February 25, 2008
OTTAWAHer Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada, will present 42 Medals of Bravery at a ceremony at Rideau Hall, on Friday, February 29, 2008, at 10:30 a.m. The Decorations for Bravery were created in 1972. The Cross of Valour (C.V.), the civilian equivalent of the military's Victoria Cross, recognizes acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril; the Star of Courage (S.C.), acts of conspicuous courage in circumstances of great peril; the Medal of Bravery (M.B.), acts of bravery in hazardous circumstances.
A media schedule for the presentation ceremony (Annex A), a list of recipients (Annex B) and the recipients' citations (Annex C), as well as a fact sheet on the Decorations for Bravery (Annex D) are attached.
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Media InformationMarie-Paule ThornHonours Information OfficerRideau Hall Press Office613-993-2569www.gg.ca / www.citizenvoices.gg.ca
ANNEX AThe scenario for the ceremony is as follows:9:45 a.m.: Arrival of media 9:55 a.m.: Sound and light checks10:00 a.m.: Guests take their seats in the Ballroom10:15 a.m.: All media are in place10:30 a.m.: Her Excellency enters the BallroomThe Governor General speaksThe Governor General presents the Decorations for Bravery11:30 a.m.: National anthemEnd of ceremonyInterviews with recipients
ANNEX B RECIPIENTS
Lydia Angiyou, M.B.
Ivujivik, Que.
RCMP Corporal Curtis Wilfred Ashford, M.B.
Head of Bay d'Espoir, N.L.
Clint Anthony Avery, M.B.
Charlottetown, P.E.I
RCMP Constable Jason Alexander Barnhill, M.B.
Terrace, B.C.
Constable Darren Wayne Barrington, M.B.
Sidney River, N.S.
Constable Melbourne James Birmingham, M.B.
Groves Point, N.S.
RCMP Constable Brenton Stephen Brady, M.B.
Maple Ridge, B.C.
RCMP Constable Eric Michael Brown, M.B.
Langley, B.C.
OPP Constable Micheal Edmond Cholette, M.B.
Brockville, Ont.
Steve Cotton, M.B.
Laval, Que.
Master Corporal Brian Michael Decaire, M.B.
Winnipeg, Man.
Luke Eagles, M.B.
Lakeville, N.B.
Fred Euverman, M.B.
Terrace, B.C.
Steven Murray Flynn, M.B.
Pemberton, B.C.
Cherilyn Patricia Gill, M.B.
Kitchener, Ont.
Eric Haughian, M.B.
Surrey, B.C.
Constable Ryan George Hutchison, M.B.
Leamington, Ont.
Barry George Kessler, M.B.
Pangman, Sask.
Steve Korpi, M.B.
Prince George, B.C.
Robert Larmour, M.B.
Terrace, B.C.
Roger Licht, M.B.
Stanford, Montana, U.S.A
Acting Sergeant Wayne MacDonald, M.B.*
Hillside Boularderie, N.S.
Constable Shaun MacLennan, M.B.
Beaver Cove, N.S.
John "Johnny" Morris Marsh Jr., M.B.
Clarenville, N.L.
Vincent Lawrence Massey, M.B.
Whistler, B.C.
Lisette Moar, M.B.
St-Thomas de Joliette, Que.
Robin Mole, M.B.
Harrow, Ont.
Detective-Sergeant Maxime Paquette, M.B.
Saint-Philippe, Que.
RCMP Constable Sean Philip, M.B.
Nanaimo, B.C.
Lloyd Rice, M.B.
Plains, Montana, U.S.A.
Mary Beatrice Roach, M.B.
Cornwall, Ont.
Wayne Alton Russell, M.B.
Port Hope Simpson, N.L.
RCMP Sergeant Kevin Marty Schur, M.B.
Oliver, B.C.
Paul Anthony Skelton, M.B.
Pemberton, B.C.
Randy Smith, M.B.
Lafontaine, Ont.
Jason Souch, M.B.
Kelowna, B.C.
Sergeant Darcy J.L.J. St-Laurent, S.C., M.B., C.D.
Winnipeg, Man.
RCMP Constable Stephen William Vigor, M.B.
Edmonton, Alta.
Danielle Elyse Walker, M.B.
Vanderhoof, B.C.
Krista Maria Wall, M.B.
Fergus, Ont.
Paul Christopher Zakem, M.B.
Charlottetown, P.E.I
ANNEX C CITATIONS
Lydia Angiyou, M.B., Ivujivik, QuebecMedal of Bravery
On February 8, 2006, Lydia Angiyou confronted a polar bear to protect her son and his friends. When she saw the 320 kg bear approaching the boys, Ms. Angiyou ran towards the animal that had wandered into Ivujivik, the small, remote village in northern Quebec where she lives. In an attempt to scare it away, she yelled and kicked at it, but the bear swatted her back in the face, knocking her down. Alerted by one of the children, a neighbour rushed to the scene, armed with a rifle. Seeing Ms. Angiyou wrestling with the bear, he fired a few warning shots. The sound diverted the bear's attention from Ms. Angyiou just long enough for the man to fire again and neutralize the animal. Remarkably, Ms. Angiyou only suffered minor injuries during the ordeal.
RCMP Corporal Curtis Wilfred Ashford, M.B., Head of Bay d'Espoir, Newfoundland and LabradorMedal of Bravery
On April 14, 2005, Corporal Curtis Ashford rescued a suicidal woman from drowning at Bonavista Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador. Informed that the distressed woman had been located at the shoreline, Corporal Ashford immediately attended the scene and attempted to persuade the woman to abandon her precarious position on the edge of an ice-covered cliff. When he approached her, she leaped into the ocean, three metres below. Corporal Ashford immediately jumped into the freezing waters to rescue her. He swam out to the woman, who was floating face down, some five metres from shore. Although hindered in his efforts by the strength of the current drawing them farther out to sea, he managed to hold onto her and make his way back through the crashing waves until they safely reached the shore.
Clint Anthony Avery, M.B., Charlottetown, Prince Edward IslandPaul Christopher Zakem, M.B., Charlottetown, Prince Edward IslandMedal of Bravery
On July 17, 2005, Clint Avery and Paul Zakem were instrumental in the rescue of three women who were drowning off Blooming Point Beach near Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Realizing that the group was being carried by a riptide into deep waters, Mr. Avery charged into the pounding surf to reach the panicking women. Completely exhausted after helping them stay afloat for 40 minutes, he was forced to head back to shore while Mr. Zakem, who had been watching the scene from the beach, swam out to the stranded swimmers with a boogie board. Responding emergency crews, joined by beachgoers, then formed a human chain to carry a rope to the victims, who were then pulled to safety.
RCMP Constable Jason Alexander Barnhill, M.B., Terrace, British ColumbiaFred Euverman, M.B., Terrace, British ColumbiaEric Haughian, M.B., Surrey, British ColumbiaSteve Korpi, M.B., Prince George, British ColumbiaMurray Kuemper, M.B., Terrace, British ColumbiaRobert Larmour, M.B., Terrace, British ColumbiaRoger Licht, M.B., Stanford, Montana, U.S.A.Lloyd Rice, M.B., Plains, Montana, U.S.A.RCMP Sergeant Kevin Marty Schur, M.B., Oliver, British ColumbiaRandy Smith, M.B., Lafontaine, OntarioJason Souch, M.B., Kelowna, British ColumbiaMedal of Bravery
Mr. Kuemper is unable to attend the ceremony
On August 27, 2004, these individuals were involved in the rescue of two men who were trapped following a massive mudslide near Terrace, British Columbia. Without regard for their own safety, Messrs. Haughian, Kuemper, Korpi and Souch entered the metre-deep river of mud and debris, and located a first victim amid tree roots, boulders and flowing water. Despite repeated warnings of imminent additional mudslides, they proceeded to dig the man out by hand, and with great haste, were able to free him and bring him to safety. Meanwhile, Messrs. Licht and Rice located the second victim, who was buried up to his neck, farther into the mudslide. Together with Fire Chief Smith, firefighters Euverman and Larmour and RCMP officers Schur and Barnhill, they attempted to free the man, in spite of the heavy rain and thick mud hampering their efforts. After several minutes of exhaustive work, using ropes to pull a stretcher and a chainsaw to cut the logs blocking their way, the team reached the victim, extracted him and brought him to an awaiting ambulance.
Constable Melbourne James Birmingham, M.B., Groves Point, Nova ScotiaConstable Shaun MacLennan, M.B., Beaver Cove, Nova ScotiaMedal of Bravery
On October 14, 2004, in Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Regional Police constables Mel Birmingham and Shaun MacLennan saved a suicidal man from drowning in the ocean. From a 25-metre-high cliff, the police officers spotted the victim's head bobbing up and down with the ocean tide, some five metres from shore. Realizing that the man was in trouble, they made their way down the steep cliff to the rocky beach and entered the cold, choppy waters to reach his side. Battling the strong current, they grabbed hold of the resisting man, brought him to shore and remained with him until emergency services arrived.
Constable Darren Wayne Barrington, M.B., Sidney River, Nova ScotiaConstable Melbourne James Birmingham, M.B.*, Groves Point, Nova ScotiaActing Sergeant Wayne MacDonald, M.B.*, Hillside Boularderie, Nova ScotiaMedal of Bravery
On October 29, 2004, Cape Breton Regional Police constables Darren Barrington and Mel Birmingham, and acting Sergeant Wayne MacDonald entered a burning home to rescue an octogenarian, in Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia. Unable to cross the wall of flames that blocked the front entrance, the rescuers raced around the house and broke through the rear door. Crawling on their hands and knees, constables Barrington and Birmingham located the victim lying on the kitchen floor, a few metres from their entry point. While the officers grabbed the victim by the arms, acting Sergeant MacDonald pulled them by their belts and guided them outside to safety. Both victim and rescuers suffered from severe smoke inhalation that required medical attention.
* This is the second award of a Medal of Bravery for both Constable Birmingham and acting Sergeant MacDonald.
RCMP Constable Brenton Stephen Brady, M.B., Maple Ridge, British ColumbiaRCMP Constable Eric Michael Brown, M.B., Langley, British ColumbiaMedal of Bravery
On December 14, 2004, constables Brenton Brady and Eric Brown chased and apprehended an armed man who was evading capture following a robbery in Coquitlam, British Columbia. The pursuit ended when Constable Brown rammed the fugitive's vehicle with his police cruiser, forcing him to stop. The suspect retrieved a pistol from under his seat, pointed it directly at the officer and fired a shot, striking the police cruiser's windshield just inches above the constable's head. Constable Brown exited his vehicle and took cover, as did Constable Brady, behind their police cruisers. Fearing for public safety as the gunman reached for another possible hidden weapon, the duo returned gunfire and wounded the man, who was then arrested and taken into custody.
OPP Constable Micheal Edmond Cholette, M.B., Brockville, OntarioMedal of Bravery
On January 29, 2006, Constable Micheal Cholette rescued a woman from the veranda roof of a house on fire, in Athens Township, Ontario. Constable Cholette was patrolling the area when he heard the calls of the victim screaming for help. Locating the house on fire, he immediately ran to the porch. He climbed up the steel rail banister until he was at eye level with the roof. He then kicked out the porch window and used the frame to boost himself up. After instructing the woman to slide forward until she reached the edge of the roof, he lowered her safely to the ground. Although suffering from smoke inhalation, he then ran into the house twice to look for other victims, but was forced back by the thick smoke and flames. Sadly, the fire claimed the life of the woman's husband.
Steve Cotton, M.B., Laval, QuebecMedal of Bravery
On June 27, 2005, Steve Cotton rescued a woman from a burning apartment in Laval, Quebec. Unable to open the front door, Mr. Cotton used an axe to break the glass on the patio door at the back of the apartment. Once inside, he heard a faint cry for help over the crackling of the flames. Following the voice, he walked a few metres into the thick smoke before he felt someone grab his leg. When he bent down under the cloud of smoke, he saw the victim, who was barely conscious, lying on the floor. He quickly grabbed her and started dragging her outside. Mr. Cotton was almost at the door when he collapsed, overcome by the toxic fumes. A few seconds later, neighbours who had heard the glass shattering arrived on the scene and helped Mr. Cotton get the victim to safety.
Master Corporal Brian Michael Decaire, M.B., Winnipeg, ManitobaSergeant Darcy J.L.J. St-Laurent, S.C., M.B., C.D., Winnipeg, ManitobaMedal of Bravery
On April 26, 2005, search and rescue technicians Master Corporal Brian Decaire and Sergeant Darcy St-Laurent parachuted from a Hercules aircraft during a blizzard to assist a downed aviator who was stranded west of Boland Lake, in the Northwest Territories. In total darkness, they performed a challenging night landing, farther away than projected from the downed helicopter. Despite being buffeted by the extremely high winds, the rescuers walked for an hour, carrying 50 kg of survival gear on their backs, until they reached the stranded pilot. In the most adverse weather conditions, victim and rescuers waited out the storm until they could be extracted from the site by military helicopter five days later.
Sgt St-Laurent was awarded a Star of Courage in 1996 for another search and rescue mission.
Luke Eagles, M.B., Lakeville, New BrunswickRCMP Constable Stephen Wayne MacQueen, M.B., Halifax, Nova ScotiaMedal of Bravery
Constable MacQueen received his decoration at a previous ceremony.
On January 2, 2005, Constable Stephen MacQueen and Luke Eagles were instrumental in the apprehension of an armed man at a service station in Salisbury, New Brunswick. Upon arriving at the scene, Constable MacQueen confronted the deranged and suicidal man, who fired a shot through his police cruiser's windshield, narrowly missing the constable. Constable MacQueen then attempted to strike the suspect with his vehicle to prevent him from shooting at a truck driver stopped nearby. Throughout this period, the suspect entered and exited the service station several times. Mr. Eagles, the station clerk, noticed that he would occasionally lay his firearm down on the counter. Seizing an opportunity, he took the gun into the storeroom, locked himself inside and called 911 to advise that the man had been disarmed. The information was relayed to other attending officers, who quickly apprehended the suspect.
Steven Murray Flynn, M.B., Pemberton, British ColumbiaVincent Lawrence Massey, M.B., Whistler, British ColumbiaPaul Anthony Skelton, M.B., Pemberton, British ColumbiaMedal of Bravery
On March 5, 2005, helicopter pilot Steven Flynn, search and rescue technician Vincent Massey and mountain rescuer Paul Skelton teamed up to rescue a stranded ice sailor who had broken through the ice on Green Lake, in Whistler, British Columbia. As he drove past the scene, Mr. Flynn soon realized that responding emergency personnel needed assistance and that a helicopter rescue was needed. He rushed to a nearby heliport where he met with Messrs. Skelton and Massey. All three boarded a helicopter and, within minutes, flew to the scene. While Mr. Flynn performed a precision hover, allowing the craft to get close to the ice, Messrs. Skelton and Massey reached for the hypothermic victim and pulled him safely into the helicopter.
Cherilyn Patricia Gill, M.B., Kitchener, OntarioMedal of Bravery
On January 10, 2006, Cherilyn Gill risked her life to stop a runaway vehicle on Highway 401, near Toronto, Ontario. Ms. Gill was driving on the busy highway when she noticed, in her rear-view mirror, an out-of-control car drifting across several lanes, its unconscious driver slumped over on the passenger seat. While the runaway vehicle side-swiped the median and continued to speed up, Ms. Gill drove her van in front of the car and deliberately let it crash into hers to slow it down. After the impact, she guided both vehicles to a safer location where she stopped to assist the unresponsive driver. She then remained with the victim until the arrival of police and emergency personnel.
Constable Ryan George Hutchison, M.B., Leamington, OntarioRobin Mole, M.B., Harrow, OntarioMedal of Bravery
On August 21, 2005, Constable Ryan Hutchison and paramedic Robin Mole rescued two young girls from drowning in the waters of Lake Erie, in Leamington, Ontario. The two victims, aged 11 and 13, were struggling to stay afloat some 10 metres from shore, unable to swim back due to the strong waves. Alerted to the scene, Mr. Mole grabbed a life ring and dove into the water with Constable Hutchison to reach the girls' side. Swimming against the strong tide, they managed to bring the girls back to the break wall, where they were pulled to safety. Completely exhausted, Mr. Mole was helped back onto the dock, but the strong waves knocked Constable Hutchison back into the water, submerging him numerous times. He was eventually rescued by emergency crews who had arrived at the scene.
Barry George Kessler, M.B., Pangman, SaskatchewanMedal of Bravery
On August 30, 2004, Barry Kessler rescued a farmer from a fiery death, in Pangman, Saskatchewan. Mr. Kessler was in his field when he noticed smoke in the distance. As he approached the scene, he saw his neighbour slumped over the wheel of his burning tractor. Unable to get near the door due to the flames and heavy smoke, Mr. Kessler climbed onto the back of the machine and broke the cab's rear window. He grabbed the unconscious man under his arms and, after several attempts, managed to pull him out. After placing the victim on the rear fender of the tractor, he climbed down, slid the man onto the ground, and dragged him away to safety, saving the victim's life.
John "Jack" Eli Marsh Sr., M.B., Clarenville, Newfoundland and LabradorJohn "Johnny" Morris Marsh Jr., M.B., Clarenville, Newfoundland and LabradorMedal of Bravery
Mr. Marsh Sr. is unable to attend the ceremony.
On December 5, 2005, Jack Marsh and his son, Johnny Marsh, rescued two fishermen brothers during a severe storm at Smith's Sound, in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador. The victims were bringing in their loaded boat when the craft began to sink. One brother swam some 30 metres through metre-high waves to reach the shore, but the other, wearing heavy rain gear, was unable to swim against the wind. Noticing the scene from their boat, the Marsh father-and-son team opened up the throttle and, seconds later, were just a few metres away from the victim in the water. In a joint effort, they managed to hoist the man aboard. They then manoeuvred their boat along the rocky coast until they reached the second man and picked him up. Despite the extra weight aboard their boat, and the strong wind and wave action, they reached the safety of the shore some 20 minutes later.
Lisette Moar, M.B., St-Thomas de Joliette, QuebecMedal of Bravery
On November 20, 2004, Lisette Moar saved her daughter and her niece from a house fire, in St-Thomas de Joliette, Quebec. After safely escaping the burning house, Ms. Moar noticed that the children had not followed her outside. Without concern for her own safety, she re-entered the house and, crawling on her hands and knees, located the panicked girls halfway down the staircase. She dragged them downstairs and had almost made it outside when she collapsed. From the doorstep, her husband was able to provide assistance and complete the rescue.
Detective-Sergeant Maxime Paquette, M.B., Saint-Philippe, QuebecMedal of Bravery
On the night of January 18, 2006, while pursuing a suspect, Detective-Sergeant Maxime Paquette risked his life to save the man from a cliff in Saint-Constant, Quebec. Abandoning his vehicle, the suspect continued on foot and found himself in a quarry. He became trapped on a snow- and ice-covered cliff some 30 metres high; any move he made could have lead to a fatal fall. Detective-Sergeant Paquette, who had followed him, climbed down the rock face and joined the suspect on the cliff. With only two thin ropes held by two of his colleagues at the top of the cliff preventing him from falling, Detective-Sergeant Paquette grabbed the man under the arms, and fighting strong winds, rain and the cold, remained in that precarious position for over 45 minutes. Exhausted and almost ready to let go, Detective-Sergeant Paquette and the suspect were then rescued by firefighters and ambulance workers who had arrived at the scene.
RCMP Constable Sean Philip, M.B., Nanaimo, British ColumbiaMedal of Bravery
On November 26, 2004, Constable Sean Philip risked his life to rescue two men from drowning in the fast-flowing Nanaimo River in Cedar, British Columbia. The suspects, who were attempting to escape the police, fled their vehicle and entered the frigid waters, but soon found themselves in difficulty while attempting to swim to the other side of the river. Constable Philip immediately jumped into the water to assist the panicking men, who were succumbing to hypothermia and exhaustion. Fighting the strong current, he managed to swim to a first victim and pulled him back to shore. The other man disappeared under the surface and drowned before he could be rescued.
Mary Beatrice Roach, M.B., Cornwall, OntarioMedal of Bravery
On August 28, 1993, 13-year-old Mary Roach tried to prevent a friend from drowning in a small bay near the harbour in Cornwall, Ontario. The friend, who had been playing on the rocks near the water, fell in and was unable to pull himself out. Mary immediately jumped into the deep water, managed to grab his arm and began swimming back to shore. Exhausted and hampered by the strong current and profuse weeds, she was unable to hold onto him. When she reached shore, she rushed for help, which arrived quickly. Unfortunately, the victim could not be saved.
Wayne Alton Russell, M.B., Port Hope Simpson, Newfoundland and LabradorMedal of Bravery
On January 2, 2006, Wayne Russell rescued a friend whose snowmobile had broken through the ice, in the isolated community of William's Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador. Equipped with a rope, Mr. Russell drove his snowmobile towards his friend, but he too broke through the thin ice, twice. Both times, he managed to steer his machine back onto the frozen surface and kept himself from submerging in the freezing water. He eventually got close enough to throw the rope to secure the victim and pull him to safety. He then stayed with his friend until a boat came to rescue them both.
RCMP Constable Stephen William Vigor, M.B., Edmonton, Alberta Medal of Bravery
On March 3, 2005, Constable Stephen Vigor was instrumental in preventing a mentally unstable and heavily armed man from escaping a crime scene, in Mayerthorpe, Alberta. During a routine search of the suspect's rural property, Constable Vigor heard several firearm discharges coming from the Quonset hut where four of his partners had just entered. Seconds later, Constable Vigor encountered the heavily armed man coming out of the building. Without warning, the suspect aimed at him and fired two rounds, striking the police vehicle beside which Constable Vigor was standing. While another officer took cover in his car to call for assistance, Constable Vigor returned fire, hitting the suspect and forcing his retreat back into the Quonset. He maintained a watch until the arrival of backup. Tragically, the four other RCMP officers had been ambushed and killed by the suspect, who later took his own life.
Danielle Elyse Walker, M.B., Vanderhoof, British ColumbiaMedal of Bravery
On August 5, 2005, 16-year-old Danielle Walker put her life in danger to save her father, who was being attacked by a rampaging bull, on the family farm in Vanderhoof, British Columbia. When she saw her father being tossed around by the 1200 kg Red Angus bull, Ms. Walker ran from the safety of an abandoned house some 300 metres away to render assistance. She raced in and repeatedly punched the enraged animal on the snout to divert its attention from her seriously injured father, ducking behind trees for cover when the beast turned towards her. She continued distracting the animal with more punches until her father was able to crawl away. The bull paced back and forth menacingly before it finally backed down, allowing the father and daughter to escape to safety.
Krista Maria Wall, M.B., Fergus, OntarioMedal of Bravery
On January 5, 2005, while vacationing in the Dominican Republic, Krista Wall attempted to rescue an 11-year-old boy from drowning during an excursion on the Damajagua River. Realizing that the boy had been missing for several minutes and was most likely trapped in a strong whirlpool under a waterfall, Ms. Wall, although not a strong swimmer, tied a rope around her waist and plunged into the turbulent waters. She groped around in the rushing water until she felt the child's hand. She tried unsuccessfully to reach out to him, all the while fighting the undertow pulling her down. As she resurfaced to catch her breath, the young victim's lifeless body emerged to the surface. Bystanders pulled them both out of the water but, sadly, efforts to revive the young boy were in vain.
ANNEX D - Fact Sheet on Decorations for BraveryBACKGROUND
The Decorations for Bravery were created in 1972. They recognize poeple who risk their lives and choose to defy their own instinct of survival to try to save a loved one or a perfect stranger whose life is in immediate danger. Every year, countless incidents occur, fraught with a great deal of danger for the potential victims and rescuers. The three levels of bravery decorations reflect the degree to which the recipients put themselves at risk:
The Cross of Valour (C.V.), the civilian equivalent of the military's Victoria Cross, recognizes acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril;
the Star of Courage (S.C.), acts of conspicuous courage in circumstances of great peril;
the Medal of Bravery (M.B.), acts of bravery in hazardous circumstances.
ELIGIBILITY
Anyone is free to propose the name of a person who has risked injury or death in an attempt to rescue another person. The incident need not have taken place in Canada, and the rescuer need not be Canadian, but Canadians or Canadian interests must be involved. The decorations may be awarded posthumously.
Nominations must be made within two years of the incident, or within two years after a public entity, including a court, a quasi-judicial tribunal or a coroner, has concluded its review of the circumstances surrounding the incident or act of bravery.
For more information on the Decorations for Bravery and on the recipients of these awards, please visit http://www.gg.ca/honours/decorations/bra/index_e.asp .
