Report on the Management of Canada's Official International Reserves April 1, 2018 - March 31, 2019

Purpose of the Report

This edition of the Report on the Management of Canada's Official International Reserves provides details on official international reserves operations from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 (the 2018–19 fiscal year).

As required under the Currency Act, the report provides a comprehensive account of the framework within which the Exchange Fund Account (EFA) is managed, the composition and changes in the EFA during the year, a statement of whether the strategic objectives established for the EFA have been met, and information on agents appointed to perform services concerning the EFA.

The unaudited financial statements that appear at the end of this report are in Canadian dollars, as reported in the Public Accounts of Canada.

Executive Summary

The Currency Act stipulates that this report provide a statement of whether the strategic objectives established for the EFA have been met during the review period. These objectives—to maintain an adequate level of liquidity, to preserve capital value, and, subject to these two primary objectives, to optimize returns—were achieved during 2018–19.

Level of the official international reserves: The market value of Canada's official international reserves increased to US$83.4 billion as at March 31, 2019 from US$83.3 billion as at March 31, 2018. The change reflects a US$580 million increase in the IMF reserve position, partially offset by a US$474 million decrease in EFA assets. EFA assets, which totalled US$80.7 billion as at March 31, 2019, were at a level that is consistent with the Government's commitment to maintain holdings of liquid foreign exchange reserves at or above 3 per cent of nominal gross domestic product. Liquid reserve assets are composed primarily of debt securities of highly rated sovereigns, sub-sovereigns, agencies and supranational organizations that borrow on public markets.

Portfolio performance and return: In 2018–19, the EFA earned an average positive spread (or net "coupon return") of 16.0 basis points, up from 12.1 basis points the previous year. This spread represents the difference between the yield to maturity on foreign currency fixed-income assets held in the EFA and the yield to maturity of foreign currency liabilities used to fund the assets at the time of calculation. The spread measures the remaining underlying net return of the portfolio on the assumption that the assets and liabilities are held to maturity and the coupons are reinvested at their respective yield to maturity.

Taking into account cash flows and unrealized changes in the market value of assets and liabilities due to changes in interest rates and credit spreads, the EFA reported a total return of 45 basis points in 2018–19. This is equivalent to a mark-to-market gain of US$326 million. This compares to a total return of 26 basis points (a gain of US$191 million) in 2017–18.

EFA composition: As at March 31, 2019, the US-dollar share of EFA liquid investments was US$48.3 billion or 66.5 per cent, the euro share was equivalent to US$13.6 billion or 18.7 per cent, the British pound sterling share was equivalent to US$7.9 billion or 10.9 per cent, and the yen share was equivalent to US$2.8 billion or 3.8 per cent.

Investments in fixed-income securities issued by sovereigns, sub-sovereigns and government agencies made up 80.1 per cent of EFA liquid investments, 13.8 per cent was invested in securities issued by supranational organizations and 6.1 per cent was held in cash.

Based on the second highest rating among those provided by Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Dominion Bond Rating Service, as of March 31, 2019, 74.6 per cent of EFA liquid reserve investments were rated AAA and 81.3 per cent were rated AA+ or better.

EFA funding sources: The foreign currency reserve assets held in the EFA are funded in a cost-effective manner through a funding framework that mitigates the impacts of movements in interest rates and foreign exchange rates on the Government's fiscal position by matching the funding with the currency, term and duration of the reserve assets.

During 2018–19, EFA operations were financed through cross-currency swaps^[1] of domestic obligations and direct foreign currency issuance. Total cross-currency swap funding and maturities during the reporting period were US$8.3 billion and US$6.8 billion respectively. The swaps were transacted in a number of currencies (and at various terms) at a weighted cost equivalent to 3-month US$ LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) less 35.9 basis points. This compared to an average rate of 3-month US$ LIBOR less 28.2 basis points for 2017–18. The primary driver of the change in funding costs from the prior year was an increase in Canadian swap spreads^[2]—for example, the 10-year swap spread rose from an average of around 32 basis points in fiscal year 2017–18 to an average of about 43 basis points in fiscal year 2018–19. A rise in Canadian swap spreads decreases the cost of funding the EFA with cross-currency swaps, all else being equal.

Canada successfully issued a US-dollar global bond in January 2019. The US-dollar issuance provided funds to supplement and diversify funding sources for Canada's foreign reserves.

The level of outstanding short-term US-dollar commercial paper issued under the Canada bills program was little changed at US$2.0 billion over the period. The average commercial paper cost was US$ LIBOR less 38 basis points, which was less than the previous 3-year average of US$ LIBOR less 26 basis points. Strong demand for these securities has helped push down funding costs closer to US Treasury bills.

Report on Operations in 2018–19

The following sections describe the impact of market developments on the EFA, policy and program initiatives undertaken during the reporting period, and portfolio performance.

Market Developments

Interest Rates

Overall, changes in interest rates in 2018–19 resulted in an increase of US$1,201 million in the market value of the liquid foreign reserves.

In the United States, the Federal Reserve's announcement in late January 2019 that it would suspend rate hikes for the foreseeable future and pause its balance-sheet unwinding sometime in 2019 led to an inversion in the US yield curve as the 3-month bill yield exceeded that of the 10-year note for the first time since 2007 in March. The yield on US 3-month securities rose 68 basis points compared to a decline of 33 basis points on 10-year US Treasury notes at the end of fiscal year 2018–19.

In Europe, the European Central Bank announced the end of its bond buying program introduced in 2015, while adding that it would continue to reinvest the proceeds from maturing assets. Rates on German benchmark securities were mixed, leading to a flattening of the yield curve. Of note, German government bonds with a maturity of 10 years or less ended the year with negative yields.

Credit Spreads

Credit spreads on fixed-income securities issued by supranational institutions, sovereigns and agencies in US dollars narrowed during the year as concerns over slowing global growth led investors to the safety of these higher rated, less risky, securities. Spreads on euro-denominated securities widened relative to German government bonds. Overall, there was an approximately US$2,364 million increase in the market value of reserves due to changes in credit spreads.

Exchange Rates

In 2018–19, exchange rate movements resulted in a decrease of US$2,409 million in the market value of the liquid foreign reserve assets. However, the foreign reserves are managed under an asset-liability matching framework, and as such, exchange rate movements had a relatively minor impact on the Government's financial positionsince the increase in the market value of assets is offset by a similar increase in the value of associated liabilities.

During 2018–19, the euro fell 8.8 per cent against the US dollar, as the US dollar increased in value against most major currencies. Since 18.7 per cent of the liquid reserves were held in euro-denominated securities (on March 31, 2019), changes in the value of the euro against the US dollar had a negative impact on the market value of the reserves.

Over the same period, the British pound sterling (GBP) fell 7.2 per cent against the US dollar, as uncertainty about a smooth exit from the European Union persisted. Changes in the GBP/US dollar exchange rate had a negative impact on the total market value of liquid reserves as 10.9 per cent of the reserves were held in GBP-denominated assets on March 31, 2019.

During 2018–19, the yen declined 4.7 per cent against the US dollar. Since about 3.8 per cent of the reserves were held in yen-denominated securities, the change had a negative but minor impact on the market value of reserves. 

For financial reporting purposes, the performance of the EFA is presented in Canadian-dollar terms. In comparison to the previous year, the Canadian dollar fell 3.0 per cent against the US dollar. The financial statements are based on the prevailing exchange rate on March 31, 2019, which was at 0.748 cents US per Canadian dollar.

Initiatives in 2018–19

In 2018–19, the Statementof Investment Policy for the Government of Canada (see Annex 1) was revised to allow the implementation of modest changes to the EFA's investment portfolio resulting from the 2017–18 strategic portfolio review.

Performance Versus Strategic Objectives

The Currency Act stipulates that this report provide a statement of whether the strategic objectives established for the EFA have been met during the review period. These objectives—to maintain an adequate level of liquidity, to preserve capital value, and, subject to these two primary objectives, to optimize returns—were achieved during 2018–19. The planned level of liquidity was maintained for the reserves portfolio throughout the reporting period, and the portfolio's exposure to market and credit risks was managed within approved limits. In addition, the net underlying return (coupon return) was positive.

EFA Returns

The EFA is a financial asset portfolio within the Public Accounts of Canada. For risk management purposes and to provide transparency on the net economic return or cost to the Government of maintaining the EFA, several performance indicators are measured and tracked on a regular basis and reported to senior management at the Department of Finance Canada and the Bank of Canada. Of these performance indicators, total return and coupon return are reported at market value. In addition, the net revenue of the EFA and corresponding cost of advances to the EFA are reported at book value. A brief overview of the portfolio's performance is provided below (a more detailed description is provided in Annex 4).

EFA Performance

Given the movements in interest rates and foreign exchange rates globally, the assets held in the EFA generated lower net revenues in 2018–19 than in 2017–18 (C$1.5 billion versus C$1.7 billion). The cost of advances to the EFA, which represents the estimated economic cost to the Government of financing the EFA, increased compared to the previous fiscal year (C$1.9 billion versus C$1.7 billion).

In 2018–19, the net coupon return for the EFA, the difference between the yield to maturity of reserve assets and liabilities issued to fund the assets, was 16 basis points. The total return^[3] of the EFA increased to 45 basis points from 26 basis points the previous year. The increase was due primarily to a decrease in the market value of outstanding liabilities caused by changes in funding spreads.

Total Market Value at Risk (Total Market VaR)—which measures the potential loss on a net basis arising from interest rate, foreign exchange rate, credit and funding spread changes that will not be exceeded 99 per cent of the time if the EFA is held over a 10-holding-day period—stood at US$547 million.

Liquidity and Preservation of Capital

In practice, the EFA's liquid reserves (which exclude SDR holdings and the IMF reserve position) are mainly invested in the debt of sovereigns and their agencies (80.1 per cent as at March 31, 2019), as these securities both enhance the liquidity and preserve the capital value of the EFA (Table 3). A more detailed description of the changes in the level of the official international reserves is provided in Annex 3.

The largest portion of EFA liquid reserves is in US dollars because potential foreign currency needs are mostly in US dollars and, historically, foreign exchange market intervention has mainly consisted of transactions involving the US dollar. As at March 31, 2019, the US-dollar share of EFA liquid investments was US$48.3 billion or 66.5 per cent, the euro share was equivalent to US$13.6 billion or 18.7 per cent, the GBP share was equivalent to US$7.9 billion or 10.9 per cent, and the yen portion was equivalent to US$2.8 billion or 3.8 per cent (Table 4). By comparison, as at March 31, 2018, the US dollar share was 65.0 per cent, the euro share was 22.1 per cent, the GBP share was 11.5 per cent and the yen share was 1.4 per cent.

As specified in the Statement of Investment Policy for the Government of Canada, to help achieve the objective of preserving capital value, an issuing entity must be deemed by Canada to have a credit rating of A- or higher to be eligible for investment in the EFA. Compliance with issuer credit limits is monitored on a real-time basis.

The Government of Canada has committed to reducing mechanistic reliance on external credit ratings, consistent with Financial Stability Board principles and G20 commitments. Hence, Canada performs an internal assessment to support external credit risk assessments. As of March 31, 2019, the majority of EFA investments are given a rating of AA+ or higher by external credit rating agencies, as indicated in Table 5. The external rating is based on the second highest rating among those provided by Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Dominion Bond Rating Service.

Exchange Fund Account Financing

EFA assets are funded by borrowings from a variety of sources (Table 6). Funding requirements are partially met through an ongoing program of cross-currency swaps of domestic obligations. Total cross-currency swap funding and maturities during the reporting period were US$8.3 billion and US$6.8 billion respectively. Total funding of FX swaps was US$0.4 billion, while US$0.4 billion matured during the reporting period.

During 2018–19, foreign currency was raised through cross-currency swaps at an average cost equivalent to 3-month US$ LIBOR less 35.9 basis points. This funding cost was lower than rates obtained during the previous fiscal year, which averaged 3-month US$ LIBOR less 28.2 basis points. As at March 31, 2019, Government of Canada cross-currency swaps outstanding stood at US$59.3 billion (par value). Swaps of US dollars, euros, GBP and yen made up 64.9 per cent, 17.8 per cent, 12.7 per cent and 4.6 per cent of the swap portfolio respectively.

The EFA can also be funded through direct foreign currency issuance using three programs: a short-term US-dollar paper program (Canada bills^[4]); a medium-term note program (Canada notes^[5] and euro medium-term notes^[6]); and a global bond^[7] program. The medium-term note program provides the Government with additional funding flexibility for issuance in a number of currencies, including the US dollar, euro and British pound sterling. There were no medium-term notes issued in 2018–19. In January 2019, Canada successfully issued a 3-year US$3 billion global bond at a cost of 10 basis points over a 3-year US Treasury bond.

The mix of funding sources used to finance the reserves depends on a number of considerations, including relative cost, market conditions and the objective of maintaining a prudent foreign-currency-denominated debt maturity structure.

International Monetary Fund Programs

The Government of Canada participates in two lending arrangements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) outside of the quota system: the multilateral New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) and the temporary bilateral borrowing agreement. In December 2018, Canada's participation in the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB) was not renewed since GAB participants agreed that the GAB should be allowed to lapse upon expiration of the current commitment period.

Canada's current participation in the NAB is governed by the November 2012 NAB Decision, which incorporated technical amendments made as a result of the IMF's 14th General Review of Quotas. The maximum lending by Canada to the IMF under these arrangements is SDR 3,874 million. As at March 31, 2019, SDR 294 million or US$408 million (SDR 414 million or US$775 million in 2018) in lending has been provided by Canada to the IMF under the NAB. In November 2016, Canada's participation in the NAB was renewed through November 2022.

In early 2017, Canada extended a temporary bilateral credit line to the IMF in the amount of SDR 8,200 million for a maximum period of four years, as part of a collective effort with 34 other nations to foster global economic and financial stability.

Canada also participates in the Voluntary Trading Arrangement (VTA), which was put in place by the IMF to facilitate the purchase or sale of SDRs held by member countries. The objective of the VTA is to allow less developed countries to exchange SDRs for liquid currencies such as the US dollar. Under the VTA, Canada could be required to buy SDRs from other IMF member countries up to a maximum of 150 per cent of its cumulative SDR allocation (Canada's current cumulative SDR allocation is approximately SDR 6.0 billion). As of March 31,  2019, Canada's SDR holdings were approximately SDR 5.9 billion, implying that Canada could be required to buy up to 3.1 billion SDRs before the 150 per cent maximum is reached. Amounts advanced under these arrangements are considered part of the official international reserves of Canada and directly impact the Government of Canada's consolidated financial statements.

Collectively, Canada's outstanding loans under multilateral and bilateral arrangements with the IMF cannot exceed SDR 12,074 million at any given time. This reflects the maximum commitment under the NAB (SDR 3,874 million) and the temporary bilateral credit line to the IMF (SDR 8,200 million). At March 31, 2019, a total of SDR 294 million or US$408 million was outstanding under these arrangements. Amounts advanced under these arrangements are considered part of the Official International Reserves of Canada.

Annex 1: Statement of Investment Policy for the Government of Canada (August 2018)

1. Purpose of Policy

The Statement of Investment Policy for the Government of Canada (SIP) sets out the policy governing the acquisition, management, and divestiture of assets held in the Exchange Fund Account (EFA). The Minister of Finance establishes the SIP under the Currency Act.

2. Purposes of Exchange Fund Account

The EFA is the principal repository of Canada's official international reserves. As stated in the Currency Act, the purposes of the EFA are to aid in the control and protection of the external value of the Canadian dollar and provide a source of liquidity to the Government. Assets held in the EFA shall be managed to provide liquidity to the Government and to promote orderly conditions for the Canadian dollar in the foreign exchange markets, if required. The liquid foreign currency assets held in the EFA also form a key component of the Government of Canada's prudential liquidity, which is available to meet financial requirements in situations where normal access to funding markets may be disrupted or delayed.

The EFA also facilitates Government of Canada transactions with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) under the IMF Articles of Agreement. These transactions include the provision of freely usable currencies to the IMF, through the purchase and sale of special drawing rights, as well as various transactions relating to Canada's reserve position in the IMF (which does not form part of the EFA).

3. Governance

Part II of the Currency Act governs the management of the EFA and allows the Minister of Finance to establish an investment policy for EFA assets. The Minister of Finance may delegate the responsibility for the implementation of the approved policy to officials of the Department of Finance Canada.

The Bank of Canada Act provides statutory authority for the Bank of Canada to act as the Government's fiscal agent in the management of the Government of Canada's EFA.

Within the Minister of Finance's delegated authorities, the Funds Management Committee (FMC), composed of senior officials from the Department of Finance Canada and the Bank of Canada (together, "EFA officials"), prepares recommendations for the Minister of Finance and oversees the management of the EFA.

The FMC is supported by a Foreign Reserves Committee (FRC) and a Risk Committee (RC). The FRC oversees the funding of and investment of the foreign reserves and provides strategic and policy advice to the FMC related to the management of foreign reserves. The RC is an advisory body to the FMC that reviews and reports on risk exposures, highlights strategic risk issues the FMC should be aware of and identifies measures to mitigate these risks, and advises on broad risk considerations relevant to funds management activities.

Further information regarding oversight and governance is available within the Funds Management Governance Framework.

4. Alignment of EFA Activities with Government of Canada Policy Priorities

4.1 Guiding Principles

The SIP is based on principles that a person of ordinary prudence would apply in dealing with the property of others. The EFA shall be managed according to the fundamental principles of fiscal prudence, transparency and accountability, risk management, effectiveness and efficiency, and financial stability in order to protect the interests of Canadians.

4.2 Fiscal Prudence

The EFA is an account that forms part of the Government of Canada's balance sheet. Recognizing the importance of fiscal prudence and sustainability in public finances, the EFA shall be managed in a cost effective manner under an asset-liability matching framework, whereby the market value of assets and liabilities are matched to the extent possible by currency, term and/or duration, to mitigate the potentially negative impacts of movements in interest rates and foreign exchange rates on the Government's fiscal position. Credit risks associated with assets and liabilities are not offset under this framework and are therefore addressed by other means (see the appendix).

4.3 Promoting Financial Stability

Canada's international commitments and global regulatory initiatives to support financial stability will be taken into account in conducting EFA activity.

5. Investment Objectives

Consistent with the purpose of the EFA as defined in section 2, maintaining liquidity and preserving capital are the primary objectives for managing the EFA. Accordingly, the EFA shall hold assets that can be sold or otherwise deployed on very short notice with minimal market impact and loss of value in order to maintain a high standard of liquidity. The EFA shall hold a diversified portfolio of fixed-income assets of high credit quality, and follow leading risk management practices in order to meet the objective of preserving capital value. The EFA shall be managed to maximize return on investments once the objectives of liquidity and capital preservation are clearly met.

6. Investment Process

The EFA shall be governed by a framework that includes a formalized, top-down investment management style that provides clarity on roles, decision-making authority, and accountability to facilitate the achievement of the EFA's objectives. The Minister of Finance shall establish the risk tolerances of the portfolio through approvals of the Strategic Portfolio Parameters. The FMC shall establish the risk preferences of the portfolio through approval of the Strategic Asset Allocation. The FRC shall establish a benchmark that details asset allocations to individual counterparties deemed eligible for investment.

6.1 Strategic Portfolio Parameters

Strategic Portfolio Parameters for the EFA shall include, but are not limited to, the level of reserves, criteria for currency and asset class eligibility based on liquidity and capital preservation considerations, and portfolio risk limits. The Strategic Portfolio Parameters are included in the appendix. The Minister of Finance may except the liquid assets held in the EFA from the application of some or all the Strategic Portfolio Parameters where any of these assets are: (i) sold to provide foreign currency liquidity to the Government; (ii) sold to promote orderly conditions for the Canadian dollar in the foreign exchange markets; or (iii) sold in other similar circumstances.

6.2 Strategic Asset Allocation

The Strategic Asset Allocation shall direct the asset allocation of the portfolio in a manner that is consistent with meeting the EFA's objectives. The Strategic Asset Allocation shall provide a framework to inform the investment decision-making process and to measure progress toward achieving the EFA's objectives of maintaining liquidity and preserving capital.

6.3 Investment Benchmark

The Investment Benchmark shall be established by the FRC. It will specify investment exposures to eligible counterparties while adhering to the Strategic Portfolio Parameters (6.1) and in a manner consistent with achieving the Strategic Asset Allocation (6.2).

7. Securities Lending and Use of Derivatives

In order to meet the objectives of the EFA, officials may acquire or borrow assets, sell or lend those assets, and undertake related activities for the purposes of executing those transactions. Short sales are prohibited.

EFA officials shall only use derivatives and undertake related activities in a manner that is consistent with the objectives of the EFA of preserving capital value, maintaining a high standard of liquidity and, subject to these, optimizing returns.

8. Performance Assessment and Risk Management Reporting

EFA officials shall be responsible for measuring and monitoring the performance and risk exposures of the EFA and tracking these positions against the Strategic Asset Allocation and other appropriate indices, and providing regular reports to senior officials and the Minister of Finance.

Performance and risk measures shall be consistent with leading practices and provide timely and accurate information on the returns on EFA assets, the cost of associated liabilities and the relevant financial risks. An explanation of these measures can be found in the Government of Canada Treasury Risk Management Framework.

8.1 Public Reporting

The Currency Act requires annual reporting to Parliament on whether the objectives of the EFA have been met. This is accomplished through the annual reporting of the EFA's performance in the Report on the Management of Canada's Official International Reserves. In addition, the Minister of Finance provides monthly updates on the performance of the EFA, in accordance with the IMF's General Data Dissemination System standards.

The Financial Administration Act requires annual reporting to Parliament on the funding associated with the investments.

8.2 Commercial Confidentiality

Notwithstanding the requirement to provide timely and comprehensive information on the EFA to Canadians, the names of individual counterparties or the securities held in the EFA shall not be disclosed for reasons of financial stability and commercial confidentiality.

9. Review

The SIP shall be reviewed regularly. Until the Minister of Finance otherwise amends and approves the SIP and the governance and risk management frameworks, they shall remain in effect.

Appendix: Strategic Portfolio Parameters (August 2018)

The following Strategic Portfolio Parameters have been established to ensure that the liquid assets held in the EFA meet the primary objectives of maintaining liquidity and preserving capital. The parameters define eligible investments for the EFA and specify limits to protect the liquidity and capital value of EFA investments.

Liquidity Risk Tolerances

Liquidity risk tolerances have been established to ensure that a suitable level of EFA investments that can be readily sold during volatile market conditions is available to the Government at all times in the event that regular channels of financing are temporarily unavailable.

1. Level of Liquid Foreign Reserves

Liquid foreign reserves are held to safeguard Canada's ability to meet payment obligations in situations where normal access to funding markets may be disrupted or delayed and to support investor confidence in securities issued by the Government of Canada.

• The level for the total market value of all foreign currency-denominated investments must be maintained at or above 3 per cent of Canada's annual nominal gross domestic product.
• The composition of liquid assets shall adhere to the requirements detailed in the Government's Prudential Liquidity Plan and foreign exchange intervention framework.

2. US-Dollar Holdings

Currency interventions to support orderly conditions for the Canadian dollar in the foreign exchange markets are likely to involve sales of US dollars to purchase Canadian dollars, highlighting the importance of owning the most liquid US-dollar-denominated assets. Thus, at least 50 per cent of liquid foreign reserves,^[8] measured on a market-value basis, must be denominated in US dollars.

As a contingency against a short-term interruption of domestic funding markets, at least 6 per cent of liquid foreign reserves on a market-value basis shall comprise US Treasury bills and US dollar cash.

3. Eligible Assets

Liquid foreign reserves shall be readily available to be sold or otherwise deployed with limited price impact to meet the Government's foreign currency requirements.

• Eligible assets include fixed-income securities issued by sovereigns (including central banks and government-related entities), sovereign-supported issuers, sub-sovereign entities,^[9] and supranational institutions.
• Eligible assets also include deposits with commercial banks, central banks and the Bank for International Settlements, repurchase agreements, commercial paper and certificates of deposit issued by private sector entities, gold and International Monetary Fund (IMF) special drawing rights. Bonds with embedded options and holdings of securities issued by and deposits with Canadian-domiciled entities (or entities that derive a majority of their revenues from their Canadian operations) are not permitted.
• All other classes of assets not listed in this appendix are prohibited.

4. Exposure to Issuers

Three categories of asset issuers have been defined for the EFA:

• Reference Issuers: These are government issuers of securities that are deemed by Canada to have reserve currency status and are actively traded, including cash.
     - The minimum exposure to this category is 35 per cent of liquid foreign reserves on a market-value basis.
• High Credit Quality Issuers: These issuers are deemed by Canada to be of very high credit quality.
• Other Issuers: These issuers are high credit quality sovereigns and other entities that meet Canada's liquidity and capital preservation requirements.

Capital Preservation Risk Tolerances

Capital preservation risk tolerances have been established to ensure that the market value of EFA assets will be relatively well preserved during times of market stress.

1. Maximum Term to Maturity

The term to maturity of individual assets is an important consideration since the value of longer-term fixed-income securities is generally more sensitive than the value of shorter-term fixed-income securities to movements in interest rates. In addition, in many instances longer-term securities are less liquid than shorter-term securities of the same issuer denominated in the same currency. Limiting the maximum term to maturity of assets aids in preserving the liquidity and capital value of assets that can be sold or otherwise deployed.

• The maximum term to maturity of individual assets held in the EFA is 10.5 years.

2. Other Eligible Currencies

To meet liquidity requirements and mitigate currency concentration risk, assets held as part of the liquid foreign reserves can be denominated in currencies other than US dollars, whose reference issuers satisfy the established liquidity and capital preservation constraints.

• Other eligible currencies include euros, British pounds and Japanese yen. In order to meet the Government's international commitments, assets can also be denominated in IMF special drawing rights.

3. Minimum Credit Rating for Issuers of Eligible Assets and Counterparties

In order to mitigate the negative impact of potential credit events on the Government's financial risk exposure related to the EFA, issuers of eligible assets and counterparties must be of acceptable credit quality, a determination that is informed by external credit ratings and internal credit analysis.

• Issuers must be deemed by Canada to have a credit rating of "A-" or higher.
• Counterparties for deposits, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and repurchase agreements must be deemed by Canada to have a credit rating of "A-" or higher.
• Counterparties for swaps and delivery-versus-payment transactions must be deemed by Canada to have a credit rating of "BBB" or higher.
• Reference issuers of securities that are deemed to have reserve currency status and are actively traded are exempt from the minimum credit rating requirement, since they are deemed to be the primary issuer of eligible securities in their local currency.
• The only allowable unrated investments are the following:

4. Credit and Market Risk

The market value of liquid foreign reserve assets can be preserved by managing credit and market risks. An asset-liability matching framework, whereby the market value of assets and liabilities are matched by currency, term, and/or duration, is used to manage adverse impacts of changes in interest and foreign exchange rates on the Government's fiscal balance. Metrics such as Value at Risk, which measure the maximum potential loss the portfolio could suffer over a given period at a given confidence level, shall be monitored by senior officials to ensure the potential negative impacts of credit and market risk are managed within acceptable levels.

Annex 2: Overview of the Exchange Fund Account Management Framework

Objectives

The objectives of foreign reserves management are to provide foreign currency liquidity to the Government, support intervention to aid in the control and protection of the external value of the Canadian dollar and promote orderly conditions for the dollar in the foreign exchange markets, if required. The liquid foreign currency assets held in the Exchange Fund Account (EFA) also form a key component of the Government of Canada's prudential liquidity, which is available to meet financial requirements in situations where normal access to funding markets may be disrupted or delayed.

The EFA, which represents the largest component of the foreign reserves, is an actively managed portfolio of liquid foreign currency securities and deposits. The key strategic objectives of the EFA are to maintain a high standard of liquidity, preserve capital value and optimize return subject to the liquidity and capital preservation objectives.

Principles

In pursuit of these objectives, the Government of Canada manages its foreign exchange reserves according to the following principles:

• Effectiveness and efficiency: Policy development and operations shall take into account, to the extent possible, leading practices of other comparable sovereigns. Regular evaluations shall be conducted to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the governance framework and borrowing and investing programs.
• Transparency and accountability: Information on investment and funding plans, activities and outcomes shall be made publicly available in a timely manner. Borrowing costs, investment performance and material exposures to financial risk shall be measured, monitored, controlled and regularly reported, as applicable.
• Risk management: Risk monitoring and oversight shall be independent of financial asset and liability management operations.
• Fiscal prudence: The EFA is an account that forms part of the Government of Canada's balance sheet. Recognizing the importance of fiscal prudence and sustainability in public finances, the EFA shall be funded in a cost effective manner through a funding framework that mitigates the potentially negative impacts of movements in interest rates and foreign exchange rates on the Government's fiscal position by matching the funding with the currency, term and/or duration of the reserve assets. Credit risks associated with assets and liabilities are not offset under this framework and shall be addressed by other means.
• Financial stability: The EFA is an account that supports Canada's preparedness for financial contingencies. As a result, the management of the EFA shall take into account Canada's international commitments and global regulatory initiatives to support financial stability.

For a complete description of the governance framework for managing the Government of Canada's financial assets and liabilities, see Funds Management Governance Framework.

Annex 3: Changes in the Level of the Official International Reserves

The level of the official international liquid reserves changes over time due to a variety of factors. As shown in Table A3.1, over the 12-month reporting period the level of reserves increased by US$106 million. The increase was due to return on investments (US$2,364 million) and reserves management operations (US$1,550 million), which was offset by revaluation effects (-US$2,409) million, foreign currency debt charges (-US$1,397 million) and net government operations (-US$2 million).

Official Intervention

Official intervention involves buying or selling foreign currencies in exchange for Canadian dollars, and would therefore affect the level of the official international reserves. Intervention in the foreign exchange markets for the Canadian dollar might be considered if there were signs of a serious near-term market breakdown (e.g., extreme price volatility with buyers and/or sellers increasingly unwilling to transact), indicating a severe lack of liquidity in the Canadian-dollar market. It might also be considered if extreme currency movements seriously threatened the conditions that support sustainable long-term growth of the Canadian economy. The goal would be to help stabilize the currency and to signal a commitment to back up the intervention with further policy actions, as necessary.

Since September 1998, the Bank of Canada has not undertaken any foreign exchange market intervention in the form of either purchases or sales of US dollars versus the Canadian dollar.^[10],^[11]

Net Government Operations

The net purchase of foreign currencies for government foreign exchange requirements and for additions to reserves totalled -US$2 million.

Reserves Management Operations

The purchase and sale of foreign currency assets along with the issuance and maturity of debt used to fund those assets totalled US$1.6 billion. Over the reporting period, funds raised through the issuance of bonds, foreign exchange (FX) swaps, cross-currency swaps, medium-term notes and Canada bills, totalling US$20.6 billion, were greater than debt maturities totalling US$19.1 billion (including Canada bill maturities of US$11.9 billion, FX swap maturities of US$0.4 billion, cross-currency swap maturities of US$6.6 billion, medium-term note maturities of US$0.3 billion and bond maturities of US$3.0 billion).

Return on Investments

Return on investments comprises interest earned on investments (US$1,163 million) and an increase in the market value of securities resulting from changes in interest rates (US$1,201 million). The overall effect on the official international reserves was a net increase of US$2,364 million.

Revaluation Effects

Revaluation effects resulting from movements in exchange rates reflect changes in the market value of the official international reserves. Revaluation effects led to a decrease in the market value of the official international reserves of US$2,409 million, primarily due to the depreciation of the euro and GBP relative to the US dollar during the reporting period.

International Monetary Fund Reserve Position

Each member country of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is assigned a quota that represents the maximum amount of resources that it is obliged to provide to the IMF, upon request. As well, the IMF typically has on deposit with each government holdings in the form of non-interest-bearing notes and non-interest-bearing accounts. Canada's reserve position at the IMF represents the difference between Canada's quota and the IMF's holdings of Canadian dollars, which is equivalent to the cumulative amount of all the money that Canada has advanced to the IMF over the years.

Canada's reserve position at the IMF is an asset that is included as a component of the official international reserves but is not held in the EFA. As such, changes in Canada's reserve position that may result from advances, repayments or revaluations directly impact the Government of Canada's consolidated financial statements. During 2018–19, the reserve position increased over the previous fiscal year.

More detailed information on monthly levels and changes in Canada's official international reserves is provided in Table A3.2.

Annex 4: Detailed Portfolio Return and Performance

Unless otherwise noted, in this report, the official international reserves are reported in US dollars on a market-value settled basis. This annex provides detailed technical information on indicators used to measure the portfolio's performance in four areas: 1) revenues; 2) net return on assets; 3) cost of advances to the EFA; and 4) market and credit risk measures.

1) Revenues

Revenues include income from investments and foreign exchange gains. Data are reported in Canadian dollars, as EFA revenues are reported in Canadian dollars in the attached financial statements. In 2018–19, income totalled C$1,482 million compared to C$1,713 million in 2017–18. The main categories of income are summarized in Table A4.1.

2) Total Net Return on Assets

The net return on assets of the EFA is reported using a measure called "total return". It represents the net return generated by the EFA by including the changes in the market values of the assets and liabilities over the reporting period. By including the market or fair values of the EFA's assets and corresponding liabilities, the total return measure includes unrealized gains or losses, which is the difference between what an asset (or liability) is worth compared to what it cost.

Total Return on a Market-Value Basis

The total return measure is used in several different ways. It is used to compare the performance of the EFA's assets to its liabilities in order to depict the net return of the portfolio on a market-value basis. It is also used to decompose the EFA into the key sources of return. This is done by decomposing the total return measures for both the assets and liabilities through a technique called "performance attribution". Performance attribution allows management to discern what aspects of total return resulted from controllable influences as compared to those sources that are market-driven. As well, the attribution analysis provides an indication as to how well objectives of the asset-liability management framework of the EFA are being met.

Table A4.2 provides an estimate of the total return on a market-value basis for the EFA as a whole and its key portfolios compared to the corresponding liabilities. The total return of the asset benchmark is also included—0.40 per cent versus 0.40 per cent for the EFA asset portfolio. The total net return was 45 basis points, or a gain of US$326 million, in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2019, compared to a total net return 26 basis points, or a gain of US$191 million, in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2018. For 2018–19, the total net return reflects net returns in US-dollar terms of 23 basis points for the US-dollar portfolio, 77 basis points for the euro portfolio, 115 basis points for the GBP portfolio and 77 basis points for the yen portfolio. The total net return was due to an increase in the value of assets, mainly caused by the coupon effect in the US-dollar portfolio. In the other currency portfolios, the dominant driver was the difference between the credit spreads on the assets versus changes in funding spreads of the liabilities. The total return numbers include interest flows as well as all gains or losses earned over the period, regardless of whether they were realized or not.

Performance Attribution of Total Return

Table A4.3 summarizes the attribution results for the EFA's US-dollar and euro portfolios for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2019. Total return is decomposed into three underlying return factors: coupon and amortization, changes in credit spreads, and changes in interest rates.

For 2018–19, the attribution results indicate that the yield curve effect and credit spread effect contributed positively to portfolio returns, resulting in an overall positive total return for the portfolio.

The coupon return (the difference between the yield to maturity of reserve assets and liabilities issued to fund the assets) contributed positively to total return. The coupon return generally represents the underlying return of the portfolio if matched assets and liabilities are held to maturity.

The credit spread effect (the difference between the change in the market value of EFA assets and the foreign liabilities due to changes in the credit quality of EFA issuers and Canada) was the main driver of the positive total return in the EFA's portfolio. Although changes in the credit spreads impacted both assets and liabilities, the effects were larger for assets than for liabilities, resulting in an overall positive impact on the EFA. The credit spread effect is transitory to the extent that assets are held to maturity.

The yield curve effect (the impact of changes in the general level of interest rates) demonstrates the extent to which the EFA's assets and liabilities are matched in terms of their sensitivity to changes in interest rates. The small difference for the US and euro portfolios demonstrates the benefit of the asset-liability management framework of the EFA over the reporting period.

Any difference between the actual return and the sum of the above effects is the residual return, which reflects the fact that performance attribution approximately explains total return.

3) Notional Cost of Advances to the EFA

From the Consolidated Revenue Fund

The cost of advances represents an estimate of the cost of maintaining the EFA by adding the cost of foreign debt payments (including the interest on cross-currency swaps) to the notional amount of foreign interest that would be paid on non-interest-bearing items or items funded in Canadian dollars. For 2018–19, the cost of advances to the EFA was C$1,946 million. EFA advances represent funds (liabilities) from the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) in support of maintaining the EFA. The EFA is a stand-alone account of assets while foreign liabilities are paid out of the CRF.

Actual foreign interest charges: The proceeds from foreign currency borrowings are remitted to the CRF and concurrently advanced to the EFA. Foreign debt interest and principal repayments are charged to the CRF but are paid using the foreign assets of the EFA, reducing the amount advanced to the EFA. Actual foreign interest paid is converted into Canadian currency for the purpose of determining this portion of the notional cost of advances; for 2018–19 this value was C$1,764 million.

Notional interest charged in Canadian dollars: Because domestically funded EFA assets, SDR advances and the portion of net revenues reinvested in the EFA (i.e., cumulative net revenues of the EFA less cumulative foreign debt interest payments) are not linked to foreign liabilities, an imputed interest cost is used to approximate the notional interest charge on the portion of advances from the CRF related to those assets. For 2018–19, a weighted cost of domestic and foreign funding (2.18 per cent) was used in calculating notional interest paid in Canadian dollars, resulting in a value of C$182 million.

4) Risk Measures

The risk management framework covers market, credit, liquidity, legal and operational risks related to the financing and investment of the foreign reserves. Risk measures are reported on a monthly basis to management at the Department of Finance Canada and the Bank of Canada.

Market Risk

Market risk stems from changes in interest rates, credit spreads and exchange rates. Several industry-standard measures of market risk exposure are employed: scenario analysis, stress testing and Value at Risk (VaR) (Table A4.4). Stress testing and scenario analysis are used to evaluate the portfolio's performance under extraordinary circumstances in the market. VaR is a statistical measure for estimating potential losses to the EFA portfolio arising from extreme but plausible market movements such as changes in interest and exchange rates.

Stress tests are regularly carried out to gauge the sensitivity of the EFA portfolio to large changes in exchange rates and interest rates, including the portfolio impact of a 1 per cent depreciation of the euro, GBP and yen vis-à-vis the US dollar and a 1 per cent increase in interest rates across the yield curve. The results showed that, during the reporting period, the EFA assets and the associated liabilities (on a net basis) had very minimal exposure to currency depreciations and upward shifts in the yield curve.

In addition, some hypothetical scenario analyses that mimic market conditions during six previous extraordinary market events were regularly conducted: the tightening of monetary policy by the US Federal Reserve in 1994; the 1997 Asian financial crisis; the 1998 Russian debt default and Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) collapse; the 2001 terrorist attacks on the US; the 2008 financial crisis; and the 2010 European debt crisis. The scenario analyses showed that the EFA would generally perform well during such periods of market turbulence.

Total Market VaR is a statistical measure that estimates the possible loss in portfolio value within a specific time period during normal market conditions as a result of interest rate, foreign exchange rate and credit spread changes. This is regularly reported for the entire EFA portfolio and on the net position of assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2019, the EFA had a 99-per-cent 10-day Total Market VaR of US$547 million, which implied that 99 per cent of the time, the value of the portfolio was not expected to decline by more than US$547 million, on a net basis, over a 10-trading-day period. The asset-only VaR measure estimates the possible loss in the value of EFA assets within a 10-day period during normal market conditions as a result of interest rate, exchange rate and credit spread changes. As of March 31, 2019, the Asset VaR was US$840 million.

Credit Risk

Credit risk includes the risk that a counterparty or issuer will be unable or unwilling to meet their obligations to pay as well as the risk that the value of an instrument will change as a result of actual or perceived changes in the credit quality of a counterparty or issuer.

A collateral management framework is used for managing the credit risk to financial institution counterparties arising from the cross-currency swaps used to fund the EFA. Under this framework, Initial Margin, composed of high quality collateral, is pledged by the swap counterparties for the EFA at the initiation of the swap. In addition, Variation Margin is received or paid based on whether the market value of the swaps with each counterparty is positive or negative to the Government of Canada. The Government relies on a collateral manager and the Bank of Canada for the daily management of Initial and Variation Margin.

The Credit VaR model was used to measure the EFA's exposure to credit risk during the reporting period (Table A4.5). However, the Credit VaR estimate does not capture the market risk effect of cross-currency funding and therefore does not reflect the total risk of the EFA.

The Credit VaR model provides an estimate of the maximum potential loss in portfolio value within a year as a result of a credit event, such as the downgrade or default of counterparties or issuers, under normal market conditions. As of March 31, 2019, the EFA had a 99.9-per-cent 1-year Credit VaR of US$2,432 million, which implied that 99.9 per cent of the time, the value of the portfolio was not expected to decline by more than US$2.4 billion over a 1-year period due to credit events. An associated measure, expected shortfall, computes the expected average loss in portfolio value during a 1-year period due to an extreme, unexpected credit event, whose possibility of happening (less than 0.1 per cent) was not captured by the Credit VaR statistic. The expected shortfall measure for the EFA was US$5.6 billion as of March 31, 2019.

Annex 5: List of Agents and Mandataries as Defined by the Currency Act

The Currency Act stipulates that this report include a list of the following agents and mandataries appointed by the Minister under subsection 17.2(3) of the Act to perform services concerning the EFA.

Bank of Canada

The Bank of Canada, as specified under the Bank of Canada Act, is the fiscal agent for the Government of Canada. As part of its fiscal agency responsibilities, the Bank manages the Government's foreign exchange reserves.

RBC Investor Services Trust and State Street Corporation

RBC Investor Services Trust and State Street Corporation manage the securities-lending program for the EFA. As the Government's agents and mandataries, they carry out securities lending on behalf of the Government. The program involves loaning a security from the Government to a counterparty, who must eventually return the same security, in order to earn additional return on the portfolio.

State Street Trust Company Canada, Together With State Street Bank and Trust Company

State Street Trust Company Canada, together with State Street Bank and Trust Company, is responsible for managing the collateral pledged in connection with foreign exchange swaps and cross-currency swaps.

Unaudited statement of financial position and statement
of operations of the exchange fund account
Year ended March 31, 2019

Paul Rochon
Deputy Minister
Department of Finance

Darlene Bess, CPA, CA
Chief Financial Officer
Department of Finance

Notes to the Financial Statements
for the year ended 31 March 2019 (unaudited)

Authority and Objectives

The Exchange Fund Account (the Account) is governed by Part II of the Currency Act. The Account is in the name of the Minister of Finance and is administered by the Bank of Canada as fiscal agent. The Financial Administration Act does not apply to the Account.

The legislative objectives of the Account are to aid in the control and protection of the external value of the Canadian dollar and to provide a source of liquidity for the Government, if required. The Minister of Finance empowers the Account to acquire, borrow, sell or lend assets deemed appropriate for this purpose, in accordance with the Account's Statement of Investment Policy.

Assets held in the Account are managed to provide liquidity to the Government and to promote orderly conditions for the Canadian dollar in foreign exchange markets, if required. Canada's current policy is to intervene in foreign exchange markets on a discretionary, rather than a systematic basis and only in the most exceptional of circumstances. Since September 1998, no transactions have been aimed at moderating movements in the value of the Canadian dollar.

In accordance with the Currency Act, the net revenue for the year is paid to or charged to the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) of the Government of Canada within three months after the end of the fiscal year, and the Minister of Finance reports to Parliament on the operations of the Account within the first 60 days on which Parliament is sitting after the end of the fiscal year. These statements have been prepared by the Department of Finance.

Significant accounting policies

As stipulated in the Currency Act, the financial statements of the Account are prepared in a manner consistent with the accounting policies used by the Government of Canada to prepare its financial statements.

a) Revenue recognition

Revenue from investments is recognized on an accrual basis and includes interest earned (including the amortization of premiums and discounts), gains or losses on sales of securities, and revenues from securities-lending activities. Interest is accrued on short-term deposits, deposits held under repurchase agreements, marketable securities, and special drawing rights (SDRs).

b) Expense recognition

The Account's administrative, custodial, and fiscal agency services are provided and paid for by the Bank and the Department of Finance. These costs have not been recognized in the Statements.

In addition, the notional cost of the funding of the Account's assets and advances from the CRF is not recognized in the Statements.

c) Financial assets

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consists of cash on hand and short-term deposits. Short-term deposits are measured at cost and are generally held to maturity. The resulting revenue is included in Interest on cash and cash equivalents.

Deposits held under repurchase agreements

Deposits held under repurchase agreements are measured at cost. The resulting revenue is included in net revenue from investments. As at March 31, 2019, the Account did not hold any deposits held under repurchase agreements ($nil at March 31, 2018).

Marketable securities

Purchases and sales of securities are recognized at the settlement dates. Marketable securities are measured at cost and are adjusted for amortization of purchase discounts and premiums on a straight-line basis over the term to maturity of the security. The carrying value of marketable securities includes accrued interest.

On derecognition of a security, the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in Net revenue for the year.

Impairment

The Bank assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there has been a loss in the carrying value of short-term deposits, deposits held under repurchase agreements, and marketable securities. When conditions indicate that the decline in value is other-than temporary, these assets are re-measured at their recoverable amount with the amount of the impairment loss recognized in Total net revenue from investments in the Statement of operations.

Securities-lending program

Under the securities-lending program, the Account has agency agreements with two major financial institutions. Loans of securities are effected on behalf of the Account by these agents, who guarantee the loans and obtain collateral of equal or greater value from approved counterparties. These transactions can range from 1 to 31 days in duration. The securities loaned continue to be accounted for as investment assets. Income on securities-lending transactions is included in Interest in the Statement of Operations.

Special drawing rights (SDRs)

The SDR serves as the unit of account for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its value is based on a "basket" of five major currencies: the Euro, the US dollar, the British pound sterling, the Japanese yen, and the Chinese renminbi.

SDRs are initially recognized at cost and are subsequently re-measured at each reporting date into Canadian dollars at market exchange rates.

Translation of foreign currencies and SDRs

Assets denominated in foreign currencies and SDRs are translated into Canadian-dollar equivalents at the rates prevailing as of March 31, which were as follows:

Gains or losses resulting from the translation of assets and advances from the CRF denominated in foreign currencies and SDRs, as well as from transactions throughout the year, are recognized as Net foreign exchange gain (loss) and are included in the Statement of Operations.

Investment revenue in foreign currencies and SDRs is translated into Canadian-dollars at the foreign exchange rates prevailing on the date the revenue is earned.

d) Use of estimates and measurement uncertainty

The preparation of the Statements requires the Bank's management to make estimates and assumptions based on information available as of the date of the Statements. Significant estimates are primarily in the area of the fair values of financial instruments, including any impairment (Note 3).

3. Financial instruments

The estimated fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates their carrying value, given their short term to maturity.

The estimated fair values of marketable securities are based on quoted market prices and include accrued interest. If such prices are not available, the fair value is determined by discounting future cash flows using an appropriate yield curve.

Since SDRs are translated into Canadian-dollar equivalents at the rates prevailing at the Statements' date, the carrying value approximates fair value on the reporting date.

There were no impairments recognized in 2019 ($nil in 2018).

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty to a financial contract will cause a loss to the Account by failing to discharge its obligations in accordance with agreed upon terms.

To ensure that the Account's asset portfolio is prudently diversified with respect to credit risk, the Statement of Investment Policy prescribed by the Minister of Finance specifies limits on holdings by class of issuer (sovereign, agency, supranational, corporation or commercial financial institution), by any one issuer or counterparty, and by type of instruments.

The Statement of Investment Policy also specifies the treatment of holdings that do not meet eligibility criteria or limits due to exceptional circumstances such as ratings downgrades.

With respect to the Statement of Investment Policy, the Account may hold fixed income securities of highly rated sovereigns, central banks, government-supported entities and supranational organizations. To be eligible for investment, an entity must have an acceptable credit rating based on external credit ratings and internal credit analysis. The Account may also make deposits and execute other transactions, up to prescribed limits, with commercial financial institutions that meet the same rating criteria.

As stipulated in the Currency Act, the Minister of Finance may appoint agents to perform services concerning the Account. Through the securities-lending program, agents can lend securities only up to a prescribed maximum amount and only to a list of approved counterparties. Each borrower must enter into a Securities Loan Agreement with at least one of the agents. Borrowers are also required to provide collateral for securities borrowed, according to a specific list approved by the Government. Collateral is limited to specific security types, terms to maturity, and credit ratings.

The agents also provide an indemnity in the event of default by the borrower. The Account enters into securities lending transactions in order to increase its return on investments.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: interest rate risk, currency risk, and other price risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates. Currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. Other price risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices, other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk. The Account is not exposed to significant other price risk.

Interest rate and currency risks are managed, with due consideration of the risk to the Government of Canada, through the asset-liability management policy. This policy utilizes a strategy of matching the duration structure and the currency of the Account's assets with the foreign currency borrowings of the Government of Canada that notionally finance the Account's assets. Other price risks are mitigated by holding high quality liquid assets.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that an entity will encounter difficulty in meeting its obligations associated with financial liabilities. Liquidity risk is minimized by limiting the portion of the Government of Canada's foreign liabilities that needs to be renewed within a one-year period. In addition, liquidity risk is mitigated by holding short-term investments that are matched to the Government of Canada's maturing liabilities in foreign currencies.

Securities lending

As at March 31, 2019, there were no loaned securities in the EFA's investments ($nil at March 31, 2018).

4. Due to the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF)

The Account is funded by the Government of Canada through interest-free advances from the CRF. Advances to the Account from the CRF are authorized by the Minister of Finance under the terms and conditions prescribed by the Minister of Finance. Pursuant to Section 19 of the Currency Act, these advances are limited to US$150 billion by order of the Minister of Finance effective March 26, 2015.

The CRF advances the proceeds of the Government of Canada's borrowings in foreign currencies and allocations of SDRs by IMF to the Account. Subsequent repayments of foreign currency debt are made using the assets of the Account and result in reductions of foreign currency advances from the CRF.

The Account requires Canadian-dollar advances to settle its purchases of foreign currencies. Canadian dollars received from sales of foreign currencies are remitted to the CRF. This, together with foreign currency payments made on behalf of the Government of Canada, causes reductions in the level of outstanding Canadian-dollar advances and can result in overall net deposits of Canadian-dollars by the Account with the CRF.

At March 31, advances from the CRF were composed of the following currencies:

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¹ A cross-currency swap agreement is a contract in which one party borrows one currency from another party and simultaneously lends the same value, at current spot rates, of a second currency to that party.

² A swap spread is the difference between the fixed-rate component of a given swap and the yield on a Treasury item or other fixed-income investment with a similar maturity

³ The total return represents the net return generated by the EFA by including the changes in the market values of the assets and liabilities over the reporting period. It includes the realized coupon return, as well as the unrealized gains or losses due to changes in the market value.

⁴ Promissory notes denominated in US dollars and issued only in book-entry form. Canada bills mature not more than 270 days from their date of issue, and are discount obligations with a minimum order size of US$1,000,000 and a minimum denomination of US$1,000. Delivery and payment occur in same-day funds through Citibank, N.A. in New York City. Rates on Canada bills are posted daily.

⁵ Promissory notes usually denominated in US dollars and available in book-entry form. Canada notes are issued in denominations of US$1,000 and integral multiples thereof. Notes can be issued for terms of nine months or longer, and can be issued at a fixed or a floating rate. The interest rate or interest rate formula, issue price, stated maturity, redemption or repayment provisions, and any other terms are established by the Government of Canada at the time of issuance of the notes and are indicated in the Pricing Supplement. Delivery and payment occur through Citibank, N.A. The Government may also sell notes to other dealers or directly to investors. Canada notes are issued for foreign exchange reserve funding purposes only.

⁶ Medium-term notes issued anywhere outside the United States and Canada. Government of Canada euro medium-term notes (EMTNs) are sold through dealers acting as a Government agent for particular transactions. The arranger for the EMTN program is TD Securities. Notes issued under this program can be denominated in EFA-eligible currencies and structured to meet investor demand. EMTNs are issued for foreign exchange reserve funding purposes only.

⁷ Global bonds are syndicated, marketable debt instruments issued in a foreign currency with a fixed interest rate. The majority of global bonds issued by Canada are denominated in US dollars. Global bonds are issued for foreign exchange reserve funding purposes only.

⁸ Liquid foreign reserves comprise foreign currency securities, and deposits. Special drawing rights, which are international reserve assets created by the International Monetary Fund, are excluded in the definition of liquid foreign reserves, although they form part of the EFA.

⁹ Sub-sovereigns are defined as levels of government within a sovereign territory, and hierarchically below the sovereign. For example, this could include, but is not limited to, states, provinces or municipalities within a sovereign.

¹⁰ In March 2011, the Bank of Canada joined central banks in the United States, Europe and Japan in a concerted intervention to stabilize the Japanese currency by selling yen in an amount equivalent to US$124 million (C$120 million).

¹¹ Official intervention is separate from net purchases of foreign currency for government foreign exchange requirements and for additions to reserves.