Quantum computing and technologies
Quantum computing is a new type of computing that uses the principles of quantum physics. It processes information in ways that are not possible with today’s computers.
Quantum technologies is a growing field, and one that could have significant impacts on government, organizations and critical infrastructure.
It encompasses a range of emerging technologies, including but not limited to quantum computers, quantum networking and quantum-based security approaches. Each technology serves a different purpose and is developing at its own pace.
Quantum computers
Quantum computers don’t rely on traditional computer chips. Instead, they perform calculations using the behaviours of tiny particles, such as atoms and photons.
This allows them to solve certain types of problems that are too complex for classical computers. Quantum computers are not faster versions of traditional computers. They are designed for specific tasks where classical approaches struggle or fail. Read this article on how quantum computers work (available only on the GC network).
Working quantum computers exist today, but they are still experimental and not yet practical for widespread use. As these technologies advance, they may also require different approaches to security and encryption.
Quantum networking
Quantum networking connects quantum devices so they can share and transmit quantum information. It relies on properties such as quantum entanglement, where particles become linked and share correlated behaviours, even across distances.
One of the most mature applications of quantum networking is quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses quantum principles to securely establish encryption keys between parties. The encrypted data itself is typically transmitted over conventional communication networks. A key advantage of QKD is that any attempt to intercept the key exchange can be detected.
Quantum networking also has the potential to support future applications such as distributed quantum computing and secure communications. It is an important building block for a future quantum Internet. Most quantum networking technologies are still at the research or pilot stage.
Risks associated with quantum computing
Quantum computing could enable major advances across many fields. However, it also introduces risks.
A sufficiently powerful quantum computer could break many of the cryptographic methods currently used to protect digital information. This could put personal data, financial systems, utilities, critical infrastructure and national security at risk.
Canada’s National Quantum Strategy states:
“Quantum technology advancements could put the security of digital data and systems at risk due to their potential to break many of the cryptographic mechanisms currently used to protect personal, research, commercial and government information. Encrypted information transmitted today can be stored to be compromised in the future by a powerful quantum computer. Quantum-safe solutions using quantum technologies or post-quantum cryptography can protect data against this threat.”
Post-quantum cryptography
Post-quantum cryptography refers to methods designed to protect information against future quantum computing threats.
Some approaches rely on quantum technologies themselves. For example, quantum key distribution (QKD) uses the laws of quantum physics to share encryption keys securely. Any attempt to intercept this communication changes the quantum state and reveals the intrusion.
Other approaches focus on new cryptographic algorithms that can run on today’s systems but are resistant to quantum-based attacks. Together, these solutions help ensure data remains secure as quantum technologies evolve.
Looking ahead
Although quantum computing is still limited today, more powerful and widely accessible systems are expected over time. Preparing for the opportunities and risks associated with quantum technologies is important for protecting digital systems in the future.
Learning more
Some resources are available for Canadians and GC workers to get to know quantum better.
Consult the overview of quantum science in Canada to understand Canada’s quantum sector and to get a list of resources, including:
- Canada’s National Quantum Strategy, which sets out three key missions to ensure Canada stays on the path of quantum innovation and leadership. It will help you understand Canada’s position on quantum
The Security Policy Implementation Notice on Migrating the Government of Canada to Post-Quantum Cryptography reinforces requirements under the Policy on Government Security and the Policy on Service and Digital to:
- mitigate the risks that quantum computers pose to the security of the cryptography used in Government of Canada (GC) services, systems and devices
- make measurable progress toward migration to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) within the GC
GC workers
The Canada School of Public Service developed this article for GC workers: Demystify Quantum Computing (DDN2-A54)