nd–20 nd[1] nd–0.67     41 Gauthier et al. 2006, 2007
Lake Ontario;
no year		 Whitefish (Coregonus commersoni)
 92 ns[2] Tomy et al. 2004b
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) 40
Lake Ontario;
1979–2004		 Lake trout
(Salvelinus namaycush)		 15–27
 0.16–0.94 1.4–6.5   16–33 29 Ismail et al. 2009
Lake Ontario;
2002		 (ng/g ww)
Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)		 0.37–3.78

 < 0.030 0.07–0.73     5 Tomy et al. 2004a
(ng/g ww)
Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)		 0.19–0.26 < 0.030 0.03–0.04 3
(ng/g ww)
Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus)		 0.15–0.46 < 0.030 0.02–0.17 3
(ng/g ww)
Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)		 0.08–0.15 < 0.030 0.01–0.02 3
(ng/g ww)
Mysid (Mysis relicta)		 0.04, 0.07 < 0.030 0.01, 0.02 2
(ng/g ww)
Amphipod (Diporeia hoyi)		 0.05, 0.06 < 0.030 0.02, 0.03 2
(ng/g ww)
Plankton		 0.02, 0.04 < 0.030 < 0.030, 0.03 2

Eastern U.S.;

1993–2004

 Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 2.9–380 73 Peck et al. 2008
Eastern U.S.; coast of Maine; 2006 Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) 23 6[3] Shaw et al. 2009
Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) 7.6 2[3]
Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) 14 4[3]
Chesapeake Bay, USA; 2003 American eel (Anguilla rostrata) 2.2, 5.9 2

Larsen

et al. 2005
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) 4.8 1
Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) 25.4 1
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) 7.5 1
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) 2.2–73.9 9
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) 8.7 1
Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) 5.3 1
Redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) 4.5–9.1 4
Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) 1.7 – 6.0 3
Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) 7.1, 15.9 2
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) nd – 59.1 9
White perch (Morone americana) 1.0 – 21.0 11
White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) 3.9 – 19.1 3
Yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis) 6.9, 18.9 2
Florida; 1991–2004 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates) 1.29–7.87

 0.337–2.49 0.582–5.18   2.21–15.5 15 Johnson-Restrepo et al. 2008
Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) 8.01–14.5 4.83–5.57 52.3–71.3 71.6–84.9 13
Sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) 11 3.78 39.7 54.5 3
California; 1993–2000 California sea lion (Zalopus californianus) 0.71–11.85 26 Stapleton et al. 2006
United Kingdom; no year Eel (Anguilla anguilla) 39.9–10 275 ng/g ww ns Allchin and Morris 2003
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) < 1.2–6758 ng/g ww
United Kingdom; no year Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) nd–1200 in 12 of 51 de Boer et al. 2004
Sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus) nd–19 000 in 9 of 65
United Kingdom; 1998 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) < 5–1019 5 Morris et al. 2004
United Kingdom; 1999–2000 Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) 138–1320 5
United Kingdom; 2001 Sea star (Asterias rubens) 769 1
United Kingdom; 1994–2003 (ng/g ww)
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)		 10–19 200 < 3–54 < 4–21     85 Law et al. 2006d
United Kingdom; 2003–2006 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) nd–11 500 ng/g ww in 137 of 138 Law et al. 2008
North Sea; no year Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 393–2593 24 Zegers et al. 2005
Scotland; no year Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 1009–9590 5
Ireland; no year Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 466–8786 11
Ireland; no year Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 411–3416 6
France; no year Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 97–898 31
Spain; no year Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 51–454 27
North Sea; 1999 Whelk (Buccinium undatum) 29–47 3 Morris et al. 2004
Sea star (Asterias rubens) < 30–84 3
Hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus) < 30 9
Whiting (Merlangius merlangus) < 73 3
Cod (Gadus morhua) < 0.7–50 2
Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) 63–2055 2
Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 440–6800 4
Belgium; 2000 Eel (Anguilla anguilla) < 1–266 19
Belgium; 1998–2000 Little owl (Athene noctua) 20, 40 in 2 of 40 Jaspers et al. 2005
The Netherlands; no year Mussel (species not known) 125–177 ng/g dw ns Bouma et al. 2000
Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) 65.5 ng/g dw 1
Bass (species not known) 124 ng/g dw 1
Tern (Sterna hirundo) egg 533–844 ng/g dw ns
The Netherlands; 2001 Shrimp (Crangon crangon) 28, 38
 nd < 2, 18     2 Janá k et al. 2005
Eel (Anguilla anguilla) 7, 27 nd, 3.4 2, 7 2
Sole (Solea solea) 100–1100 nd < 1–17 4
Plaice (Pleuronectus platessa) 21–38 nd < 2–8 3
Bib (Trisopterus luscus) 53–150 nd–2.2 < 3–43 3
Whiting (Merlangius merlangus) 16–240 nd < 3–38 3
The Netherlands; 1999–2001 Eel (Anguilla anguilla) 6–690 11 Morris et al. 2004
Tern egg (Sterna hirundo) 330–7100 10
The Netherlands; 2001 Mysid (Neomysis integer) 562–727 ns Verslycke et al. 2005
The Netherlands; 2003 (Median, maximum; ng/g ww)
Eel (species not known)		 12, 41 0.9, 1.6 3, 8.4     10 Van Leeuwen et al. 2004
Switzerland; no year Whitefish (Coregonus sp.) 25–210 ns Gerecke et al. 2003
Baltic Sea; 1969–2001 Guillemot (Uria algae) egg 34–300 10 Sellström et al. 2003
Baltic Sea; 1980–2000 Grey seal (Halicoerus grypus) 30–90 20 Roos et al. 2001
Sweden; 1995 Pike (Esox lucius) < 50–8000 15 Sellström et al. 1998
Sweden; 1991–1999 Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) egg < 4–2400 21 Lindberg et al. 2004
Sweden; 1987–1999 Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) egg nd–1900 44 Johansson et al. 2009
Sweden; 2000 Pike (species not known) 120–970 Pooled: 20 Remberger et al. 2004
Eel (species not known) 65–1800 20
Sweden; 1999–2000 Herring (species not known) 21–180 60
Sweden; 1999 Salmon (Salmo salar) 51 5
Sweden; 2002 Herring (Clupea harengus) 1.5–31 ns Asplund et al. 2004
Norwegian Arctic; no year Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) 3.8–61.6 14 Knudsen et al. 2007
Norwegian Arctic; 2002 Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) 18.2–109 15 Muir et al. 2006
Norwegian Arctic; 2002–2003 Amphipod (Gammarus wilkitzkii) nd 5 SØrmo et al. 2006
Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) 1.38–2.87 7
Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) 14.6–34.5 6
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) 5.31–16.51 4
Norwegian Arctic; 2002 North Atlantic kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) yolk sac Mean: 118 18

Murvoll

et al. 2006a, 2006b
North Atlantic kittiwake yolk sac Mean: 260 19
Norway; 2002 European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) yolk sac Mean: 417 30
Norwegian Arctic; 2002 Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) < 0.03–0.85 ng/g ww 15 Verreault et al. 2005
Norwegian Arctic; 2004 Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) 0.07–1.24 ng/g ww 27
Norwegian Arctic; 2002 Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) 0.51–292 57 Verreault et al. 2007b
Norwegian Arctic; 2006 Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) < 0.59–63.9 80 Verreault et al. 2007a
Norwegian Arctic; 2003 Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) 7.67–23.4 6 Bytingsvik et al. 2004
Norway; 1998–2003 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) nd–56.9 41
Norway; no year (ng/g ww)
Perch (Perca fluviatilis)		 3.14–8.12 < 0.04 < 0.07–0.37     7–20 pooled Schlabach et al. 2004a, 2004b
(ng/g ww)
Pike (Esox lucius)		 1.02–9.25 < 0.02 0.03–0.92
(ng/g ww)
Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)		 2.1 0.03 0.25
(ng/g ww)
Vendace (Coregonus albula)		 3.15 0.4 0.62
(ng/g ww)
Trout (Salmo trutta)		 2.28–13.3 0.06–1.12 0.24–3.73
Norway; 2003 (ng/g ww)
Perch (Perca fluviatilis)		 22.3 < 0.2 < 0.2 5–20 pooled
(ng/g ww)
Orfe (Leuciscus idus)		 14.8 < 0.2 < 0.2
(ng/g ww)
Flounder (Platichthys flesus)		 7.2 < 0.2 < 0.2
(ng/g ww)
Cod (Gadus morhua)		 9.3 < 0.2 < 0.2
(ng/g ww)
Trout (Salmo trutta)		 < 1.9 < 0.2 < 0.2
(ng/g ww)
Eel (Anguilla anguilla)		 4.7 < 0.2 < 0.2
Northern Norway; no year Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) 3.6–11 ns Fjeld et al. 2004
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) 6.6, 7.7
Norway; 2003 Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) < 0.17–0.87 ng/g ww 33

Bethune

et al. 2005
Herring (Clupea harengus) < 0.63–2.75 ng/g ww 23
Mackerel (Species not known) < 0.89–1.19 ng/g ww 24
Norway; 1986–2004 Tawny owl (Strix aluco) egg 0.04–36.5 in 34 of 139 Bustnes et al. 2007
Spain; 2002 Barbell (Barbus graellsi) nd–1172 ng/g ww 23 Eljarrat et al. 2004, 2005
Bleak (Alburnus alburnus) nd–1643 ng/g ww 22
South Africa; 2004–2005 African darter (Anhinga rufa) egg < 0.2–11 14 Polder et al. 2008
Reed cormorant (Phalacrocorax africanus) egg < 0.2 3
Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) egg < 0.2 20
Sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) egg 4.8, 71 2
Crowned plover (Vanellus coronatus) egg 1.6 1
Little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis) egg < 0.2 1
White-fronted plover (Charadriusmarginatus) egg < 0.2 1
Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) egg < 0.2 1
Asia-Pacific; 1997–2001 Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) < 0.1–45 < 0.1–0.75 < 0.4–14   nd–45 65 Ueno et al. 2006
South China Sea; 1990–2001 Finless porpoise (Neophocaenaphocaenoides) 4.4 – 55 < 0.006–4.0 < 0.006–21   4.7–55 19 Isobe et al. 2008
Humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) 31–370 < 0.006–0.59 < 0.006–4.6 31–380
China; 2006 Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 15–29 < 0.005–1.2 5.5–8.9   23–38 17 Xian et al. 2008
Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) 11 – 20 < 0.005 – 0.69 1.7 – 2.8 13 – 24
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) 7.2 – 75 < 0.005 – 2.8 4.3 – 13 12 – 91
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 14 – 28 0.50 – 0.76 2.9 – 5.7 18 – 34
Crucian carp (Carassius auratus) 12 – 130 0.37 – 2.2 2.9 – 26 16 – 160
Brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon) 20 – 57 < 0.005 – 1.7 5.2 – 5.6 25 – 64
White amur bream (Parabramis pekinensis) 8.1 – 74 0.32 – 6.7 2.0 – 51 14 – 130
Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) 80, 120 2.8, 3.6 150, 200 240, 330
Snakehead (Channa argus) 37 < 0.005 0.26 37
Korea; 2005 Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) 6.0–500 17 Ramu et al. 2007
Japan; 1987 Fish (species not provided) 10–23 ng/g ww in 4 of 66 Watanabe and Tatsukawa 1990
Japan; 1999 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 57 1 Marsh et al. 2004
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 90 1

Japan;

2001–2006

 Racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) < 0.005–10
 < 0.005–3.7 < 0.005–20   < 0.005–29 39 Kunisue et al. 2008
Japan; 2005 Oysters (Crassostrea sp.) 7.5–3000 0.77–210 3.6–2500   12–5200 26 Ueno et al. 2010
Blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
[1] Not detected; detection limit not specified.
[2] Not specified.
[3] 20 fished pooled as six composite samples, 10 fish pooled as two composite samples, 10 fish pooled as four composite samples.

Table A-9. Concentrations of total HBCD in indoor air and dust

Location Level n Reference
Indoor air (pg/m3)
United Kingdom Homes, median = 180 33 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Offices, median = 170 25 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Public microenvironments, median = 900 4 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Dust (ng/g dw)
Canada Homes, median 640, mean 670 ± 390, range 64–1300 8 Abdallah et al. 2008b
United States Homes, median 390, mean 810 ± 1100, range 110–4000 13 Abdallah et al. 2008b
Homes, median 230, geomean 354, range < 4.5–130 200 16 Stapleton et al. 2008
Belgium Rooms, median 114, mean 160 ± 169, range 33–758 16 Roosens et al. 2009
United Kingdom Homes, median 1300, mean 8300 ± 26 000, range 140–140 000 45 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Homes, median 730, mean 6000 ± 20 000, range 140–110 000 31 Abdallah et al. 2008b
Offices, median 760, mean 1600 ± 1700, range 90–6600 28 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Offices, median 650, mean 1400 ± 1400, range 90–3600 6 Abdallah et al. 2008b
Cars, median 13 000, mean 19 000 ± 19 000, range 190–69 000 20 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Public microenvironments, median 2700, mean 2700 ± 390, range 2300–3200 4 Abdallah et al. 2008a
Scandinavia Occupational-industrial processing plant (airborne dust), median 2.1 µg/m3, range 2–150 µg/m3 30 Thomsen et al. 2007

Table A-10. Food concentrations and dietary intakes for total HBCD

Location Food concentration and dietary intakes (values > LOD) Reference
United States n = 31 food commodities, 310 samples
Intake 15.4 ng/day (primarily from meat)		 Schecter et al. 2009
Meat: 23–192 pg/g ww, sum 860 pg/g ww
Dairy: n.d. < 4–128 pg/g ww, sum 261 pg/g ww
Eggs: n.d. < 11 pg/g ww
Fats: n.d. < 35–393 pg/g ww; sum 810 pg/g ww
Cereals: n.d. < 180 pg/g ww
Apples: n.d. < 22 pg/g ww
Potatoes: n.d. < 18 pg/g ww
Fish: n.d. < 29–593 pg/g ww, sum 1460 pg/g ww
Belgium n = 165 (13)
Duplicate Diets: median 0.10, mean 0.13 ± 0.11, range < 0.01–0.35
Intake: median 5.5, mean 7.2 ± 5.2, range 1.2–20 ng/day		 Roosens et al. 2009
Sweden Range < 1–51 ng/g ww (various items) Remberger et al. 2004
United Kingdom Range 0.02–0.30 ng/g ww (market basket survey) Driffield et al. 2008
Norway Meat: range 0.03–0.15 ng/g ww
Eggs: range 0.2–6 ng/g ww
Fish: range 0.12–5 ng/g ww
Intake: median 16, mean 18, range 4–81 ng/day		 Knutsen et al. 2008
Netherlands Market basket survey: Intake range 174 ng/day De Winter-Sorkina et al. 2003

Table A-11. Human milk lipid concentrations of HBCD

Location Human milk
(µg/kg lipid weight)		 n= (values > LOD) Reference
Canada, Nunavik 1989–1991 Median α-HBCD 0.2
Range α-HBCD 0.1–0.6		 n = 20 (16) Ryan et al. 2005 (unpublished)
Canada, Nunavik 1996–2000 Median α-HBCD 0.9
Range α-HBCD 0.2–13.3		 n = 20 (15)  
Canada, Ontario 2003 Median α-HBCD 0.60
Range α-HBCD 0.2–8.8		 n = 27 (13) Ryan et al. 2006 (unpublished)
Canada, Ontario 2005 Median α-HBCD 0.43
Range α-HBCD 0.2–28		 n = 35 (23)
U.S., Texas 2002 Median α-HBCD 0.40
Range α-HBCD 0.16–0.9		 n = 21 (20)
U.S., Texas 2004 Median α-HBCD 0.40
Range α-HBCD 0.16–1.2		 n = 25 (20)
Sweden 2000–2001 Median α-HBCD 0.30
Range α-HBCD 0.2–2.4		 n = 30 (24) Covaci et al. 2006
Sweden 2002–2003 Median α-HBDD 0.35
Range α-HBCD 0.2–1.5		 n = 30 (24)
Norway 2003–2004 Median α-HBCD 0.60
Range α-HBCD 0.4–20		 n = 85 (49)
Norway 1993–2001 Median 0.6
Range 0.3–20		 n = 85 (49)
Belgium 2006 ΣHBCD 1.5 n = 178 pooled
Women 18–30 yrs. old		 Colles et al. 2008
A Corûna (northwestern Spain) 2006, 2007 Median 27
Range 3–188

n = 33 (30)

Diastereoisomer levels were determined and body burden of mothers and infant exposure reported.

Nursing infant dietary intake of 0.175 µg/kg-bw per day.

 Eljarrat et al. 2009

Table A-12. Human blood and cord serum for HBCD

Location Human blood serum
(ng/g lipid weight)		 n = (values > LOD) Cord serum
(ng/g lipid weight)		 n = (values > LOD) Reference

Canada, Arctic

Nunavut and NWT regions

1994–1999

Median α-HBCD 0.7

Range α-HBCD 0.5–0.9

Pooled serum

n = 10 pools (3 pools)

Total n = 560, 13–61 individuals per pool

 Median α-HBCD < LOD (2.4) n = 13 (0) Ryan et al. 2005 (unpublished)
Netherlands

Mean 1.1

Median 1.3

Range < 0.16–7.0

n = 78 (77)

weeks 20 and 35 of pregnancy

Mean 1.7

Median 0.32

Range < 0.16–4.2

 n = 12 (5) Weiss et al. 2004
Norway

ΣHBCDs

Median 4.1

Range < 1.0–52

ΣHBCDs

Median 2.6

Range < 1.0–18

n = 41 men

n = 25 women

     Thomsen et al. 2008
Norway

ΣHBCDs

Median 101

Range 6–856

n =10 workers γ-HBCD 39%

nd > 1 in a control group having no work-related exposure

     Thomsen et al. 2007
Sweden

ΣHBCDs

Median 0.46

Range < 0.24–3.4

 n = 50     Weiss et al. 2006a
Belgium

ΣHBCDs

Median of 1.7

Range of < 0.5–11.3

 n = 16     Roosens et al. 2009
Note: Intake estimates (mg/kg/day) derived from serum concentrations based on
= [HBCD lipid concentration × bw × lipid concentration in blood × ln 2 / t1/2] / bw × oral absorption
= [0.9 ug/kg lipid × 70.9 kg-bw × 0.75 kg lipid/kg-bw × ln 2/64 days] /70.9 kg-bw × 1
= 0.0073 ug/kg bw

Table A-13. Human tissue data for HBCD

Location Tissue Result Reference
France Adipose tissue 1–12 µg/kg lipid weight (l.d.) in 50% of samples from n = 26 mother-infant pairs Antignac et al. 2008
Czech Republic Adipose tissue

n = 98

Mean 1.2 ng/g l.d.

Relative standard deviation (RSD)% 150

Median < 0.5 ng/g l.d.

5–95th percentile range

0.5–7.5 ng/g l.d.

 Pulkrabova et al. 2009

Table A-14. Exposure estimates of the HBCD European Union Risk Assessment Report[1], [2] (EU RAR 2008)

Exposure scenario EU RAR exposure estimate Reference
Consumer products
Oral exposure of children to HBCD from sucking a fabric (50 cm2), one back-coated with HBCD daily for 2 years at 1 hr/day Exposure estimate = 26 µg/kg-bw/day US NRC 2000 as cited in EU RAR 2008
Dermal exposure that assumed exposure from furniture upholstery, back-coated with HBCD

Exposure estimated = 1.3 × 10-3 µg/kg-bw/day

Exposure level was insignificant and not brought forward in the EU RAR risk characterization
Inhalation exposure in a room, caused by wear of fabric upholstery and evaporation of HBCD from fabric upholstery treated with HBCD

Cindoors of 3.9µg/m3

Assume 60 kg adult, 24­hour exposure, inhalation rate of 20 m3/day, 100% absorption

Exposure estimate = 1.3 µg/kg-bw/day

Exposure level was insignificant and not brought forward in the EU RAR risk characterization
Textile in furniture and curtains Concentration of HBCD in debris during wear testing (UV-aging and non-aging) was 0.47% HBCD by debris weight EU RAR 2008
Sub-scenario: oral exposure to dust

Assume 10 kg child eating all dust generated from 2 sofas, 4 m2 textile area, pica behaviour, thus 2.5 mg/day

Exposure estimate = 1.2 µg/kg-bw/day

Exposure level was insignificant and not brought forward in the EU RAR risk characterization
Sub-scenario: inhalation exposure

Cindoors= 4.4 µg/m3

Assume 60 kg adult, 24­hour exposure, inhalation rate of 20 m3/day, 100% absorption

Exposure estimate = 1.5 µg/kg-bw/day

Exposure level was insignificant and scenario construction was unrealistic, so it was not brought forward in the EU RAR risk characterization
Sub-scenario: oral exposure by mouthing of textile

Assume daily mouthing of 50 cm2 fabric back-coated with HBCD (2mg/cm2), 0.9% release during 0.5 hours, 100% absorption, one mouthing every three days

Exposure estimate = 30 µg/kg-bw/day

If the back side is not available, exposure becomes 3 µg/kg-bw/day

This sub-scenario estimate was carried forward for risk characterization
Indoor air exposure from XPS construction boards

Exposure estimate = 0.19 or 0.002 µg/kg-bw/day

Exposure level was insignificant and not brought forward in the EU RAR risk characterization
Mattress ticking – lying down in a bed on a mattress with flame­retarded ticking

Exposure estimate of 0.01 µg/kg-bw/day

Exposure level was insignificant and not brought forward in the EU RAR risk characterization
Indirect exposure – regional intake EUSES model prediction of ~ 5 µg/kg-bw/day
Regional exposure of humans via the environment Exposure estimate = 20 ng/kg-bw/day was derived from food basket studies
[1] The EU RAR concluded that humans are primarily exposed to HBCD mainly by inhalation or ingestion of airborne dust or from direct contact with treated textiles and materials. Inhalation exposure to HBCD vapour is negligible due to HBCD’s low vapour pressure. All these scenarios were found to typically result in insignificant exposures. Indirect exposure via the environment was estimated using EUSES modelling based on measured levels in biota and food. These estimates of exposures were attributed to food basket study data and the ingestion of fish and root crops contaminated with HBCD. Human exposures to HBCD from usage of consumer products or via the environment were concluded to be much lower than occupational exposures. Prenatal and neonatal exposures in utero or via breast feeding were also found to occur.
[2] The Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) adopted an opinion on the final Human Health Part of the EU Risk Assessment Report (EU RAR) on HBCD. SCHER members felt that the health part of the EU RAR is of good quality, comprehensive and that the exposure and effects assessment adhere to the EU’s Technical Guidance Document.

Table A-15. Summary of key toxicity studies used in the ecological assessment of HBCD

Species, life stage Test material composition Study design Effect level Reference
Daphnia magna, water flea < 24 hours old at test initiation 93.6% purity
  • 21-day flow-through using well water
  • measured concentrations: 0, 0.87, 1.6, 3.1, 5.6 and 11 µg/L
  • 40 per treatment
  • 19.0–20.5°C, pH 8.1–8.4, dissolved oxygen 7.2–8.7 mg/L, hardness 128–132 mg/L as CaCO3,
  • US EPA 1994; OECD 1984a; ASTM 1991
  • 21-day NOEC (survival) ≥ 11 µg/L[1]
  • 21-day NOEC (reproduction) = 5.6 µg/L
  • 21-day LOEC (reproduction) = 11 µg/L
  • 21-day NOEC (growth) = 3.1 µg/L
  • 21-day LOEC (growth) = 5.6 µg/L
 CMABFRIP 1998
Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, marine algae composition and purity not provided
  • 72-hour static test
  • concentration series not specified
  • six different nutrient media
  • pH 7.6–8.2, 30 ppt.
  • population density estimated by cell counts using a haemocytometer endpoint: survival (cell density)
  • 72-hour EC50 = 9.3–12.0 µg/L for S. costatum
  • 72-hour EC50 = 50–370 µg/L for T. pseudonana
 Walsh et al. 1987
Oncorhynchus mykiss, juvenile rainbow trout composition and purity not provided
  • 5- and 28-day flow-through tests using filtered fresh water
  • intraperitoneal injection using 0, 50 and “< 500”[2] mg/kg-bw doses
  • 1 replicate of 6–7 fish/treatment
  • 10°C
  • endpoints: hepatic detoxification and antioxidant enzymes, liver somatic index (LSI), blood plasma vitellogenin
  • catalase activity significantly increased after 5 days at doses of 50 and “< 500” mg/kg-bw
  • EROD activity significantly inhibited after 28 days at “< 500” mg/kg-bw
  • LSI significantly increased after 28 days at “< 500” mg/kg-bw
  • no observed effects on blood plasma vitellogenin levels
  • no observed effect on formation of DNA adducts
 Ronisz et al. 2004
Lumbriculus variegates, oligochaete 95% purity
  • 28-day static test using dechlorinated tap water
  • measured concentrations: 0, nd[3], 0.25, 3.25, 29.25 and 311.35 mg/kg sediment dw
  • 40 per treatment
  • artificial sediment: 1.8% organic carbon, grain size 100–2000 µm
  • 20°C, pH 8.7 ± 0.15, dissolved oxygen. 7.5 ± 0.81 mg/L, conductivity 1026 ± 199 µs/cm
  • modified OECD 2004b
  • 28-day NOEC (total number of worms) = 3.25 mg/kg sediment dw
  • 28-day LOEC (total number of worms) = 29.25 mg/kg sediment dw
  • 28-day NOEC (large vs. small worms, mean biomass) = 29.25 mg/kg sediment dw
  • 28-day LOEC (large vs. small worms, mean biomass) = 311.35 mg/kg sediment dw
  • no deformations observed
 Oetken et al. 2001

Hyalella azteca, amphipod

Chironomus riparius, chironomid

Lumbriculus variegates, oligochaete

 99.99% purity
  • non-GLP (good laboratory practice) rangefinder testing with all three species using nominal test concentrations: 0, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg sediment dw and 2% or 5% organic carbon (OC)
  • definitive 28-day flow-through test with H. aztecaonly using nominal concentrations: 0, 31, 63, 125, 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg sediment dw
  • definitive testing: 80 per treatment
  • two definitive trials using artificial sediment: (i) 2.3% OC; 22.4–23.5°C; pH 7.8–8.6, dissolved oxygen 5.6–8.6 mg/L (ii) 4.7% OC; 21.0–23.0°C, pH 7.8–8.4, D.O. 4.5–8.5 mg/L; aeration added to all test chambers on Day 22
  • US EPA 1996a, 2000; ASTM 1995
  • Lumbriculus and Chironomus rangefinder results not dose-responsive, statistical analyses not conducted on resulting data

Results for definitive Hyalella test:

  • 28-day EC50 > 1000 mg/kg dw
  • 28-day NOEC ≥ 1000 mg/kg dw
 ACCBFRIP 2003d, 2003e
Eisenia fetida, earthworm adult 99.99% purity
  • 28-day survival and 56-day reproduction test using artificial soil with 4.3% OC
  • measured concentrations at 28 days: 0, 61.2, 145, 244, 578, 1150, 2180 and 4190 mg/kg soil dw
  • measured concentrations at 56 days: 0, 51.5, 128, 235, 543, 1070, 2020 and 3990 mg/kg soil dw
  • 80 per control, 40 per treatment
  • 19.4–22.7°C, pH 5.50–6.67, soil moisture 18.9-42.3%, 573.4–595.5 lux
  • US EPA 1996d; OECD 1984b, 2000
  • 28-day NOEC (survival) ≥ 4190 mg/kg soil dw
  • 28-day EC10, EC50 (survival) > 4190 mg/kg soil dw
  • 56-day NOEC (reproduction) = 128 mg/kg soil dw
  • 56-day LOEC (reproduction) = 235 mg/kg soil dw
  • 56-day EC10 (reproduction) = 21.6 mg/kg soil dw[4]
  • 56-day EC50 (reproduction) = 771 mg/kg soil dw
 ACCBFRIP 2003a

Zea mays, corn

Cucumis sativa, cucumber

Allium cepa, onion

Lolium perenne, ryegrass

Glycine max, soybean

Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato

 99.99% purity
  • 21-day test using artificial soil with 1.9% organic matter
  • nominal concentrations: 0, 40, 105, 276, 725, 1904 and 5000 mg/kg dw of soil
  • 40 seeds per treatment
  • 18.0–34.7°C, relative humidity 19–82%, 14:10 light:dark
  • US EPA 1996b, 1996c; OECD 1998a
  • no apparent treatment-related effects on emergence, survival or growth
  • 21-day NOEC ≥ 5000 mg/kg soil dw
 ACCBFRIP 2002
[1] Study identified that the highest concentration tested did not result in statistically significant results. Since the NOEC could be higher, the NOEC is described as being greater than or equal to the highest concentration tested.
[2] 500 mg/kg-bw dose could not be dissolved completely in peanut oil carrier, and residue was measured in the stomach cavity of test fish during analysis. Analysis confirmed that the fish had taken up most of the test substance; however, dose was considered to probably be less than 500 mg/kg-bw (i.e., < 500 mg/kg-bw).
[3] Not detected
[4] Value is less than the lowest test concentration used and is therefore considered to be an estimate only.

Table A-16. Summary of data used in the risk quotient analysis of HBCD

Quotient Pelagic organisms Benthic organisms Soil organisms Wildlife consumers
PEC 0.00004–0.006 mg/L[1] 0.33–46.2 mg/kg dw[1] 0.15–0.30 mg/kg soil dw[6] 4.51 mg/kg ww[9]
CTV 0.0056 mg/L[2] 29.25 mg/kg sediment dw[4] 235 mg/kg soil dw[7] 398 mg/kg food ww[10]
Assessment factor (AF) 10[3] 10[3] 10[3] 10[11]
PNEC
(CTV/AF)		 0.00056 mg/L 6.5 mg/kg sediment dw[5] 10.9 mg/kg soil dw[8] 39.8 mg/kg food ww
Risk quotient (PEC/PNEC) 0.071–10.7 0.05–7.11 0.014–0.027 0.113
[1] Due to the lack of adequate measured data, PECs were estimated using a Fugacity Level III (steady-state) box model described in Appendix C.
[2] CMABFRIP 1998.
[3] An assessment factor of 10 was applied to account for extrapolation from laboratory to field conditions and interspecies and intraspecies variations in sensitivity.
[4] Oetken et al. 2001.
[5] The critical toxicity value (CTV) of 29.25 mg/kg dw was obtained using sediments containing 1.8% organic carbon (OC). To allow comparison between the predicted no effects concentration (PNEC) and predicted environmental concentrations (PECs), the PNEC was standardized to represent sediment with 4% OC.
[6] Due to the lack of measured soil data, PECs were calculated for tilled agricultural soil and pastureland based on Equation 60 of the European Commission Technical Guidance Document (TGD; European Communities 2003),as follows:
PECsoil = (Csludge x ARsludge) / (Dsoil x BDsoil)
where:
PECsoil = PEC for soil (mg/kg)
Csludge = concentration in sludge (mg/kg)
ARsludge = application rate to sludge amended soils (kg/m2/yr); default = 0.5 from Table A-11 of TGD
Dsoil = depth of soil tillage (m); default = 0.2 m in agricultural soil and 0.1 m in pastureland from Table
11 of TGD
BDsoil = bulk density of soil (kg/m3); default = 1700 kg/m3 from Section 2.3.4 of TGD
The equation assumes no losses from transformation, degradation, volatilization, erosion or leaching to lower soil layers. Additionally, it is assumed there is no input of HBCD from atmospheric deposition and there are no background HBCD accumulations in the soil. To examine potential impacts from long-term application, an application time period of 10 consecutive years was considered. The geometric mean of sludge concentrations reported by La Guardia et al. (2010), 10.04 mg/kg dw, was used as Csludge in the calculation. Data were converted from ng/g TOC to mg/kg dw using organic carbon content of the sludge specified in the study.
[7] ACCBFRIP 2003a.
[8] The CTV of 235 mg/kg dw was obtained using a soil with 4.3% OC. To allow comparison between the PNEC and PECs, the PNEC was standardized to represent a soil with 2% OC.
[9] Tomy et al. 2004a.
[10] Due to the lack of data for wildlife species, a lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) of 101 mg/kg–bw per day from a two­generation reproductive study in rats (see Health Effects Assessment Section; Ema et al. 2008), was selected as the CTV for the evaluation of potential effects in wildlife. Interspecies scaling was applied to extrapolate the total daily intake (TDI) in rats to a concentration of food in mink,Mustela vison, a surrogate wildlife species. The calculation used the typical adult body weight (bw; 0.6 kg) and daily food ingestion rate (DFI; 0.143 kg/d ww) of a female mink to estimate a CTV in mink based on exposure through food (CCME 1998). That is, CTVfood = (CTVTDI in rats x bwmink) / DFImink This equation assumes that all of the substance is exposed via food and that the substance is completely bioavailable for uptake by the organism. An allometric scaling factor of 0.94 (Sample and Arenal 1999) was then applied to this CTV value in order to account for observed higher sensitivities in larger animals (i.e., mink) when compared with smaller ones (i.e., rat). The final CTV, incorporating both interspecies and allometric scaling, is therefore 398 mg/kg food ww.
[11] An assessment factor of 10 was applied to account for extrapolation from laboratory to field conditions and from a rodent to a wildlife species.

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Appendix B: Modelled Aquatic Ttoxicity and Bioaccumulation Data for the HBCD Transformation Product 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene

Table B-1. Modelled data for aquatic toxicity for 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene[1]

Test organism Type of test Endpoint Value (mg/L) Reference
Fish Acute
(96 hours)		 LC50 0.104 ECOSAR 2009
Fish Chronic
(14 day)		 LC50 0.111 ECOSAR 2009
Daphnia Acute
(48 hours)		 LC50 0.098 ECOSAR 2009
Green algae Acute
(96 hours)		 EC50 0.214 ECOSAR 2009
[1] Used measured log Kow of 5.5 (Howard et al. 1996)

Table B-2. Modelled bioaccumulation data for 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene[1]

Test organism Endpoint Value ww
(L/kg)		 Reference
Fish BAF

kM = 0.01258 d-1 [2]:

66 360

kM = 0 d-1:

177 828

 Gobas BAF/BCF Middle Trophic Level (Arnot and Gobas 2003)
Fish BCF

kM = 0.01258 d-1 [2]:

9813

kM = 0 d-1:

18 620

 Gobas BAF/BCF Middle Trophic Level (Arnot and Gobas 2003)
[1] Measured log Kow 5.5 used (Howard et al. 1996)
[2] kM = 0.01258 (Arnot et al. 2008)

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