Assessment - Decenes Group

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers
68649-11-6
68649-12-7

Environment and Climate Change Canada
Health Canada

November 2025

Cat. No.: En84-397/2025E-PDF
ISBN: 978-0-660-77704-7

Synopsis

Pursuant to section 68 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Health have conducted an assessment of 2 substances referred to collectively under the Chemicals Management Plan as the Decenes Group^{Footnote 1} . The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS RN^{Footnote 2} ), Domestic Substances List (DSL) names and common name are listed in the table below.

^a This CAS RN is a UVCB (substance of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials).

According to information submitted in response to a CEPA section 71 survey, imported quantities of hydrogenated didecene and hydrogenated trimer and tetramer of decene (HTTD) in Canada in 2011 were in the range of 10,000 kg to 100,000 kg and 203,742 kg, respectively. In the same year, no Canadian manufacturing activities were reported for hydrogenated didecene above the reporting threshold of 100 kg, while HTTD was reported to be manufactured in a quantity between 1,000 kg and 10,000 kg. Hydrogenated didecene is used in lubricants and greases, cosmetics, and mining applications. HTTD is used in lubricants and greases for automotive care and in the automotive, aircraft and transportation sectors.

The ecological risks of the substances in the Decenes Group were characterized using the ecological risk classification of organic substances (ERC), which is a risk-based approach that employs multiple metrics for both hazard and exposure, with weighted consideration of multiple lines of evidence for determining risk classification. Hazard profiles are based principally on metrics regarding mode of toxic action, chemical reactivity, food web-derived internal toxicity thresholds, bioavailability, and chemical and biological activity. Metrics considered in the exposure profiles include potential emission rate, overall persistence, and long-range transport potential. A risk matrix is used to assign a low, moderate or high level of potential concern for substances on the basis of their hazard and exposure profiles. Based on the outcome of the ERC analysis, the substances in the Decenes Group are considered unlikely to be causing ecological harm.

Considering all available lines of evidence presented in this assessment, there is low risk of harm to the environment from hydrogenated didecene and HTTD. It is concluded that hydrogenated didecene and HTTD do not meet the criteria under paragraphs 64(a) or (b) of CEPA as they are not entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that have or may have an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the environment or its biological diversity or that constitute or may constitute a danger to the environment on which life depends.

With respect to the human health assessment, no critical health effects were identified for hydrogenated didecene or HTTD via the oral or dermal routes of exposure. This was based on the available health effects data on these substances as well as on analogues. Therefore, oral exposure to substances in the Decenes Group resulting from exposure to lipsticks is not a concern. In addition, dermal exposures from use of automotive products and cosmetics containing these substances are not of concern.

With respect to inhalation exposure, the critical health effects are histopathological effects observed in the nasal cavity and lungs of rats exposed to aerosolized hydrogenated didecene. Hydrogenated didecene and HTTD were identified in spray products used for firearm maintenance (that is, cleaner/lubricant/preservative [CLP]). Margins of exposure between concentrations of hydrogenated didecene and HTTD following use of CLP spray products for firearm maintenance and critical effects levels in laboratory studies are considered potentially inadequate to address the uncertainties in the health effects and exposure data used to characterize risk. 

The human health assessment took into consideration those groups of individuals within the Canadian population who, due to greater susceptibility or greater exposure, may be more vulnerable to experiencing adverse health effects. For instance, age-specific exposures were considered and developmental and reproductive toxicity studies were evaluated for potential adverse health effects.The potential for cumulative effects was considered in this assessment by examining cumulative exposures to both substances in the sentinel scenario.

Considering all the information presented in this assessment, it is concluded that hydrogenated didecene and HTTD meet the criteria set out in 64(c) of CEPA as they are entering or may enter the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health.

It is therefore concluded that hydrogenated didecene and HTTD meet one or more of the criteria set out in section 64 of CEPA.

1. Introduction

Pursuant to section 68 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA) (Canada 1999), the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Health have conducted an assessment of 2 substances referred to collectively under the Chemicals Management Plan as the Decenes Group to determine whether these substances present or may present a risk to the environment or to human health. The substances in this group were identified as priorities for assessment as they met categorization criteria as described in ECCC, HC (modified 2017).

The ecological risks of the substances in the Decenes Group were characterized using the ecological risk classification of organic substances (ERC) approach (ECCC 2016a). The ERC describes the hazard of a substance using key metrics, including mode of toxic action, chemical reactivity, food web-derived internal toxicity thresholds, bioavailability, and chemical and biological activity, and considers the possible exposure of organisms in the aquatic and terrestrial environments on the basis of such factors as potential emission rates, overall persistence, and long-range transport potential in air. The various lines of evidence are combined to identify substances as warranting further evaluation of their potential to cause harm to the environment or as having a low likelihood of causing harm to the environment.

This assessment includes consideration of information on chemical properties, environmental fate, hazards, uses and exposures, including additional information submitted by stakeholders. Relevant data were identified up to November 2021. Targeted literature searches were conducted up to January 2022. Empirical data from key studies as well as results from models were used to reach conclusions. When available and relevant, information presented in assessments from other jurisdictions was considered.

This assessment was prepared by staff in the CEPA Risk Assessment Program at Health Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada and incorporates input from other programs within these departments. The human health portion of this assessment has undergone external review and consultation. Comments on the technical portions relevant to human health were received from Theresa Lopez, Jennifer Flippin and Joan Garey of Tetra Tech, Owings Mills, Maryland, U.S. The ecological portion of this assessment is based on the ERC document (published July 30, 2016), which was subject to an external review as well as a 60-day public comment period. dditionally, the draft of this assessment (published January 8, 2021) was subject to a 60-day public comment period.While external comments were taken into consideration, the final content and outcome of this assessment remain the responsibility of Health Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada.

Assessments focus on information critical to determining whether substances meet the criteria as set out in section 64 of CEPA by considering scientific information, including information, if available, on subpopulations who may have greater susceptibility or greater exposure, vulnerable environments and cumulative effects^{Footnote 3} , and by incorporating a weight-of-evidence approach and precaution^{Footnote 4} .This assessment presents the critical information and considerations on which the conclusions are based.

2. Identity of substances

The Decenes Group consists of 2 polyalphaolefin (PAO) substances, both of which are substances of Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction products or Biological materials (UVCBs)^{Footnote 5} . PAOs are produced through catalytic polymerization reactions with decene and consist of branched, long-chain hydrocarbons (C20-C40) in which the carbon-carbon double bonds were hydrogenated to form single bonds (ECHA 2017). Kapur et al. (2006) and Scheuermann et al. (2011) noted that the resultant hydrogenated PAO mixtures consist of various structural isomers. Hydrogenated didecene is composed of 98% decene-dimer, 1% decene-monomer and 1% decene-trimer, while hydrogenated trimer and tetramer of decene (hereinafter referred to as HTTD) is composed of 85% decene-trimer, 13% decene-tetramer, and 2% decene-pentamer and higher (MAK 2011). The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS RNs^{Footnote 6} ), Domestic Substances List (DSL) names, common names, representative structures for the predominant dimer (hydrogenated didecene) and trimer (HTTD), and molecular weights for the individual substances in the Decenes Group are presented in Table 2‑1.

The consideration of cumulative effects under CEPA may involve an analysis, characterization and possible quantification of the combined risks to health or the environment from exposure to multiple chemicals.

A determination of whether one or more of the criteria of section 64 of CEPA are met is based upon an assessment of potential risks to the environment and/or to human health associated with exposures in the general environment. For humans, this includes, but is not limited to, exposures from ambient and indoor air, drinking water, foodstuffs, and products available to consumers. A conclusion under CEPA is not relevant to, nor does it preclude, an assessment against the hazard criteria specified in the Hazardous Products Regulations, which are part of the regulatory framework for the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System for products intended for workplace use. Similarly, a conclusion based on the criteria contained in section 64 of CEPA does not preclude actions being taken under other sections of CEPA or other acts.

UVCB is an acronym for Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction products or Biological materials. These materials are derived from natural sources or complex reactions. A UVCB is not an intentional mixture of discrete substances, and is considered a single substance. The complexity and variability of their compositions can make them difficult to fully and consistently characterize.

The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN) is the property of the American Chemical Society, and any use or redistribution, except as required in supporting regulatory requirements and/or for reports to the Government of Canada when the information and the reports are required by law or administrative policy, is not permitted without the prior written permission of the American Chemical Society.

^a Molecular weight is based on representative structures.

2.1 Selection of analogues and use of (Q)SAR models

A read-across approach using data from analogues and the results of (quantitative) structure-activity relationship ([Q]SAR) models, where appropriate, has been used to inform the human health assessments. Analogues were selected that were structurally similar and/or functionally similar to substances within this group (similar physical-chemical properties) and that had relevant empirical data that could be used to read across to substances with limited empirical data. Details of the read-across data chosen to inform the human health assessments of the Decenes Group are further discussed in Appendices A and B, in addition to the relevant sections of this report.

Six branched, long-chain hydrocarbons (Table 2‑2) were considered as analogues of both substances in the Decenes Group. Their selection was based on structural similarity, physical-chemical properties, profiler results from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Q)SAR Toolbox (OECD QSAR Toolbox 2019), their similar acute toxicity results and available health effect endpoint data. Although differences in the physical-chemical properties of the analogues are acknowledged (see Appendix B), the analogues selected were part of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) dossier for both hydrogenated didecene and HTTD (ECHA c2007-2019a, c2007-2019b), as well as the hazard characterization of HTTD by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) under the High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program^{Footnote 7} (US EPA 2010).

Information on the identities and representative chemical structures of the analogues used to inform the human health assessment are presented in Table 2‑2.

^a This substance is a UVCB (ECHA 2017, 2019a, 2019b, 2019c, 2019d, c2007-2019c).
^b Estimated molecular formula and molecular weight based on depiction provided in ECHA Brief Profile or Registered substances database.

3. Physical and chemical properties

A summary of available physical and chemical properties data of the substances in the Decenes Group is presented in Table 3‑1. Modelled values are based on data from (Q)SAR models. Additional physical and chemical properties are reported in ECCC (2016b).

Abbreviations: K_ow, octanol-water partition coefficient; K_oc, octanol-carbon partition coefficient
^a This value is read across from a standard study with dodec-1-ene trimer hydrogenated (Hogg and Bartlett 1995), as cited in ECHA (c2007-2019b).
^b This value is read across from a standard study with dodec-1-ene trimer hydrogenated (Howarth et al. 1995), as cited in ECHA (c2007-2019b).
^c This value is read- across from dodec-1-ene trimer hydrogenated (Seary 2000), as cited in ECHA (c2007-2019b).

4. Sources and uses

The substances in the Decenes Group do not occur naturally. Both of the substances in the Decenes Group have been included in a survey issued pursuant to section 71 of CEPA (Environment Canada 2013). Table 4‑1 presents a summary of the information reported on total manufacture and total import quantities for the Decenes Group for the year 2011.

Abbreviations: NR, not reported above the reporting threshold of 100 kg
^a Values reflect quantities reported in response to a survey conducted under section 71 of CEPA (Environment Canada 2013). See survey for specific inclusions and exclusions (schedules 2 and 3).

Table 4‑2 presents a summary of the major uses of the substances in the Decenes Group according to information submitted in response to a CEPA section 71 survey (Environment Canada 2013). Table 4‑3 summarizes additional Canadian uses.   

Abbreviations: Y, yes, this use was reported for this substance; N, no, this use was not reported for this substance
^a Non-confidential uses reported in response to the survey conducted under section 71 of CEPA (Environment Canada 2013). See survey for specific inclusions and exclusions (schedules 2 and 3).
^b Self-care products are products available for purchase without a prescription from a doctor and fall into 1 of 3 broad categories: cosmetics, natural health products, and non-prescription drugs.

^a Personal communication, e-mail from the Food Directorate, Health Canada, to the Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, dated July 2021; unreferenced.
^b While not defined under the Food and Drugs Act, incidental additives may be regarded, for administrative purposes, as those substances which are used in food processing plants and which may potentially become adventitious residues in foods (for example, cleaners, sanitizers).
^c Personal communication, e-mail from the Consumer and Hazardous Products Safety Directorate, Health Canada, to the Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, July 2021; unreferenced.

Hydrogenated didecene and HTTD were identified in various lubricants and greases available to consumers including gear oil and transmission oil (SDS 2013a; MSDS 2015) and engine oil and gear oil (MSDS 2004a, 2004b, 2009, 2010, 2012a, 2012b; SDS 2013b), respectively. Both substances were also identified in lubricating oils and cleaner/lubricant/preservative (CLP) oil used for firearm maintenance (SDS 2012, 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2021). As an ingredient in PAO fluids, hydrogenated didecene can also be used as components of aircraft hydraulic fluids and coolants for aircraft systems (Mattie et al. 2017).

5. Environmental fate and behaviour

5.1 Environmental persistence

According to models used in ERC (ECCC 2016b), hydrogenated didecene, represented by the major component decene-dimer (~98% of its composition), and HTTD, represented by the major component decene-trimer (~85% of its composition), are not expected to persist in water, air, sediment or soil.

5.2 Potential for bioaccumulation

Although the log Kow values are high for hydrogenated didecene, represented by the major component decene-dimer (~98% of its composition), and HTTD, represented by the major component decene-trimer (representing ~85% of its composition), the bioconcentration factors for these substances are very low (11.3 and 2.7 L/kg, respectively). As a result, these substances are not expected to significantly bioaccumulate in organisms (ECCC 2016b).

6. Potential to cause ecological harm

6.1 Characterization of ecological risk

The ecological risks of the substances in the Decenes Group were characterized using the ERC approach (ECCC 2016a). The ERC is a risk-based approach that considers multiple metrics for both hazard and exposure, with weighted consideration of multiple lines of evidence for determining risk classification. The various lines of evidence are combined to discriminate between substances of lower or higher potency and lower or higher potential for exposure in various media. This approach reduces the overall uncertainty with risk characterization compared to an approach that relies on a single metric in a single medium (for example, median lethal concentration) for characterization. The following summarizes the approach, which is described in detail in ECCC (2016a).

Data on physical-chemical properties, fate (chemical half-lives in various media and biota, partition coefficients, and fish bioconcentration), acute fish ecotoxicity, and chemical import or manufacture volume in Canada were collected from the scientific literature, from available empirical databases (for example, OECD QSAR Toolbox 2014), and from responses to surveys issued pursuant to section 71 of CEPA, or they were generated using selected (quantitative) structure-activity relationship ([Q]SAR) or mass-balance fate and bioaccumulation models. These data were used as inputs to other mass-balance models or to complete the substance hazard and exposure profiles.

Hazard profiles were based principally on metrics regarding mode of toxic action, chemical reactivity, food web-derived internal toxicity thresholds, bioavailability, and chemical and biological activity. Exposure profiles were also based on multiple metrics, including potential emission rate, overall persistence, and long-range transport potential. Hazard and exposure profiles were compared to decision criteria in order to classify the hazard and exposure potentials for each organic substance as low, moderate, or high. Additional rules were applied (for example, classification consistency, margin of exposure) to refine the preliminary classifications of hazard or exposure.

A risk matrix was used to assign a low, moderate or high classification of potential risk for each substance on the basis of its hazard and exposure classifications. ERC classifications of potential risk were verified using a 2-step approach. The first step adjusted the risk classification outcomes from moderate or high to low for substances that had a low estimated rate of emission to water after wastewater treatment, representing a low potential for exposure. The second step reviewed low risk potential classification outcomes using relatively conservative, local-scale (that is, in the area immediately surrounding a point source of discharge) risk scenarios, designed to be protective of the environment, to determine whether the classification of potential risk should be increased.

ERC uses a weighted approach to minimize the potential for both over- and under-classification of hazard and exposure, and of subsequent risk. The balanced approaches for dealing with uncertainties are described in greater detail in ECCC (2016a). The following describes 2 of the more substantial areas of uncertainty. Error with empirical or modelled acute toxicity values could result in changes in classification of hazard, particularly metrics relying on tissue residue values (that is, mode of toxic action), many of which are predicted values from (Q)SAR models (OECD QSAR Toolbox 2014). However, the impact of this error is mitigated by the fact that overestimation of median lethality will result in a conservative (protective) tissue residue value used for critical body residue analysis. Error with underestimation of acute toxicity will be mitigated through the use of other hazard metrics such as structural profiling of mode of action, reactivity and/or estrogen binding affinity. Changes or errors in chemical quantity could result in differences in classification of exposure as the exposure and risk classifications are highly sensitive to emission rate and use quantity. The ERC classifications thus reflect exposure and risk in Canada on the basis of what is estimated to be the current use quantity, and may not reflect future trends.

In addition, it should be noted that in this assessment, evaluation of the potential to cause ecological harm considered each substance individually. If exposure to multiple substances occurs simultaneously, this could result in cumulative effects on organisms and potentially present a higher risk. The potential for cumulative effects and how they may manifest in the environment were not further investigated due to the low ecological risk classification of these substances considering both ecological exposure and hazard under the ERC approach.

Critical data and considerations used to develop the substance-specific profiles for the substances in the Decenes Group and the hazard, exposure and risk classification results are presented in ECCC (2016b).

On the basis of low hazard and low exposure classifications according to information considered under ERC, hydrogenated didecene was classified as having a low potential for ecological risk. It is unlikely that this substance is resulting in concerns for the environment in Canada.

According to information considered under ERC, HTTD was classified as having a moderate exposure potential on the basis of a long overall persistence (the sum of chemical half-lives in all media weighted by the mass fraction of the chemical in the medium) and moderate reported use quantities according to information submitted in response to a CEPA section 71 survey (Environment Canada 2013). HTTD was classified as having a low hazard potential. HTTD was classified as having a low potential for ecological risk. Although the current use patterns result in a moderate exposure potential, considering the low hazard potential, HTTD is unlikely to be resulting in concerns for the environment in Canada.

7. Potential to cause harm to human health

7.1 Health effects assessment

Toxicity information for the hazard assessment of both hydrogenated didecene and HTTD was informed by data submitted to ECHA under the REACH program (ECHA c2007-2019a, c2007-2019b) and a US EPA Screening-Level Hazard Characterization of HTTD under the HPV Challenge Program (US EPA 2010). A search of the literature to November 2021 was conducted. Acute and 2-week inhalation studies conducted by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (Mattie et al. 2017, 2021; Wegner et al. 2018) were identified for hydrogenated didecene and inform the hazard characterization.

Relevant, though limited, information specific to the Decenes Group is presented below, in addition to health effects information on analogues. Information on analogues informed a number of endpoints: genetic, repeated dose, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Additional information on analogue selection can be found in section 2.1 and Appendix A. Appendix B provides a summary of physical-chemical properties and available health effects information for substances in the Decenes Group and analogues. The toxicity studies identified for analogues of the Decenes Group were often conducted using products as the test material; therefore, there may be variability in the composition of the test substances between different products.

7.1.1 Genotoxicity

Overall, genotoxicity to the Decenes Group substances is not expected based on the negative in vivo and in vitro results identified from analogues (see Appendix B).

7.1.2 Oral route of exposure

Hydrogenated didecene and HTTD are considered to be poorly absorbed following oral exposure, based on administration of an analogue (CAS RN 68037-01-4) to male rats by gavage in a toxicokinetics study (ECHA c2007-2019d). Available toxicological data for oral exposure to hydrogenated didecene and HTTD were limited to acute toxicity, where LD₅₀^{Footnote 8} values were determined to be greater than 4,100 mg/kg or above (tested as Emery 3002, SF-0203-41, SF-0201-3, and Emery 3004) (ECHA c2007-2019a). Several repeated dose studies in rats were identified (Appendix B) for analogues of the Decenes Group (CAS RNs 68037-01-4, 151006-58-5, 151006-62-1). Study durations were from 28 to 91 days through dietary or gavage administration. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rats via gavage (combined repeated dose/reproductive; one-generation; 2-generation) were identified for some of the analogues of the Decenes Group (CAS RNs 68037-01-4, 151006-62-1, 1000172-11-1). The no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) identified using analogue studies ranged from 1,000 mg/kg bw/day to 6771 mg/kg bw/day, the highest tested doses in those studies (ECHA c2007-2019a, c2007-2019c; Mobil 1990a, 1990b; Stonybrook 1995a; US EPA 2010). Using a read-across approach, the Decenes Group was considered to be of low concern to human health with respect to oral exposure.

7.1.3 Dermal route of exposure

No empirical dermal absorption information was identified for hydrogenated didecene or HTTD. Available toxicological data for dermal exposure to hydrogenated didecene and HTTD were limited to acute toxicity. A dermal LD₅₀ was identified for hydrogenated didecene and was greater than 3,000 mg/kg bw in rabbits (ECHA c2007-2019a, c2007-2019b). Dermal studies on rats (with the application site unoccluded) were identified for analogues of the Decenes Group (Appendix B). A dermal 28-day repeated dose study (CAS RN 163149-28-8) and a dermal developmental study conducted from rat gestational day 0 to 19 (CAS RN 68037-01-4) resulted in NOAEL values at the highest tested dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/day (Mobil Chemical Co1995, Mobil 1988; US EPA 2010). A study of induction of skin tumours in mice did not result in an increased incidence after application of 1-decene, homopolymer, hydrogenated (CAS RN 68037-01-4), an analogue of the Decenes Group, for 104 weeks (Kettering 1990; US EPA 2010). Although longer-term dermal repeated dose studies of systemic effects were not identified for the target or analogue substances in this group, based on the lack of adverse effects observed in animals in the available subchronic oral toxicity studies, substances in the Decenes Group are considered to be of low concern to human health via dermal exposure.

7.1.4 Inhalation route of exposure

Appendix B provides a summary of the inhalation toxicity identified from acute studies that can be attributed to Decenes Group substances. Excess mortalities, gross pathology effects and clinical signs were noted in several acute whole-body aerosol studies in rats and can be attributed to hydrogenated didecene (ECHA c2007-2019a).

Acute and short-term inhalation toxicity studies conducted by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (Mattie et al. 2017; Wegner et al. 2018) were identified for hydrogenated didecene.

The acute range-finding study was conducted according to the OECD Test Guideline 403 (acute inhalation toxicity), where groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats (10/sex/dose) were exposed to 0, 100, 500 or 1,000 mg/m³ PAO fluid aerosol for 6 hours. The PAO fluid tested is composed primarily of hydrogenated didecene (80% to 99.5%) with a proprietary additive (0.5% to 20%). As a modification to the study design, a separate group of rats was evaluated after a 2-week recovery period. Neurobehavioural observations, gross pathology, clinical chemistry, hematology and histopathological effects were evaluated. After exposure, neurobehavioural testing in 500 and 1,000 mg/m³ males and females showed a significant reduction in motor activity compared to controls. After a 14-day recovery period, neurobehavioural testing results were observed to be similar to control groups. When evaluating body weight changes, a ratio of post-exposure day 1 weight to the weight on the day of exposure was used. Compared to controls, a significant decrease in the body weight ratios was observed for the 500 mg/m³ females and 1,000 mg/m³ male and female groups. No body weight effects were reported at the end of the recovery period. Food and water consumption was also reported to be significantly decreased compared to controls 1 day after exposure in the groups noted to have lost body weight. The study authors considered that changes in organ weight are due to differences in food and water consumption leading to body weight changes in 1,000 mg/m³ group rats. No adverse clinical chemistry or hematology effects were reported between treated and control animals. With regard to histopathology, no lesions were observed in the lungs or nasal cavity of control rats, or in the first and second nasal cavity sections (NL1, NL2) after acute exposure. All concentrations were reported to cause lesions in both the posterior nasal cavity (NL3, NL4) and lungs of rats. A dose-response was reported with regard to the incidence and severity of the lesions, as noted in Table 7‑1 and Table 7‑2. At 100 mg/m³, lesions were reported in the nasal cavity (NL4; multifocal degeneration, necrosis) and lungs (inflammation), with minimal severity overall in both tissues, whereas, at higher concentrations, the incidence was 100% in the nasal cavity and 90% in the lungs. In the nasal cavity, severity of response increased as the histological sections progressed to the posterior end of the nasal cavity, as section NL3 had mild severity overall and section NL4 had marked severity overall for both the 500 mg/m³ and 1,000 mg/m³ concentration groups. Olfactory epithelial lesions increased in severity with increasing concentration from 500 mg/m³ to 1,000 mg/m³, progressing from multifocal degeneration with necrosis and edema to multifocal lesions involving necrosis, neutrophilic inflammation, edema, and loss of epithelium. In the lungs, inflammation was observed in all rats with histopathology incidence, with some in the 500 and 1,000 mg/m³ groups showing accumulation of neutrophils as well as lymphocytes, macrophages and debris. Inflammation was reported in 2 rats (normal severity grade; 1 focal, 1 multifocal) at 100 mg/m³. At 500 mg/m³, overall lesion severity was minimal, but some rats had mild responses. At 1,000 mg/m³, the overall lesion severity was considered mild. Although the overall lesion severity score was higher than the 500 mg/m³ group, the authors suggest this is based on the more severe response in 1 rat (inflammation, edema and necrosis). The majority of individual rat inflammation severity ranged from minimal to mild (Mattie et al. 2017; Wegner et al. 2018).

^a Incidence measured as number of rats with lesions/number of rats in exposure group (Mattie et al. 2017).

^a Severity = mean ± standard error of the mean; severity rating: 0 = normal; 1 = minimal; 2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4 = marked; 5 = severe (Mattie et al. 2017).

Fewer animals were affected and severity decreased after 14 days of recovery, but not all affected animals recovered completely. At 100 mg/m³, 95% of rats recovered from nasal cavity lesions, whereas 1 out of 20 had multifocal degeneration in the nasal cavity. When evaluating the NL3 tissue section, nearly all rats recovered (95% and 100% at mid- and high-concentration, respectively). However, NL4 nasal cavity tissue recovery was only reported for 42% and 70% of rats at 500 mg/m³ and 1,000 mg/m³, respectively. Overall lesion severity was reported to be minimal across all concentrations after recovery. Some 1,000 mg/m³ rats showed signs of regeneration after recovery, but degeneration, necrosis, edema and inflammation were still present in affected rats. The lungs showed similar recovery incidence and minimal overall severity across concentrations. After recovery, inflammation, necrosis or degeneration were not reported in the lungs after 100 mg/m³ acute exposure. However, multifocal neutrophilic inflammation was reported in 500 mg/m³ and 1,000 mg/m³ rats, in addition to granulomatous lungs at 1,000 mg/m³ (Mattie et al. 2017; Wegner et al. 2018).

^a Incidence measured as number of rats with lesions/number of rats in exposure group (Mattie et al. 2017).

^a Severity = mean ± standard error of the mean; severity rating: 0 = normal; 1 = minimal; 2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4 = marked; 5 = severe (Mattie et al. 2017).

The study authors identified a 6-hour NOAEL value of 100 mg/m³ for the observed respiratory tract histopathology effects (Mattie et al. 2017, 2021). An acute no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) value of 100 mg/m³ was determined for risk characterization in this assessment based on the respiratory tract histopathology effects observed at 500 mg/m³ in PAO-aerosol exposed rats.

A repeated dose inhalation study with the PAO fluid was conducted according to the OECD Test Guideline 412 (adopted in 1981), subsequent to the above-noted acute range-finding study. Groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats (10/sex/concentration) were exposed to an aerosol of 0, 20, 100 or 300 mg/m³ PAO fluid for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week over 2 weeks (10 exposures). Neurobehavioural testing (open-field testing for motor activity; in-cage, handling, manipulation tests for functional observational battery) was conducted on days 9 and 10 of exposure, whereas clinical chemistry, histopathology, hematology and gross pathology were conducted after necropsy on day 10 of exposure. No significant effects on neurobehavioural tests, food and water consumption, body weight or organ weight were reported for treated rats compared to controls. The only clinical chemistry result (significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase in females exposed to 20 mg/m³ compared to controls) was not considered to be indicative of a dose-response relationship. From the hematology results, a significant decrease in percent lymphocytes as well as a significant increase in percent neutrophils were reported with increasing dose in female rats at all concentrations; a similar response was observed in males starting at 100 mg/m³. Significant but sporadic changes were reported in the number of white blood cells (100 mg/m³) and platelets (20 mg/m³) in females as well as mean platelet volume in male (100 mg/m³) and female (20 mg/m³) rats, when compared to controls. Histopathologic lesions were reported in the posterior nasal cavity (NL4) as well as in the lungs of animals exposed to 300 mg/m³. A nasal cavity lesion was reported at 100 mg/m³, but was determined to be unrelated to exposure. At a concentration of 300 mg/m³, lesions were observed in the posterior nasal cavity (NL4) and lungs of male and female rats. Nasal cavity lesions were reported in 12 of 20 rats with minimal severity overall (mean score = 0.71 ± 0.13). Inflammation, often described as being neutrophilic with multifocal origin, as well as necrotic debris, loss of olfactory epithelium and necrosis were noted among the affected rats at 300 mg/m³. Epithelial regeneration in some animals was also reported. At the same concentration (300 mg/m³), lung lesions were reported in 19 of 20 rats, the severity of which was considered to be mild overall (mean score = 1.25 ± 0.12; 6 animals scored mild, 13 scored minimal severity). Pulmonary inflammation was reported in the majority of affected animals exposed to 300 mg/m³, whereas only 2 rats had necrotic debris and single cell death in addition to inflammation. The authors derived a NOAEC of 100 mg/m³ in rats based on the respiratory histopathology effects observed at 300 mg/m³ (Mattie et al. 2017; Wegner et al. 2018).

No appropriate acute or short-term inhalation toxicity studies were identified for HTTD. As noted in section 7.1 and Appendix B, analogues did not provide relevant information on non-lethal acute or short-term inhalation effects. Although there are differences in chemical structure and physical-chemical properties, based on a conservative approach, the critical effects identified for hydrogenated didecene are used to represent HTTD for risk characterization.  

7.2 Exposure assessment

This exposure assessment focuses on the route of exposure where critical health effects have been identified, namely non-cancer effects in the lungs following inhalation of hydrogenated didecene and HTTD from use of spray products available to consumers.

7.2.1 Environmental media and food

No data were identified for hydrogenated didecene or HTTD in air, water, or soil in Canada. However, these substances may be released to the environment from Canadian facilities that manufacture or process them. No results for monitoring of hydrogenated didecene or HTTD in ambient air or water around manufacturing or processing facilities have been reported.

On the basis of fugacity modelling, hydrogenated didecene and HTTD are more likely to partition to soil and/or water than to air (EPISuite c2000-2012). Although the substances in the Decenes Group could be released to water from industrial activities in Canada, exposure to the general population of Canada by the oral route (that is, drinking water) was not quantified, as no critical health effects from this route of exposure have been identified (refer to section 7.1.2).

Hydrogenated didecene and HTTD may be present as components in incidental additives, specifically in lubricants used in food processing establishments with no potential for food contact (personal communication, email from the Food Directorate, Health Canada, to the Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, dated July 2021; unreferenced). Therefore, exposure to these substances via food is not expected.

7.2.2 Products available to consumers

In Canada, hydrogenated didecene is present in approximately 73 cosmetics including moisturizers, cleansers, lipsticks and make-up products (personal communication, email from the Consumer and Hazardous Products Safety Directorate, Health Canada, to the Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, dated July 2021; unreferenced). Hydrogenated didecene is also present in lubricants and greases available to consumers including gear oil and transmission oil (Environment Canada 2011; SDS 2013a; MSDS 2015). The primary route of exposure to hydrogenated didecene from use of products available to consumers is expected to be dermal (except for lipstick which is oral) as a result of direct skin contact. However, exposure from the dermal and oral routes was not quantified, as no critical health effects via these routes of exposure have been identified (refer to section 7.1).

In Canada, products available to consumers that contain HTTD are primarily lubricants and greases, such as engine oil and gear oil (Environment Canada 2011; MSDS 2004a, 2004b, 2009, 2010, 2012a, 2012b; SDS 2013b). The primary route of exposure to HTTD from use of these products is expected to be via the dermal route because of direct skin contact during use. However, exposure from the dermal route was not quantified, as no critical health effects via this route have been identified.

Hydrogenated didecene and HTTD may also be present in Canada as ingredients in oil used for firearm maintenance such as CLP products. HTTD was identified in aerosol and trigger spray forms of lubricating oil for firearms (SDS 2012, 2014, 2016a) available at Canadian retailers. Hydrogenated didecene was also identified in a liquid form of the product, which can be poured or applied using a trigger spray (SDS 2021), while both hydrogenated didecene and HTTD were identified in an aerosol spray form of the CLP product (SDS 2016b). Although these latter products were not identified at Canadian retail outlets, they are available for purchase by Canadian consumers online. Given the critical health effects are via inhalation of aerosols, only inhalation exposure from use of aerosol products and from use of trigger spray products was estimated. Estimates of peak 15-minute time-weighted average (TWA) air concentrations of hydrogenated didecene and HTTD from the use of CLP aerosol spray and CLP trigger spray for firearm maintenance were modelled using ConsExpo Web (ConsExpo Web 2016). Refer to Appendix C for details on the specific model and parameters used.

Abbreviations: CLP, cleaner/lubricant/preservative; TWA, time-weighted average; wt, weight
^a Peak concentration (15-minute TWA) is of both inhalable and respirable droplet sizes given effects are on nasal tissue.
^b Highest estimated concentration over a 20-minute application period (ConsExpo Web).
^c SDS 2012, 2014
^d SDS 2016a
^e SDS 2016b; Given that both hydrogenated didecene and HTTD are found in the same product, peak concentrations (15-minute TWA) were also derived using a maximum product concentration of 90% (assuming that 10% to 20% of the product is propellant or other ingredient).
^f SDS 2021

7.3 Characterization of risk to human health

No critical adverse health effects were identified via the oral or dermal routes of exposure for the substances in the Decenes Group on the basis of the health effects information on analogues. Therefore, oral and dermal exposures to hydrogenated didecene and HTTD from use of products available to consumers or from environmental media are not of concern to human health.

Critical effects have been identified for the substances in the Decenes Group via the inhalation route. From the available toxicological studies conducted with hydrogenated didecene, a NOAEC of 100 mg/m³ was selected from an acute rat study based on histopathologic effects observed in the nasal cavity and lungs. These effects are considered site-of-contact effects, and show a dose-response relationship. In addition, these effects have a plateau or shallow dose-response with time. Neurobehavioural effects were observed at higher concentrations.

For the purpose of this risk characterization, the effects observed from exposure of rats to inhaled aerosol of hydrogenated didecene are considered to be related to the exposed concentration rather than to duration of exposure, and were therefore compared to estimated peak concentrations (15-minute TWA) from use of firearm maintenance products.

Table 7‑6 provides all relevant exposure and hazard values for substances in the Decenes Group, as well as resultant margins of exposure for determination of risk.

Abbreviations: CLP, cleaner/lubricant/preservative; MOE, margin of exposure; NOAEC, no-observed-adverse-effect concentration; TWA, time-weighted average; wt, weight

The calculated margins between the critical effect and the estimates of exposure from use of CLP sprays used for firearm maintenance are considered potentially inadequate (that is, <300) to address uncertainties in the health effects and exposure data used to characterize risk.

The human health assessment took into consideration those groups of individuals within the Canadian population who, due to greater susceptibility or greater exposure, may be more vulnerable to experiencing adverse health effects. For instance, age-specific exposures were considered and developmental and reproductive toxicity studies were evaluated for potential adverse health effects. The potential for cumulative effects was considered in this assessment by examining cumulative exposures to both substances in the sentinel scenario.

7.4 Uncertainties in evaluation of risk to human health

The key sources of uncertainty are presented in the table below.

+ = uncertainty with potential to cause over-estimation of exposure/risk; - = uncertainty with potential to cause under-estimation of exposure risk; +/- = unknown potential to cause over or under estimation of risk.

8. Conclusion

Considering all available lines of evidence presented in this assessment, there is low risk of harm to the environment from hydrogenated didecene and HTTD. It is concluded that hydrogenated didecene and HTTD do not meet the criteria under paragraphs 64(a) or (b) of CEPA as they are not entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that have or may have an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the environment or its biological diversity or that constitute or may constitute a danger to the environment on which life depends.

Considering all the information presented in this assessment, it is concluded that hydrogenated didecene and HTTD meet the criteria set out in 64(c) of CEPA as they are entering or may enter the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health.

It is therefore concluded that hydrogenated didecene and HTTD meet one or more of the criteria set out in section 64 of CEPA.

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Appendix A. Read-across approach

Appendix B. Hazard summary of hydrogenated didecene, HTTD and analogue substances

Abbreviation: NA = not available; HTD = highest tested dose; LD₅₀ /LC₅₀= the dose/concentration of a substance that is estimated to be lethal to 50% of the test organisms; NOAEL/NOAEC = No observed adverse effect level/concentration; bw = body weight; GD = gestational day.
^a Dose conversion based on 1 ppm in food = 0.05 mg/kg bw/day in rats (Health Canada 1994).

Abbreviation: NA = not available; HTD = highest tested dose; LD₅₀ /LC₅₀= the dose/concentration of a substance that is estimated to be lethal to 50% of the test organisms; NOEL = No observed effect level; NOAEL/NOAEC = No observed adverse effect level/concentration; bw = body weight; GD = gestational day.
^a Dose conversion based on 1 ppm in food = 0.05 mg/kg bw/day in rats (Health Canada 1994).

Abbreviation: NA = not available; HTD = highest tested dose; LD₅₀ /LC₅₀= the dose/concentration of a substance that is estimated to be lethal to 50% of the test organisms; NOAEL/NOAEC = No observed adverse effect level/concentration; bw = body weight; NOEL = No observed effect level; GD = gestational day.
^a Dose conversion based on 1 ppm in food = 0.05 mg/kg bw/day in rats (Health Canada 1994).

Appendix C. Inhalation exposures to humans from spray products used for firearm maintenance