Listes des références : Lignes directrices pour la prévention et le contrôle des infections transmises par les appareils souples d’endoscopie digestive et de bronchoscopie

1

Canadian Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associations. Infection control: recommended guidelines in endoscopy settings. Canadian Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associations 1998;1-13.

2

Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee ( PIDAC). Best Practices For Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization In All Health Care Settings. 2006 Apr 30.

3

Nelson DB, Jarvis WR, Rutala WA, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Isenburg G, Dash GP, et al. Multi-society guideline for reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003 Jul;24:532-7.

4

Alvarado CJ, Reichelderfer M. APIC guideline for infection prevention and control in flexible endoscopy. Am J Infect Control 2000 Apr;28:135-55.

5

British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy. BSG Guidelines For Decontamination of Equipment for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy; 2003.

6

SGNA Practice Committee. Standards of Infection Control in Reprocessing of Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopes. Chicago, IL: SGNA Headquarters; 2008.

7

ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Banerjee S, Chen B, Nelson DB, et al. ASGE STANDARDS OF PRACTICE COMMITTEE, Banerjee S, Shen B, Nelson DB, Lichtenstein DR, Baron TH, Anderson MA, Dominitz JA, Gan SI, Harrison ME, Ikenberry SO, Jagannath SB, Fanelli RD, Lee K, van Guilder T, Stewart LE. Infection control during GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 May;67:781-90.

8

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Oak Brook, IL: American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; 1995 Dec.

9

Mehta AC, Prakash UBS, Garland R, Haponik E, Moses L, Schaffner W, et al. American College of Chest Physicians and American Association for Bronchology Consensus Statement: Prevention of Flexible Bronchoscopy-Associated Infection. Chest 2005 Sep 1;128:1742-55.

10

Cowen AE. Guidelines: Infection Control in Endoscopy (2nd Edition). Jones D, Wardle E, editors. Australian Journal of Rural Health [2nd Edition], 1-115. 2003. Australia, Gastroenterological Society of Australia.

11

Canadian Standards Association. Decontamination of Reusable Medical Devices. Mississauga, Ontario; 2008. Report No.: Z314.8-08.

12

Public Health Agency of Canada (formerly Health Canada). Infection control guidelines for hand washing, cleaning, disinfection and sterilization in health care. Part of the Infection Control Guidelines Series. 1998. Report No.: 24S8.

13

Public Health Agency of Canada (formerly Health Canada). Infection control guidelines: Routine practices and apitional precautions for preventing the transmission of infection in health care. 1999. Report No.: 25S4.

14

Spaulding EH. Studies on the chemical sterilization of surgical instruments. I. A Bacteriological Evaluation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1939;69:738-44.

15

Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. Guidelines for the use of high-level disinfectants and sterilants for reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. In: Abrutyn E, Goldmann DA, Scheckler WE, editors. Saunders Infection Control Reference Service: The Experts' Guide to the Guidelines. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001. p. 402-7.

16

DiMarino AJ, Leung J, Ravich W, Wolf D, Zuckerman G, Zuccaro G. Reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Gastro Endosc 1996;43:540-6.

17

Schembre DB. Infectious complications associated with gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endosc Clin N Am 2000;10:215-32.

18

Botoman VA, Surawicz CM. Bacteremia with gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 1986;32:342-6.

19

Nelson DB. Infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Lab Clin Med 2003 Mar;141:159-67.

20

Hirota WK, Petersen K, Baron TH, Goldstein JL, Jacobson BC, Leighton JA, et al. Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastro Endosc 2003 Oct;58:475-82.

21

Spach DH, Silverstein FE, Stamm WE. Transmission of infection by gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Ann Intern Med 1993 Jan 15;118:117-28.

22

Joshi N, Localio AR, Hamory BH. A predictive risk index of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Am J Med 1992 Aug;93:135-42.

23

Corne P, Godreuil S, Jean-Pierre H, Jonquet O, Campos J, Jumas-Bilak E, et al. Unusual implication of biopsy forceps in outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and pseudo-infections related to bronchoscopy. J Hosp Infect 2005 Sep;61:20-6.

24

Kirschke DL, Jones TF, Craig AS, Chu PS, Mayernick GG, Patel JA, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens contamination associated with a manufacturing defect in brochoscopes. N Eng J Med 2003 Jan 16;348:214-20.

25

Srinivasan A, Wolfenden LL, Song X, Mackie K, Hartsell TL, Jones HD, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with flexible bronchoscopes. N Eng J Med 2003 Jan 16;348:221-7.

26

Davis CP. Normal flora. Medical Microbioly. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingston; 1991. p. 123-31.

27

Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Bapour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007 Oct 9;116:1736-54.

28

Ishino Y, Ido K, Sugano K. Contamination with hepatitis B virus DNA in gastrointestinal endoscope channels: risk of infection on reuse after on-site cleaning. Endoscopy 2005;37:548-51.

29

Alfa MJ, Sitter DL. In-hospital evaluation of contamination of duodenoscopes: a quantitative assessment of the effect of drying. J Hosp Infect 1991;19:89-98.

30

Classen DC, Jacobson JA, Burke JP, Jacobson JT, Evans RS. Serious PSeudomonas infections associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Am J Med 1988 Mar;84(3 (pt2)):590-6.

31

Birnie CG, Quigley EM, Clements GB, Follet EAC, Watkinson G. Endoscopic transmission of hepatitis B virus. Gut 1983;24:171-4.

32

Singh S, Singh N, Kochhar R, Mehta SK, Talwar P. Contamination of an endoscope due to Trichosporon beigelli. J Hosp Infect 1989;14:49-53

33

Doherty DE. Pseudomonas aeuruginosa sepsis following retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Dig Dis Sci 1982;27:169-70.

34

Schelenz S, French G. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection associated with contamination of bronchoscopes and an endoscope washer-disinfector. J Hosp Infect 2000 Sep;46:23-30.

35

Pang J, Perry P, Ross A, Forbes GM. Bacteria-free rinse water for endoscope disinfection. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:402-6.

36

Mitchell DH, Hicks LJ, Chiew R, Montanaro JC, Chen SC. Pseudoepidemic of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 associated with contaminated bronchoscopes. J Hosp Infect 1997;37:19-23.

37

Allen JI, O'Connor Allen M, Olson MM, Gerding DN, Shanholtzer CJ, Meier PB, et al. Pseudomonas infection of the biliary system resulting from use of a contaminated endoscope. Gastroenterology 1987 Mar;92:759-63.

38

Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. Standards for infection control and reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. In: Abrutyn E, Goldmann DA, Scheckler WE, editors. Saunders Infection Control Reference Service: The Experts' Guide to the Guidelines. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001. p. 408-12.

39

Earnshaw JJ. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeuruginosa following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. J-Hosp-Infect 1985;6:95-7.

40

Chanzy B, Duc-Bin DL, Rousset B, Morand P, Morel-Baccard C, Marchetti B, et al. Effectiveness of a manual disinfection procedure in eliminating hepatitis C virus from experimentally contaminated endoscopes. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:147-51.

41

Bond WW, Favero MS, Petersen NJ. Inactivation of hepatitis B virus by intermediate-to-high level disinfectant chemicals. J Clin Microbiol 1983;18:535-8.

42

Hanson PJ, Jeffries DJ, Collins JV. Viral transmission and fibreoptic endoscopy. J Hosp Infect 1991;18:136-40.

43

Hanson PJV, Gor D, Jeffries DJ, Collins JV. Elimination of high titre HIV from fiberoptic endoscopes. Gut 1990;31:657-9.

44

Spach DH, Silverstein FE, Stamm WE. Transmission of infection by gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:117-28.

45

Cowen AE. The clinical risks of infection associated with endoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2001;15:321-31.

46

Nelson DB, Muscarella LF. Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2006 Jul 7;12:3953-64.

47

Bronowicki J-P, Venard V, Botté C, Monhoven N, Gastin I, Choné L, et al. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus during colonoscopy. N Eng J Med 1997 Jul 24;337:237-40.

48

Le Pogam S, Gondeau A, Bacq Y. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 1999 Nov 16;131:794.

49

Labus B, Sands L, Rowley P, Azzam IA, Holmberg S, et al. Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infections Attributed to Unsafe Injection Practices at an Endoscopy Clinic - Nevada, 2007. MMWR 2008;57:513-7.

50

Ciancio A, Manzini P, Castagno F, D'Antico S, Reynaudo P, Coucourde L, et al. Digestive endoscopy is not a major risk factor for transmitting hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:903-9.

51

Verbaan H, Molnegren V, Pentmo I, Rubin L, Widell A. Prospective Study of Nosocomial Transmission of Hepatitis C in a Swedish Gastroenterology Unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:83-5.

52

Mikhail NN, Lewis DL, Omar N, et al. Prospective study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C-prevalent population. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;65:584-8.

53

Lo Passo C, Pernice I, Celeste A. Transmission of trichosporon asahii oesophagitis by a contaminated endoscope. Mycoses 2001;44:13-21.

54

Nicolle LE, McLeod J, Romance L, Parker S, Paraskevas M. Pseudo-outbreak of blastomycosis associated with contaminated bronchoscopes [letter]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:324.

55

Sugiyama T, Naka H, Yachi A, Asaka M. Direct evidence by DNA fingerprinting that endoscopic cross-infection of Helicobacter pylori is a cause of postendoscopic acute gastritis. Gastroenterology 2000;38:2381-2.

56

Patient-to-patient transmission of Campylobacter pylori infection by fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy. J Infect Dis 1990;161:507-11.

57

Fraser T, Reiner S, Malczynski M, Yarnold PR, Warren J. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: failure of routine endoscope cultures to prevent an outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:856-9.

58

Dwyer DM, Klein EG, Lstre GR, Robinson MG, Neumann DA, McCoy GA. Salmonella newport infections transmitted by fiberoptic colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1987;33:84-7.

59

Wheeler PW, Lancaster D, Kaiser AB. Bronchopulmonary cross-colonization and infection related to mycobacterial contamination of suction valves of bronchoscopes. J Infect Dis 1989 May;159:954-8.

60

Ramsey AH, Oemig TV, Davis JP, Massey JP, Torok TJ. An Outbreak of Bronchoscopy-Related Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections Due to Lack of Bronchoscope Leak Testing. Chest 2002 Mar 1;121:976-81.

61

Mandelstam P, Sugawa C, Silvis SE, Nebel OT, Rogers BHG. Complications associated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and with esophageal dilation. Gastro Intest Endosc 1976;23:16-9.

62

Goldstein B, Abrutyn E. Pseudo-outbreak of Bacillus species: related to fibreoptic bronchoscopy. J-Hosp-Infect 1985;6:194-200.

63

Kolmos HJ. Pseudo outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in HIV patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:653-7.

64

Cox R, deBorja K, Bach MC. A pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infections related to bronchoscopy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:136-7.

65

Rossetti R, Lencioni P, Innoenti F, Tortoli E. Pseudoepidemic from mycobacterium gordonae due to a contaminated automatic bronchoscope washing machine. Am J Infect Control 2002 May;30:196-7.

66

Silva CV, Magalhaes VD, Pereira CR, Kawagoe JY, Ikura C, Ganc AJ. Pseudo-outbreak of pseudomonas aeruginosa and serratia marcescens related to bronchoscopes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003 Mar;24:195-7.

67

Wilson SJ, Everts RJ, Kirkland KB, Sexton DJ. A pseudo-outbreak of Aureobasidium species lower respiratory tract infections caused by reuse of single-use stopcocks during bronchoscopy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000 Jul;21:470-2.

68

Lin SK, Lambert JR, Schembri MA, Nicholson L, Korman MG. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in endoscopy and medical staff. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994;9:319-24.

69

Chong J, Marshall BJ, Barkin JS, McCallum RW, Reiner DK, Hoffman SR, et al. Occupational exposure to Helicobacter pylori for the endoscopy professional: a sera epidemiological study. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1987-92.

70

Mitchell HM, Lee A, Carrick J. Increased incident of Campylobacter pylori infection in gastroenterologists: further evidence to support person-to-person transmission of C. pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:396-400.

71

Pristautz H, Eherer A, Brezinschek R, Truschnig-Wilders M, Petritsch W, Schreiber F, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in the serum of gastroenterologists in Austria. Endoscopy 1994;26:690-6.

72

Not listed. Concise clinical studies - parasitic pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;126:559-62.

73

Benter T, Kluhs L, Teichgraber UK, Riechert F, Ludwig WD, Dorken B. Need for safety goggles for endoscopy. Endoscopy 2003;35:803.

74

Haywood AM. Mechanisms of disease: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Eng J Med 1997;337:1821-8.

75

Public Health Agency of Canada. Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Canada - Quick Reference Guide 2007. 2007.

76

Health Canada. Infection control guidelines for classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in Canada. Part of the Infection Control Guidelines Series. 2002 Nov.

77

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Managing the risk of nosocomial transmission of prion diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002;15:421-5.

78

World Health Organization DoCDSaR. WHO infection control guidelines for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: Report of the WHO consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 23-26 March 1999. 2000. Report No.: WHO/CDS/CRS/APH/2000.3.

79

Bramble MG, Ironside JW. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: implications for gastroenterology. Gut 2004;888-90.

80

Axon ATR, Beilenhoff U, Bramble MG, Ghosh S, Kruse A, McDonnell GE, et al. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2001;33:1070-80.

81

Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization of Prion-Contaminated Medical Instruments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:107-17.

82

Bramble MG, Ironside JW. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: implications for gastroenterology. Gut 2002;50:888-90.

83

Jansen GH, Voll CL, Robinson CA, Gervais R, Sutcliffe T, Giulivi A. First case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Canada. CCDR 2003;29:117-20.

84

Kaczmarek RG, Moore RM, Jr., McCrohan J, Goldmann DA, Reynolds C, Caquelin C, et al. Multi-state investigation of the actual disinfection/sterilization of endoscopes in health care facilities. Am J Med 1992;92:257-61.

85

Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Reprocessing endoscopes: United States perspective. J Hosp Infect 2004;56:S27-S39.

86

Alfa M, Degagne P, Olson N. Worst-case soiling levels for patient-used flexible endoscopes before and after cleaning. AJIC 2007;27:392-401.

87

MacKay WG, Leanord AT, Williams CL. Water, water everywhere nor any a sterile drop to rinse your endoscope. J Hosp Infect 2002;51:256-61.

88

Vickery K, Pajkos A, Cossart YE. Removal of biofilm from endoscopes: evaluation of detergent efficiency. Am J Infect Control 2004;32:170-6.

89

Marion K, Freney J, James G, Bergeron E, Renaud FN, Costerton JW. Using an efficient biofilm detaching agent: an essential step for the improvement of endoscope reprocessing protocols. J-Hosp-Infect 2006;64:136-42.

90

Alvarado CJ, Reichelderfer M. APIC guideline for infection prevention and control in flexible endoscopy. In: Abrutyn E, Goldmann DA, Scheckler WE, editors. Infection Control Reference Service. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001. p. 1490-503.

91

AORN. Recommended practices for cleaning and processing endoscopes and endoscope accessories. AORN J 2003;77:434-41.

92

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Lessons from outbreaks associated with bronchoscopy. J Hosp Infect 2001;22:403-8.

93

Alfa MJ, Olson N, Degagne P, Jackson M. A survey of reprocessing methods, residual viable bioburden, and soil levels in patient-ready endoscopic retrograde choliangiopancreatography duodenoscopes used in Canadian centres. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:198-206.

94

SGNA. Reprocessing of endoscope accessories and valves. Gastroenterol Nurs 2006;29:394-5.

95

Alfa MJ, Olson N, Degagne P. Automated washing with the Reliance Endoscope Processing System and its equivalence to optimal manual cleaning. AJIC 2006;34:561-70.

96

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Prevention of Infection During Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Consensus Conference. Multi-society guideline for reporcessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Gastro Intest Endosc 2003;58:1-7.

97

Bignardi G. An obstacle too many. J Hosp Infect 2002;51:240.

98

SGNA Practice Committee. Guideline for Use of High Level Disinfectants & Sterilants for Reprocessing Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopes. Chicago IL: Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates, Inc.; 2007.

99

West AB, Kuan S-F, Bennick M, Lagarde S. Glutaraldehyde Colitis Following Endoscopy: Clinical and Pathological Features and Investigation of an Outbreak. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1250-5.

100

Cronmiller JR, Nelson DK, Salman G, Jackson DK, Dean RS, Hsu JJ, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of endoscopic disinfection procedures: a controlled, multifactorial investigation. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:152-8.

101

Manitoba Advisory Committee on Infectious Diseases. Guideline for infection prevention and control in endoscopy. 2000.

102

Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Disinfection of endoscopes: review of new chemical sterilants used for high-level disinfection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:69-76.

103

Collins FM. Kinetics of the tuberculocidal response by alkaline glutaraldehyde in solution and on an inert surface. J Appl Bacteriol 1986;61:87-93.

104

Urayama S, Kozarek RA, Sumida S, Raltz S, Merriam L, Pethigal P. Mycobacteria and glutaraldehyde: is high-level disinfection of endoscopes possible. Gastro Endosc 1996;43:451-6.

105

Jackson J, Leggett JE, Wilson D, Gilbert DN. Mycobacterium gordonae in fiberoptic bronchoscopes. Am J Infect Control 1996;24:19-23.

106

No author listed. Choosing a low-temperature sterilization technology. Health Devices 1999;28:430-55.

107

Alfa MJ, DeGagne P, Olson N, Puchalski T. Comparison of ion plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, and 100% ethylene oxide sterilizers to the 12/88 ethylene oxide gas sterilizer. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:92-100.

108

Alfa MJ, Degagne P, Olson N, Hizon R. Comparison of liquid chemical sterilization with peracetic acid and ethylene oxide sterilization for long narrow lumens. Am J Infect Control 1998;26:469-77.

109

Rutula WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. Comparative evaluation of the sporicidal activity of new low-temperature sterilization technologies: ethylene oxide, 2 plasma sterilization systems, and liquid peracetic acid. Am J Infect Control 1998;26:393-8.

110

Penna TC, Ferraz CA, Cassola MA. The presterilization microbial load on used medical devices and the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide gas plasma against Bacillus subtilis spores. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:465-72.

111

Kanemitsu K, Imasaka T, Ishikawa S, Kunishima H, Harigae H, Ueno K, et al. A Comparative Study of Ethylene Oxide Gas, Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma, and Low-Temperature Steam Formaldehyde Sterilization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:486-9.

112

Mendes GC, Brandão TR, Silva CL. Ethylene oxide sterilization of medical devices: a review. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:574-81.

113

IARC Working Group. Ethylene oxide. 1994.

114

Canadian Standards Association. Installation, ventilation, and safe use of ethylene oxide sterilizers in health care facilities (Z314.9-01). Toronto, On: CSA International; 2001 Jan. Report No.: Z314.9-01.

115

Kyi MS, Holton J, Ridgway GL. Assessment of the efficacy of a low temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization system. J Hosp Infect 1995;31:275-84.

116

Alfa MJ. Plasma-based sterilization: the challenge of narrow lumens. Infection Control and Sterilization Technology 1996;19-24.

117

Rutula WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. Sporicidal activity of a new low-temperature sterilization technology: the Sterrad 50 sterilizer. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;20:514-6.

118

Bar W, Marquez de Bar G, Naumann A, Rusch-Gerdes S. Contamination of bronchoscopes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and successful sterilization by low-temperature hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization. AJIC 2001;29:306-11.

119

Okpara-Hofman J, Knoll M, Dürr M, Schmitt B, Borneff-Lipp M. Comparison of low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization for endoscopes using various Sterrad models. J Hosp Infect 2005;59:280-5.

120

Rutula WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. CDC (Dept of Health and Human Services USA); 2008.

121

Canadian Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for the Reduction of Ethylene Oxide Releases from Sterilization Applications. 2005.

122

Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates IPC. Standards of infection control in reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Chicago, IL: Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates,Inc.Practice Committee; 2000.

123

Nelson DB, Bosco JJ, Curtis WD, Faigel DO, Kelsey PB, Laing K, et al. Automatic endoscope reprocessors. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:925-7.

124

Health Canada. Alert Medical Devices: REVISION TO M.D.A. No. 112: Infections from Endoscopes Inadequately Reprocessed by Automatic Endoscope Reprocessing Units. Health Canada 2000;M.D.A. No. 114:1-7.

125

Feigal DW, Hughes J. FDA and CDC public health advisory: Infections from endoscopes inadequately reprocessed by an automated endoscope reprocessing system. 1-5. 2002.

126

Sorin M, Segal-Maurer S, Mariano N, Urban C, Combest A, Rahal JJ. Nosocomial transmission of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa following bronchoscopy associated with improper connection to the Steris System 1 processor. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:409-13.

127

CDC. Bronchoscopy-related infections and pseudoinfections. MMWR 1999;48:557-60.

128

Canadian Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. Use Of Reusable Medical Devices - Recommended Guidelines in Endoscopy Settings. Canadian Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates 2007;1-5.

129

Alfa MJ. Methodology of reprocessing reusable accessories. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2000;10:361-78.

130

Polisena J, Hailey D, Moulton K, Noorani HZ, Jacobs P, Ries N, et al. Reprocessing and Reuse of Single-Use Medical Devices: A National Survey of Canadian Acute-Care Hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:437-9.

131

Canadian Healthcare Association. The reuse of single-use medical devices: guidelines for healthcare facilities. Ottawa: CHA Press; 1996.

132

Medical Devices Canada. The reuse of single use medical devices. 1. 1998.

133

Rizzo J, Bernstein D, Gress F. A performance, safety and cost comparison of reusable and disposable endoscopic biopsy forceps: a prospective, randomized trial. Gastro Endosc 2000;57:257-6.

134

Shiba M, Higuchi K, Fujiwara Y, Tominaga K, Watanabe T, Itani A, et al. Risk associated with reprocessed reusable endoscopic instruments. AJG 2001;96:3465-7.

135

Moses FM, Lee J. Surveillance Cultures to Monitor Qulaity of Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing. AJG 2003;98:77-81.

136

Leung JW. Reprocessing of flexible endoscopes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15:G73-G77.

137

Mayinger B, Strenkert M, Hochberger J, Martus P, Kunz B, Hahn EG. Disposable-sheath, flexible gastroscope system versus standard gastroscopes: a prospective, randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:461-7.

138

Bretthauer M, Hoff G, Thiis-Evensen E, Grotmol T, Larsen IK, Kjellevold O, et al. Use of a disposable sheath system for flexible sigmoidoscopy in decentralized colorectal cancer screening. Endoscopy 2002;34:814-8.

139

Colt HG, Beamis JJ, Harrell JH, Mathur PM. Novel flexible bronchoscope and single-use disposable-sheath endoscope system. A preliminary technology evaluation. Chest 2000;118:183-7.

140

Nelson DB, Bosco JJ, Curtin WD, Faigel DO, Kelsey PB, Leung JW, et al. Technology status evaluation: sheathed endoscopes. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:862-4.

141

Whitlock WL, Dietrich RA, Steimke EH, Tenholder MF. Rhodotorula rubra contamination in fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Can Hosp 1992;102:1516-9.

142

Pineau L, Villard E, Duc DL, Marchetti B. Endoscope drying/storage cabinet: interest and efficacy. J Hosp Infect 2008;68:59-65.

143

Rejchrt S, Cermak P, Pavlatova EM, Bures J. Bacteriologic testing of endoscopes after high level disinfection. Gastro Endosc 2004;60:76-8.

144

Riley R, Beanland C, Bos H. Establishing the shelf life of flexible colonoscopes. Gastroenterology Nursing 2002;25:114-9.

145

Vergis AS, Thomson D, Pieroni P, Dhalla S. Reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes after a period of disuse: is it necessary? Endoscopy 2007;39:737-9.

146

Osborne S, Reynolds S, George N, Lindemayer F, Gill A, Chalmers M. Challenging endoscopy reprocessing guidelines: a prospective study investigating the safe shelf life of flexible endoscopes in a tertiary gastroenterology unit. Endoscopy 2007;39:825-30.

147

No author listed. Hazard report. Storage of endoscopes in shipping cases continues to put patients at risk. Health Devices 2007;36:205-6.

148

Ramakrishna BS. Safety of technology: infection control standards in endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:361-8.

149

Spry C. Renewed interest in instrument cleaning. Surgical Services Management 2000;6:17-20.

150

Systchenko R, Marchetti B, Canard JN, Palazzo L, Ponchon T, Rey J-F, et al. Guidelines of the French Society of Digestive Endoscopy: recommendations for setting up cleaning and disinfection procedures in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2000;32:807-18.

151

Beilenhoff U, Neumann C, Rey J-F, Biering H, Blum R, Schmidt V, et al. ESGE-ESGENA guideline for quality assurance in reprocessing: microbiological surveillance testing in endoscopy. Endoscopy 2007;39:175-81.

152

Buss AJ, Been MH, Borgers RP, et al. Endoscope disinfection and its pitfalls-requirement for retrograde surveillance cultures. Endoscopy 2008;40:327-32.

153

Alfa MJ, Degagne P, Olson N. Worst-case soiling levels for patient-used flexible endoscopes before and after cleaning. Am J Infect Control 1999;27:392-401.

154

Obee PC, Griffith CJ, Cooper RA, Cooke RP, Bennion NE, Lewis M. Real-time monitoring in managing the decontamination of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:202-6.

155

Petrosillo N, Puro V, Jagger J, Ippolito G. The risks of occupational exposure and infection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in the dialysis setting. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:278-85.

156

CDC. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings Recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA hand hygiene task force. MMWR 2002;51:1-45.

157

Akyuz N, Ozbas A, Cavdar I. Safety of Personnel Working in Endoscopy Units. AORN 2007;85:181-7.

158

Satori M, et al. Transmission of hepatitis c via blood splash into conjunctiva. Scand J Infect Dis 1993;25:270-1.

159

Mattner F, Tillmann H. Transmission of hepatitis C by blood splash into conjunctiva in a nurse. (Editiorial Comment). Am J Infect Control 2004;32:375-6.

160

World Health Organization. Hospital Infection Control Guidance for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). World Health Organ 2003;1-2.

161

Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee (PIDAC). Preventing Febrile Respiratory Illnesses: Protecting Patients and Staff. Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2006; 2008. Report No.: Version 2.1.

162

Health Canada. Health Canada's Preparedness for and Response to Respiratory Infections Season and the Possible Re-emergence of SARS. Health Canada; 2004.

163

CDC. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Supplement I: Infection Control in Healthcare, Home, and Community Settings. Department of Health and Human Services; 2004. Report No.: Version 2.

164

Public Health Agency of Canada, National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Canadian immunization guide - 7th edition. 7 ed. 2006.

165

Public Health Agency of Canada (formerly Health Canada). Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in Canadian health care facilities and other institutional settings. 1996. Report No.: 22S1.

166

Cooke RP, Gopard SV, Whymant-Morris A, Sherwood J, Chatterly R. An evaluation of Cidex OPA (0.55% ortho-phthaladehyde) as an alternative to 2% glutaraldehyde for high-level disinfection of endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:226-31.

167

American Institute of Architects. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Facilities. Guidelines for Design and Construction - Hospital and Health Care Facilities. 2001 ed. American Institute of Architects; 2006.

168

Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Lung Association/Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Tuberculosis Standards 6th Edition. 2007. Report No.: 6th Edition.

169

MMWR. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. Report No.: vol 54.

170

Canadian Standards Association. Special requirements for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in health care facilities (Z317.2-01). Canadian Standards Association; 2003. Report No.: Z317.2-01.

171

Bettiker RL, Axelrod PI, Fekete T, St.John K, Truant A, Toney S, et al. Delayed recognition of a pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium terrae. Am J Infect Control 2006;34:343-7.

172

Jarvis W, Zaza S. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall CG, editor. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. 2nd ed. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999. p. 111-20.

173

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Lessons from outbreaks associated with bronchoscopy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:403-8.

174

Rutala WA, Weber DJ. How to assess risk of disease transmission to patients when there is a failure to follow recommended disinfection and sterilization guidelines. ICHE 2007;28:146-55.

175

Standards of Practice Committee, Banerjee S, Nelson DB, Dominitz JA, Ikenberry SO, Anderson MA, et al. Reprocessing failure. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;66:869-71.

176

CDC. Monitoring hospital-acquired infections to promote patient safety. MMWR 2000;49:149-53.

177

CDC. Public health focus: surveillance, prevention, and control of nosocomial infections. MMWR 1992;41:783-7.

178

Scheckler WE, Brimhall D, Buck AS, Farr BM, Friedman C, Garibaldi RA, et al. Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology in hospitals: a consensus panel report. Am J Infect Control 1998;26:47-60.

179

Lee RC, Berzins S, Alfieri N. Single-use device reuse risks. Can J Infect Control 2008;22:142, 144-6.

180

Kressel AB, Kip F. Pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae and Methylobacterium mesophilicum caused by contamination of an automated endoscopy washer. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:414-8.

181

Neale D. The common foot disorders: their nature and origins. In: Neale D, editor. Common foot disorders: diagnosis and management. A general clinical guide.New York: Churchill Livingston; 1989. p. 1-5.

182

Bryce EA, Walker M, Bevan C, Smith JA. Contamination of bronchoscopes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Can J Infect Control 1993;8:1183-5702.

183

Martiny H, Floss H, Zuhlsdorf B. The importance of cleaning for the overall results of processing endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2004;56:S16-S22.

184

Zuhlsdorf B, Kampf G. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an enzymatic cleaner and glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant for chemothermal processing of flexible endoscopes in washer-disinfectors in accordance with prEN ISO 15 883. Endoscopy 2006;38:586-91.

185

Ishino Y, Ido K, Koiwai H, Sugano K. Pitfalls in endoscope reprocessing: brushing of air and water channels is mandatory for high-lvel disinfection. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:165-8.

186

Hoffmann KK, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Pseudoepidemic of Rhodotorula rubra in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1989;10:511-4.

187

Rutala WA, APIC Guidelines Committee. APIC guidelines for selection and use of disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 1996;24:313-42.

188

Rashed K, Gibson J, Fairfax A, Masaon A, Francis J, Daggett P. Legionnaires' disease in Stafford: management of an epidemic. Lancet 1986;1:197-9.

189

Lee RM, Kozarek RA, Sumida SE, Raltz SL. Risk of contamination of sterile biopsy forceps in disinfected endoscopes. Gastro Endosc 1998;47:377-81.

190

Alfa MJ, Sitter DL. In-hospital evaluation of orthophtalaldehyde as a high level disinfectant for flexible endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 1994;26:15-26.

191

Cronmiller JR, Nelson DK, Jackson DK, Kim CH. Efficacy of conventional endoscopic disinfection and sterilization methods against Helicobacter pylori contamination. Helicobacter 1999;4:198-203.

192

Foliente RL, Kovacs BJ, Aprecio RM, Bains HJ, Kettering JD, Chen YK. Efficacy of high-level disinfectants for reprocessing GI endoscopes in simulated-use testing. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:456-62.

193

Sattar SA, Taylor YE, Paquette M, Rubino J. In-hospital evaluation of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide as a disinfectant for flexible endoscopes. Can J Infect Control 1996;11:51-4.

194

Kovacs BJ, Aprecio RM, Kettering JD, Chen YK. Efficacy of various disinfectants in killing a resitant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by comparing zones of inhibitions: implications for endoscopic equipment reprocessing. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 1998 Jul 22;93:2057-9.

195

Bou R, Aguilar J, Perpinan J, Ramos P, Peris M, Lorente L, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections related to a flexible bronchoscope. J-Hosp-Infect 2006;64:129-35.

196

Griffiths PA, Babb JR, Bredley CR, Fraise AP. Glutaraldehyde-resistant Mycobacterium chelonae from endoscope washer disinfectors. J Appl Microbiol 1997;82:519-28.

197

Imbert G, Seccia Y, La Scola B. Methylobacteriun sp. bacteraemia due to a contaminated endoscope. J Hosp Infect 2005;61:268-70.

198

Hagan ME, Klotz SA, Bartholomew W, Potter L, Nelson M. A pseudoepidemic of Rhodotorula rubra: a marker for microbial contamination of the bronchoscope. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:727-8.

199

Muscarella LF. Inconsistencies in endoscope-reprocessing and infection-control guidelines: the importance of endoscope drying. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2147-54.

200

Rothstein RI, Littenberg B. Disposable, sheathed, flexible sigmoidoscopy: a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial. Gastro Endosc 1995;41:566-72.

201

Jung M, Beilenhoff U, Pietsch M, Kraft B, Rippin G. Standardized Reprocessing of Reusable Colonoscopy Biopsy Forceps is Effective: Results of a German Multicenter Study. Endoscopy 2003;35:197-202.

202

Riley RG, Beanland CJ, Polglase AL. Extending the shelf-life of decontaminated flexible colonoscopes [4]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;18:1004-5.

203

Canadian Lung Association, Canadian Thoracic Society, Health Canada. Canadian Tuberculosis Standards 5th Edition. Canadian Tuberculosis Standards 2000;5th Edition:1-253.

204

Public Health Agency of Canada (formerly Health Canada). Infection control guideline for preventing the transmission of bloodborne pathogens in health care and public services settings. Part of the Infection Control Guidelines Series. 1997. Report No.: 23S3.

205

Vanhems P, Gayet-Ageron A, Ponchon T, Bernet C, Chayvialle JA, Chemorin C, et al. Follow-up and Management of Patients Exposed to a Flawed Automated Endoscope Washer-Disinfector in a Digestive Diseases Unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:89-92.

206

Tunuguntla A, Sullivan MJ. Monitoring quality of flexible endoscope disinfection by microbiologicsurveillance cultures. Tenn Med 2004;97:453-6.

207

Rey J-F. Endoscopic disinfection. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999;28:291-7.

208

Muscarella LF. Application of environmental sampling to flexible endoscope reprocessing: the importance of monitoring the rinse water. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:285-9.

209

American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard practice for cleaning and disinfection of flexible fiberoptic and video endoscopes used in the examination of the hollow viscera. 1994. Report No.: F1518-00.

210

Canadian Standards Association. Effective sterilization in health care facilities by the steam process (Z314.3-01). Toronto, On: CSA International; 2001. Report No.: Z314.3-01.

211

Alfa M. Flexible endoscope reprocessing: staffing training verificaiton to ensure reproducibility. Infect Control Steriliz Tech 1999:9-20.

212

Health Canada. Evidence-based medicine. CCDR 1994;20:145-56.