Archived - The Fiscal Monitor - January 2022

Highlights

January 2022

There was a budgetary deficit of $5.2 billion in January 2022, compared to a deficit of $20.0 billion in January 2021. The budgetary deficit before net actuarial losses was $4.3 billion, compared to a deficit of $18.7 billion in the same period of 2020–21. The budgetary balance before net actuarial losses is intended to supplement the traditional budgetary balance and improve the transparency of the government’s financial reporting by isolating the impact of the amortization of net actuarial losses arising from the revaluation of the government’s pension and other employee future benefit plans.

As expected, the government’s 2021–22 financial results show a marked improvement compared to the peak of the COVID-19 crisis reached in early 2020–21, and the unprecedented level of temporary COVID-19 response measures at the time. That said, they continue to reflect challenging economic conditions, including the impact of continuing restrictions, and the remaining temporary COVID-19 Economic Response Plan supports in 2021–22.

Compared to January 2021:

• Revenues increased by $7.8 billion, or 27.7 per cent, on a year-over-year basis, due to improvements in all components.
• Program expenses excluding net actuarial losses were down $6.9 billion, or 15.2 per cent, largely reflecting decreased transfers under the COVID-19 Economic Response Plan, including the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS) and Canada Recovery Benefits.  
• Public debt charges were up $0.2 billion, or 13.1 per cent, reflecting higher interest on the government's pension and other employee future benefit obligations, higher interest on marketable bonds, and higher Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds.
• Net actuarial losses were down $0.4 billion, or 33.0 per cent, reflecting the amortization of a decrease in the government’s obligations for pensions and other employee future benefits based on actuarial valuations prepared for the Public Accounts of Canada 2021. This decrease is due to a year-over-year increase in year-end interest rates used in valuing these obligations.     

April 2021 to January 2022

The government posted a budgetary deficit of $75.3 billion for the April to January period of the 2021–22 fiscal year, compared to a deficit of $268.2 billion reported for the same period of 2020–21. The budgetary deficit before net actuarial losses was $66.7 billion, compared to a deficit of $255.3 billion in the April to January period of 2020–21.

Compared to 2020–21:

• Revenues were up $78.4 billion, or 33.3 per cent, primarily reflecting higher tax revenues and other revenues.
• Program expenses excluding net actuarial losses were down $113.7 billion, or 24.0 per cent, largely reflecting lower transfers to individuals, businesses, and other levels of government under the Economic Response Plan.
• Public debt charges increased by $3.5 billion, or 20.4 per cent, primarily driven by higher Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds and higher interest on the government's pension and other employee future benefit obligations. Interest on marketable bonds also increased compared to the prior year, but was offset by a decrease in interest on treasury bills.
• Net actuarial losses decreased by $4.2 billion, or 33.0 per cent, reflecting a decrease in the measurement of the government's obligations for pensions and other employee future benefits based on the government’s latest actuarial valuations. This decrease reflects higher prevailing interest rates at the end of 2020–21 used in valuing these obligations.

Revenues

Revenues have been affected by the economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis and by measures introduced under the government’s Economic Response Plan, including tax deferrals and the one-time Goods and Services Tax (GST) credit payment offered in 2020–21. However, due to challenges in isolating these impacts from underlying economic activity, it is not possible to provide an accurate measure of the impact of COVID-19 on federal revenues.

Revenues in January 2022 totalled $35.9 billion, up $7.8 billion, or 27.7 per cent, from January 2021.

• Tax revenues increased by $5.3 billion, or 21.7 per cent, reflecting broad-based improvement compared to the same period in 2020–21, when COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns continued to weigh on revenues.
• Employment Insurance (EI) premium revenues were up $0.2 billion, or 6.7 per cent.
• Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework were up $0.1 billion, or 22.5 per cent.
• Other revenues, consisting of enterprise Crown corporations’ net profits, sales of goods and services, returns on investments and net foreign exchange revenues, were up $2.2 billion, or 453.5 per cent, from January 2021. This increase largely reflects higher profits from enterprise Crown corporations, including Bank of Canada profits related to its secondary market purchases of Government of Canada securities to support liquidity in financial markets. Under public sector accounting standards, premiums paid on bond purchases by the Bank of Canada are expensed immediately. Whereas premiums more than offset interest earnings on the securities in 2020–21, premiums paid have since decreased and interest earnings have increased.

Revenues for the April to January period of 2021–22 totalled $314.2 billion, up $78.4 billion, or 33.3 per cent, from the same period in 2020–21.

• Tax revenues increased by $52.3 billion, or 24.1 per cent, compared to the same period in 2020–21, when COVID-19 resulted in the shutdown of large portions of the economy and government support measures such as the one-time enhanced GST credit payment. In addition, the financial sector contribution has improved significantly. For its part, the federal portion of assessed cannabis excise duties increased by $48 million to $130 million over the April to January period.
• EI premium revenues were up $1.0 billion, or 6.2 per cent, reflecting better labour market conditions.
• Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework were up $1.4 billion, or 44.1 per cent, reflecting higher carbon pollution pricing and consumption in 2021.
• Other revenues were up $23.8 billion, from -$1.1 billion in 2020–21 to $22.6 billion in 2021–22, largely reflecting higher Bank of Canada profits.

Expenses

Program expenses have been significantly affected by spending measures under the Economic Response Plan, including the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB), CEWS, Canada Recovery Benefits, and the Canada Emergency Business Account (CEBA) repayment incentive. Further information regarding these measures is provided below.

Program expenses excluding net actuarial losses in January 2022 were $38.2 billion, down $6.9 billion, or 15.2 per cent, from January 2021.

• Major transfers to persons, consisting of elderly benefits, EI benefits, COVID-19 income support for workers, and children’s benefits, were down $3.7 billion or 24.5 per cent.
  • Elderly benefits increased by $0.3 billion, or 5.6 per cent, reflecting changes in consumer prices to which benefits are fully indexed, and growth in the number of recipients.
  • EI benefits decreased by $1.9 billion, or 36.4 per cent, reflecting improved labour market conditions.
  • COVID-19 income support for workers, which includes Canada Recovery Benefits, the Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit, and CERB payments to individuals processed outside of the EI Operating Account, decreased $2.1 billion, or 74.4 per cent, largely reflecting the wind-down of the Canada Recovery Benefit.
  • Children’s benefits were up $45 million, or 2.2 per cent.
• Major transfers to other levels of government were down $0.2 billion, or 2.8 per cent, largely reflecting transfers under the Safe Return to Class Fund in the previous year. This decrease was partly offset by transfers to provinces and territories in the current year as part of the Canada-wide early learning and child care plan.  
• Direct program expenses were down $3.0 billion, or 13.0 per cent. Within direct program expenses:
  • Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework returned were unchanged from January 2021.
  • CEWS payments decreased by $6.2 billion, or 87.5 per cent, reflecting declines in the number of eligible employees and the average subsidy per employee.
  • Other transfer payments increased by $1.6 billion, or 19.4 per cent, reflecting a number of factors, including increased transfers under the Rapid Housing Initiative, to Indigenous peoples, and in support of students.  
  • Operating expenses of the government’s departments, agencies, and consolidated Crown corporations and other entities increased by $1.5 billion, or 20.7 per cent, largely driven by an increase in public health expenses.

Public debt charges increased $0.2 billion, or 13.1 per cent, largely due to higher interest on the government's pension and other employee future benefit obligations, higher interest on marketable bonds, and higher Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds.

Net actuarial losses, which represent the amortization of changes in the value of the government’s obligations for pensions and other employee future benefits accrued in previous fiscal years, decreased $0.4 billion, or 33.0 per cent, in large part due to an increase in prevailing interest rates at the end of 2020–21 used in valuing these obligations.

For the April to January period of 2021–22, program expenses excluding net actuarial losses were $360.2 billion, down $113.7 billion, or 24.0 per cent, from the same period the previous year.

• Major transfers to persons were down $49.8 billion or 28.6 per cent.
  • Elderly benefits increased by $1.9 billion, or 3.8 per cent, reflecting growth in the number of recipients and changes in consumer prices, to which benefits are fully indexed.
  • EI benefits decreased by $17.4 billion, or 33.4 per cent, reflecting improved labour market conditions. In addition, EI benefits for the same period of the previous year included $27.5 billion in CERB benefits processed through the EI Operating Account. However, there is no impact on premiums to be collected as the EI Operating Account has since been credited for CERB benefits in the Public Accounts of Canada 2021.
  • COVID-19 income support for workers decreased $33.8 billion, or 66.8 per cent, reflecting the wind-down of the CERB in 2020–21 and the transition to the suite of Canada Recovery Benefits.
  • Children’s benefits were down $0.5 billion, or 2.1 per cent, largely reflecting the one-time enhanced Canada Child Benefit (CCB) payment in May 2020. This decrease was offset in part by the introduction of the CCB young child supplement for 2021.
• Major transfers to other levels of government were down $15.0 billion, or 17.5 per cent, primarily reflecting transfers made to provinces and territories in the prior year under the Safe Restart Agreement, the Essential Workers Wage Top-Up, and the Safe Return to Class Fund, as well as transfers to clean up orphan and inactive oil and gas wells. These decreases were offset in part by new funding under the Canada-wide early learning and child care plan in the current year, as well as legislated growth in the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, Equalization transfers and transfers to the territories.
• Direct program expenses were down $48.9 billion, or 22.8 per cent. Within direct program expenses:
  • Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework returned increased by $0.9 billion, or 32.5 per cent, largely reflecting an increase in the rate of the Climate Action Incentive for tax year 2020.
  • CEWS payments decreased by $44.5 billion, or 67.1 per cent, reflecting declines in the number of eligible employees and the average subsidy per employee.
  • Other transfer payments decreased by $12.9 billion, or 18.6 per cent, largely reflecting a decrease in repayment incentive costs under the CEBA program owing to lower take-up compared to the same period in 2020–21 and the end of temporary COVID-19 response measures introduced in the previous year.
  • Operating expenses of the government’s departments, agencies, and consolidated Crown corporations and other entities increased by $7.6 billion, or 9.9 per cent, largely reflecting increases in personnel costs and expenses associated with purchases of vaccines.

Public debt charges increased by $3.5 billion, or 20.4 per cent, primarily driven by higher Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds and higher interest on the government's pension and other employee future benefit obligations. Interest on marketable bonds also increased compared to the prior year, but was more than offset by a decrease in interest on treasury bills.

Net actuarial losses decreased by $4.2 billion, or 33.0 per cent, reflecting the amortization of a decrease in the government's obligations for pensions and other employee future benefits based on actuarial valuations prepared for the Public Accounts of Canada 2021. This decrease reflects higher prevailing interest rates at the end of 2020–21 used in valuing these obligations.

The following table presents total expenses by main object of expense.

Financial requirement of $88.8 billion for April 2021 to January 2022

The budgetary balance is presented on an accrual basis of accounting, recording government revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is received or paid. In contrast, the financial source/requirement measures the difference between cash coming in to the government and cash going out. This measure is affected not only by changes in the budgetary balance but also by the cash source/requirement resulting from the government’s investing activities through its acquisition of capital assets and its loans, financial investments and advances, as well as from other activities, including payment of accounts payable and collection of accounts receivable, foreign exchange activities, and the amortization of its tangible capital assets. The difference between the budgetary balance and financial source/requirement is recorded in non-budgetary transactions.

With a budgetary deficit of $75.3 billion and a requirement of $13.5 billion from non-budgetary transactions, there was a financial requirement of $88.8 billion for the April 2021 to January 2022 period, compared to a financial requirement of $307.8 billion for the same period of the previous year.

The decrease in the financial requirement for non-budgetary transactions is due to a number of factors, including year-over-year changes in the balances of taxes receivable and amounts payable related to tax, which affected accounts payable, accrued liabilities and accounts receivable; and, a decrease in loans advanced under the CEBA program in 2021–22, reflected in the financial requirement associated with loans, investments and advances. These decreases were partly offset by a year-over-year increase in the balance of foreign exchange accounts.

Net financing activities up $109.5 billion

The government financed this financial requirement of $88.8 billion and increased cash balances by $20.7 billion by increasing unmatured debt by $109.5 billion. The increase in unmatured debt was achieved primarily through the issuance of marketable bonds.

Cash balances at the end of January 2022 stood at $80.1 billion, up $6.0 billion from their level at the end of January 2021.

Federal debt

The federal debt, or accumulated deficit, is the difference between the government’s total liabilities and total assets. The year-over-year change in the accumulated deficit reflects the year-to-date budgetary balance plus other comprehensive income or loss. Other comprehensive income or loss represents certain unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments and certain actuarial gains and losses related to pensions and other employee future benefits reported by enterprise Crown corporations and other government business enterprises. 

The accumulated deficit increased by $73.6 billion over the April 2021 to January 2022 period, reflecting the $75.3-billion budgetary deficit, offset in part by $1.7 billion in other comprehensive income. 

Notes

1. The Fiscal Monitor is a report on the consolidated financial results of the Government of Canada, prepared monthly by the Department of Finance Canada. The government is committed to releasing The Fiscal Monitor on a timely basis in accordance with the International Monetary Fund's Special Data Dissemination Standards Plus, which are designed to promote member countries' data transparency and promote the development of sound statistical systems.
2. The financial results reported in The Fiscal Monitor are drawn from the accounts of Canada, which are maintained by the Receiver General and used to prepare the annual Public Accounts of Canada.
3. The Fiscal Monitor is generally prepared in accordance with the same accounting policies as used to prepare the government's annual consolidated financial statements, which are summarized in Section 2 of Volume I of the Public Accounts of Canada, available through the Public Services and Procurement Canada website.
4. The financial results presented in The Fiscal Monitor have not been audited or reviewed by an external auditor.
5. There can be substantial volatility in monthly results due to the timing of revenue receipts and expense recognition. For instance, a large share of government spending is typically reported in the March Fiscal Monitor.
6. The April to March results reported in The Fiscal Monitor are not the final results for the fiscal year as a whole. The final results are published in the annual Public Accounts of Canada and incorporate post-March end-of-year adjustments made once further information becomes available, including the accrual of tax revenues reflecting assessments of tax returns and valuation adjustments for assets and liabilities. Post-March adjustments may also include the accrual of measures announced in the budget that are recorded upon receipt of Royal Assent of enabling legislation.
7. Table 7, Condensed Statement of Assets and Liabilities, is included in the monthly Fiscal Monitor following the finalization and publication of the government's financial results for the preceding fiscal year, typically in the fall.

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Note: Unless otherwise noted, changes in financial results are presented on a year-over-year basis.

For inquiries about this publication, contact Bradley.Recker@fin.gc.ca.

March 2022