6: References

Ahn M-Y, Filley TR, Jafvert CT, Nies L, Hua I, Bezares-Cruz J. 2006a. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether adsorbed into clay minerals, metal oxides and sediment. Environ Sci Technol 40:215-220.

Ahn M-Y, Filley TR, Jafvert CT, Nies L, Hua I. 2006b. Birnessite mediated debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether. Chemosphere 64:1801-1807.

Akutsu K, Obana H, Okihashi M, Kitagawa M, Nakazawa H, Matsuki Y, Makino T, Oda H, Hori S. 2001. GC/MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish collected from the Inland Sea of Seto, Japan. Chemosphere 44:1325-1333.

[ASTM] American Society for Testing Materials. 1997. Standard guide for determination of the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by benthic invertebrates. E 1688-97a. Philadelphia (PA).

Arnot JA, Gobas FA. 2003. A generic QSAR for assessing the bioaccumulation potential of organic chemicals in aquatic food webs. QSAR Comb Sci 22(3):337-345.

Arnot JA, Gobas FA. 2004. A food web bioaccumulation model for organic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 23(10):2343-2355.

Arnot JA, Gobas FA. 2006 A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms. Environ Rev 14(4):257-297.

Arnot JA, MacKay D, Bonnell M, Parkerton T. 2008a. A database of fish biotransformation rate constants. Environ Toxicol Chem 27(11): 2263-2270.

Arnot JA, Mackay D, Bonnell M. 2008b. Estimating metabolic biotransformation rates in fish from laboratory data. Envirion Toxicol Chem 27(2):341–351.

Barcellos da Rosa M, Krüger H-E, Thomas S, Zetzsch C. 2003. Photolytic debromination and degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether, an exploratory kinetic study in toluene. Fresenius Environ Bull 12(8):940-945.

Benedict RT, Stapleton HM, Letcher RJ, Mitchelmore CL. 2007. Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether-99 (BDE-99) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) microflora and microsomes. Chemosphere 69:987-993.

Bezares-Cruz J, Jafvert CT, Hua I. 2004. Solar photodecomposition of decabromodiphenyl ether: Product and quantum yield. Environ Sci Technol 38:4149-4156.

Burreau S, Zebühr Y, Broman D, Ishaq R. 2004. Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) studied in pike (Esox lucius), perch (perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) from the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 55:1043-1052.

Burreau S, Zebühr Y, Broman D, Ishaq R. 2006. Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and northern Atlantic Ocean. Sci Total Environ 366:659-672.

[Canada]. 1995a. Toxic Substances Management Policy. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. Minister of Supply and Services Canada. Catologue No. En 40-499/1-1995, ISBN 0-662-61860-2

[Canada]. 1995b. Toxic Substances Management Policy. Persistence and Bioaccumulation Criteria. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. Minister of Supply and Services Canada. Catologue No. En 40-499/2-1995, ISBN 0-662-23524-X

[Canada]. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. S.C., 1999, c. 33. Canada Gazette. Part III, vol 2, no. 3. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer. Available from: https://www.canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p3/1999/g3-02203.pdf (PDF; 1.65 MB).

[Canada]. 2000. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: Persistence and Bioaccumulation Regulations. P.C. 2000-348, 23 March 2000, SOR/2000-107. Canada Gazette. Part II, vol. 134, no. 7, p. 607-612. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer. Available from: https://www.canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2000/2000-03-29/pdf/g2-13407.pdf (PDF; 1.98 MB).

Canada. 2006. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Ecological screening assessment report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). June 2006.

Chen D, Mai B, Song J, Sun Q, Luo Y, Luo X, Zeng EY, Hale RC. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from Northern China. Environ Sci Technol 41: 1828-1833.

Christensen JR, MacDuffee M, Macdonald RW, Whiticar M, Ross PS. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in British Columbia grizzly bears: consequence of divergent diets. Environ Sci Technol 39:6952-6960.

Ciparis S, Hale RC. 2005. Bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in biosolids and spiked sediment to the aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 24(4):916-925.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997a. Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): determination of n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Wildlife International Ltd. Project Number 439C-101, June 16, 1997.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997b. Octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO): determination of n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Wildlife International Ltd. Project Number 439C-112, July 23, 1997.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997c. Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO): determination of water solubility. Wildlife International Ltd. Project Number 439C-102, June 1997.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997d. Octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO): determination of the water solubility. Wildlife International Ltd. Project Number 439C-110, June 13, 1997.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2001. Potential for biotransformation of radiolabelled decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) in anaerobic sediment. Wildlife International Ltd. Project Number 439E-104, July 25, 2001.

de Boer J, Wester PG, Rodriguez DP, Lewis WE, Boon JP. 1998. Polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers in sperm whales and other marine mammals - a new threat to ocean life? Organohal Compds 35:383-386.

de Boer J, Aldridge J, Allchin C, Bennett M, Boon JP, Brandsma S, van Hesselingen J, Law R, Lewis W, Morris S, et al. 2001. Polybrominated diphenylethers in the aquatic environment. Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (RIVO) report number: C023/01. Amsterdam. 29 June 2001.

de Boer J, Wester PG, van der Horst A, Leonards PEG. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in influents, suspended particulate matter, sediments, sewage treatment plant and effluents and biota from the Netherlands. Environ Pollut 122:63-74.

de Boer J, Leslie HA, Leonards PEG, Bersuder P, Morris S, Allchin CR. 2004. Screening and time trend study of decabromodiphenylether and hexabromocyclododecane in birds. Abstract. The 3rd International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR 2004). Toronto, Canada, June 6-9, 2004. pp.125-128.

de Boer J, Wells D. 2004. The third international interlaboratory study on brominated flame retardants. Organohal Compds 66:510–518.

de Wit C, Alaee M, Muir D. 2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic. Chemosphere 64:209-233.

Dodder NG, Strandberg B, Hites RA. 2002. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several organochlorine compounds in fishes from the northeastern United States. Environ Sci Technol 36:146-151.

El Dareer SM, Kalin JR, Tillery KF, Hill DL. 1987. Disposition of decabromobiphenyl ether in rats dosed intravenously or by feeding. J Toxicol Environ Health 22:405-415 [cited in European Communities 2002].

Eljarrat E, Labandeira A, Marsh G, Raldua D, Barcelo D. 2005. Occurrence of the “new” brominated flame retardant, decabromodiphenyl ethane, in sewage sludge from Spain. Organohal Compd 67:459-461.

Eljarrat E, Labandeira A, Marsh G, Raldua D, Barcelo D. 2007. Decabromodiphenyl ether in river fish and sediment samples collected downstream an industrial park. Chemosphere 69(8):1278-1286.

Eljarrat E, Marsh G, Labandeira A, Barcelo D. 2008. Effect of sewage sludge contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils. Chemosphere 71(6):1079-1086.

Environment Canada. 2006a. Issue paper: Approach to ecological screening assessments for existing substances that are both persistent and bioaccumulative. In: CEPA DSL Categorization: Overview and Results [CD-ROM], released 2006 Sept. Existing Substances Division, Environment Canada, Gatineau (QC). Available on request.

Environment Canada. 2006b. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: Supporting working document for the environmental screening assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environment Canada. June 2006.

Eriksson J, Green N, Marsh G, Bergman Å. 2004. Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water. Environ Sci Technol 38:3119-3125.

European Communities. 2001. European Union risk assessment report. Diphenyl ether, pentabromo derivative (pentabromodiphenyl ether). CAS No.: 32534-81-9. EINECS No.: 251-084-2. Risk assessment. Final report, August 2000. United Kingdom on behalf of the European Union.

European Communities. 2002. European Union risk assessment report. Bis(pentabromophenyl) ether. CAS No.: 1163-19-5, EINECS No.: 214-604-9. Risk assessment. Final report, 2002. France and United Kingdom on behalf of the European Union.

Fjeld E, Schlabach M, Berge JA, Eggen T, Snilsberg P, Källberg G, Rognerud S, Enge EK, Borgen A, Gundersen H. 2004. Kartlegging av utvalgte nye organiske miljøgifter -bromerte flammehemmere, klorerte parafiner, bisfenol A og trichlosan. Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA), Rapport 4809-2004, Oslo, Norway (in Norwegian). [cited in Dewit et al. 2006]

Gauthier LT, Hebert CE, Weseloh CDV, Letcher RJ. 2008. Dramatic changes in temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes: 1982–2006. Environ Sci Technol 42(5):1524-530.

Geller AM, Krüger H-U. Palm W-U, Zetsch C. 2006. Identification of polybrominated dibenzofurans from photolysis of decabromodiphenyl ether by UV spectroscopy. Abstract from “DIOXIN, 2006”, Oslo, August 21-24, 2006.

Gerecke AC. 2006. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether: kinetics, reaction quantum yield and penetration of light into kaolinite. Abstract from “DIOXIN, 2006”, Oslo, August 21-24, 2006.

Gerecke AC, Hartmann PC, Heeb NV, Kohler H-PE, Giger W, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Kohler M. 2005. Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether. Environ Sci Technol 39(4):1078-1083.

Gerecke AC, Giger W, Hartmann PC, Heeb NV, Kohler H-PE, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Kohler M. 2006. Anaerobic degradation of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. Chemosphere 64:311-317.

Gobas FA, Morrison HA. 2000. Bioconcentration and biomagnification in the aquatic environment. In: Boethling RS and Mackay D, editors. Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals, environmental and health sciences. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 189-231.

Gobas FA, Kelly BC, Arnot JA. 2003. Quantitative structure activity relationships for predicting the bioaccumulation of POPs in terrestrial food-webs. QSAR Comb Sci 22:329-336.

Hagberg J, Olsman H, van Bavel B, Engwall M, Lindström G. 2006. Chemical and toxicological characterizPBDFation of s from photolytic decomposition of decaBDE in toluene. Environ Int 32:851-857.

Hakk H, Larsen GL, Klasson-Wehler E. 2002. Tissue disposition, excretion, and metabolism of 2,2’,4,4’,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Xenobiotica 32:369–82 [cited in Haak and Letcher 2003].

Hakk H, Letcher RJ. 2003. Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants - a review. Environ Int 29:801-828.

Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, HarveyE, Mainor TM. 2002. Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the U.S. environment. Chemosphere 46:729-735.

Han X, Nabb DL, Mingoia RT, Yang C-H. 2007. Determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat and its application in bioaccumulation assessment. Environ Sci Technol 41:3269-3276.

He J, Robrock KR, Alvarez-Cohen L. 2006. Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Environ Sci Technol 40:4429-4434.

Herzke D, Berger U, Kallenborn R, Nygård T, Vetter W. 2005. Brominated flame retardants and other organobromines in Norwegian predatory bird eggs. Chemosphere 61:441–449 [cited in de Wit et al. 2006].

Hu T-M, Layton WL. 2001. Allometric scaling of xenobiotic clearance: uncertainty versus universality. AAPS PharmSci 3(4):E29.

Hua I, Kang N, Jafvert CT, Fábrega-Duque RJ. 2003. Heterogeneous photochemical reactions of decabromodiphenyl ether. Environ Toxicol Chem 22(4):798-804.

Huwe JK, Hakk H, Smith DJ, Diliberto JJ, Richardson V, Stapleton HM, Birnbaum LS. 2008. Comparative adsorption and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers following ingestion via dust and oil in male rats. Environ Sci Technol 42(7):2694-2700.

Huwe JK, Smith DJ. 2007a. Accumulation, whole-body depletion and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male Sprague-Dawley rats following dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 41(7):2371-2377.

Huwe JK, Smith DJ. 2007b. Accumulation, whole-body depletion and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male Sprague-Dawley rats following dietary exposure. Additions and Corrections. Environ Sci Technol 41(12):4486.

Ikonomou MG, Fischer M, He T, Addison RF, Smith T. 2000. Congener patterns, spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biota samples from the Canadian west coast and the Northwest Territories. Organohal Compds 47:77-80.

Ikonomou MG, Rayne S, Addison RF. 2002a. Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000. Environ Sci Technol 36:1886-1892.

Ikonomou MG, Rayne S, Fischer M, Fernandez MP, Cretney W. 2002b. Occurrence and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples from coastal British Columbia, Canada. Chemosphere 46:649-663.

Iverson SJ, Frost KJ, Lang SLC. 2002. Fat content and fatty acid composition of forage fish and invertebrates in Prince William Sound, Alaska: factors contributing to among and within species variability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 241:161-181.

Jafvert C, Hua I. 2001. Photochemical reactions of decabromodiphenyl oxide and 2,2’,4,4’- tetrabromodiphenyl oxide. Final report submitted to American Chemistry Council, Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (BFRIP). School of Engineering, Purdue University. West Lafayette (IN). August 6, 2001. 56 pp.

Jaspers VL, Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Dauwe T, Eens M, Schepens P. 2006. Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial predatory birds of Belgium: levels, patterns, tissue distribution and condition factors. Environ. Pollut 139:340-352.

Jensen KN, Jacobsen C, Nielsen HH. 2007. Fatty acid composition of herring (Clupea harengus L.): influence of time and place of catch on n-3 PUFA content. J Sci Food Agric 87(4):710-718.

Johnson-Restrepo B, Kannan K, Addink R, Adams DH. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ Sci Technol 39:8243-8250.

Kelly BC, Gobas FA. 2003. Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen – caribou – wolf food chains of Canada’s central and western Arctic. Environ Toxicol Chem 35(2):325-334.

Kelly BC, Gobas FA, McLachlan MS. 2004. Intestinal absorption and biomagnification of organic contaminants in fish, wildlife and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 23(10):2324-2336.

Keum Y-S, Li QX. 2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zerovalent iron. Environ Sci Technol 39:2280-2286.

Kierkegaard A. 2007. PBDEs in the environment. Time trends, bioaccumulation and the identification of their successor, decabromodiphenyl ethane [doctoral dissertation]. Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 68 pp.

Kierkegaard A, Balk L, Tjärnlund U, de Wit CA, Jansson B. 1999. Dietary uptake and biological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Sci Technol 33:1612-1617.

Kierkegaard A, Asplund L, de Wit C, McLachlan MS, Thomas GO, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC. 2007. Fate of higher brominated PBDEs in lactating cows. Environ Sci Technol 41(2):417-423.

Knoth W, Mann W, Meyer R, Nebhuth J. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ether in sewage sludge in Germany. Chemosphere 67:1831–1837.

Konstantinov A, Arsenault G, Chittim B, Kolic T, MacPherson K, McAlees A, McCrindle R, Potter D, Reiner E, Tashiro C, Yeo B. 2006. Characterization of mass-labeled [C-13 (14)]-decabromodiphenylethane and its use as a surrogate standard in the analysis of sewage sludge samples. Chemosphere 64:245-249.

Kuivikko M, Kotiaho T, Hartonen K, Vähätalo AV, Tanskanen A. 2006. Direct photolytic decomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface waters. Abstract from “DIOXIN, 2006”, Oslo, August 21-24, 2006.

Kuivikko M, Kotiaho T, Hartonen K, Tanskanen A, Vähätalo AV. 2007. Modeled direct photolytic decomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 41(20):7016-7021.

La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E. 2006. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 40(20):6247-6254.

La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E. 2007. Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream. Environ Sci Technol 41(19):6663-6670.

Lam JCW, Kajiwara N, Ramu K, Tanabe S, Lam PKS. 2007. Assessment of polybrominated diphenl ethers in eggs of waterbirds from South China. Environ Pollut 148:258-267.

Law K, Halldorson T, Danell R, Stern G, Gewurtz S, Alaee M, Marvin C, Whittle M, Tomy G. 2006. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2177-2186.

Law K, Halldorson T, Danell R, Stern G, Gewurtz S, Alaee M, Marvin C, Whittle M, Tomy G. 2007. Erratum. Environ Toxicol Chem 26:190.

Law RJ, Alaee M, Allchin CR, Boon JP, Lebeuf M, Lepom P, Stern GA. 2003. Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife. Environ Int 29:757-770.

Lebeuf M, Couillard CM, Legare B, Trottier S. 2006. Effects of decaBDE and PCB-126 on hepatic concentrations of PBDEs and methoxy-PBDEs in Atlantic tomcod. Environ Sci Technol 40(10):3211-3216.

Letcher R, Gauthier LT, Chu S, Hebert CE, 2007. Hexabromocyclododecane isomers and degradation products of over the past two decades in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from across the Great Lakes. Platform presentation. SETAC North America 28th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. 11-15 November 2007.

Li A, Tai C, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G, Hu J. 2007. Debromination of decabrominated diphenyl ether by resin-bound iron nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 41(19):6841-6846.

Lichota GB, McAdie M, Ross PS. 2004. Endangered Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis): sentinels of atmospherically delivered contaminants to British Columbia, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem 23(2):402-407.

Lindberg P, Sellström U, Häggberg L, de Wit CA. 2004. Higher brominated PBDEs and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environ Sci Technol 34(1):93-96.

MacGregor JA, Nixon WB. 1997. Pentabromodiphenyl oxide: Determination of n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Wildlife International Ltd., Project Number 439C-108. September 1997 [cited in European Communities 2001].

Mariussen E, Kalas JA, Borgen A, Nygard T, Schlabach M. 2004. Analysis of brominated flame retardants in liver samples of lynx from the Norwegian biota. SETAC-Europe, Prague, Czech Republic, 18–22 April 2004 [cited in de Wit et al. 2006].

[MITI] Ministry of International Trade and Industry. 1992. Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Chemical Products Safety Division Basic Industries Bureau, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Edited by Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute, Japan [cited in European Communities 2002].

Mörck A, Klasson-Wehler E. 2001. Metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rat. Organohal Compds 52:9–12 [cited in Haak and Letcher2003].

Mörck A, Hakk H, Örn U, Klasson-Wehler E. 2003. Decabromodiphenyl ether in the rat: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug Metab Dispos 31(7):900-907.

Muir DCG, Backus S, Derocher AE, Dietz R, Evans TJ, Gabrielsen GW, Nagy J. Norstrom RJ, Sonne C, Stirling I, et al. 2006. Brominated flame retardants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, East Greenland and Svalbard. Environ Sci Technol 40:449–455 [cited in de Wit et al. 2006].

[NTP] National Toxicology Program. 1986. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide in F344N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). Technical Report no. 309. US Department of Health and Human Services [cited in European Communities 2002].

Nichols JW, Schultz IR, Fitzsimmons PN. 2006. In vitro–in vivo extrapolation of quantitative hepatic biotransformation data for fish: I. A review of methods and strategies for incorporating intrinsic clearance estimates into chemical kinetic models. Aquat Toxicol 78:74-90.

Norris JM, Ehrmantraut JW, Gibbons CL, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Humiston CG, Jewett GL, Crummett WB, Gehring PJ, et al. 1973. Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical. Appl Poly Symp 22:195-219.

Norris JM, Ehrmantraut JW, Gibbons CL, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Humiston CG, Jewett GL, Crummett WB, Gehring PJ, et al. 1974. Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical. J Fire Flamm Combust Toxicol 1:52-77.

Norris JM, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Humiston CG, Jewett GL, Gehring PJ, Mailhes JB. 1975. Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide. Environ Health Perspect 11:153-161.

Norstrom RJ, Simon M, Moisey J, Wakeford B, Weseloh DVC. 2002. Geographical distribution (2000) and temporal trends (1981-2000) of brominated diphenyl ethers in Great Lakes herring gull eggs. Environ Sci Technol 36(22):4783-4789.

Nose K, Hashimoto S, Takahashi S, Noma Y, Sakai S. 2007. Degradation pathways of decabromodiphenyl ether during hydrothermal treatment. Chemosphere 68(1):120-125.

Olsman H, Hagberg J, Kalbin G, Julander A, van Bavel B, Strid A, Tysklind M, Engwall M. 2006. Ah receptor agonists in UV-exposed tolune solutions of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and in soils contaminated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Environ Sci Pollut Res. 13(3):161-169.

Orn U, Klasson-Wehler E. 1998. Metabolism of 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in rat and mouse. Xenobiotica 28:199–211 [cited in Haak and Letcher 2003].

Palm W-U, Kopetzky R, Sossinka W, Kruger H-U, Lin Q, Barcellos da Rosa ST, Zetzsch C. 2003. Environmental photochemistry of decabromodiphenyl ethers in organic solvents and adsorbed on particles in air and in aqueous suspension (including a feasibility study on OH reactivities in an aerosol smog chamber facility). Report for the Bromine Science and Environmental Forum [cited in United Kingdom 2004].

Palm W-U, Kopetzky R, Sossinka W, Ruck W, Zetzsch C. 2004. Photochemical reactions of brominated diphenylethers in organic solvents and adsorbed on silicon dioxide in aqueous suspension. Organohal Compds 66:4101-4105.

Parsons J, Zegers B, Skoczynska E, de Voogt P. 2004. Reductive debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by anaerobic sediment microorganisms. Organohal Compds: 66:2272-2274.

Parsons JR, Skoczynska E, Djuma H, de Voogt P. 2007. Debromination of PBDEs in anaerobic sediment microcosms. Abstract from “The Fourth International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants” (BFR2007). Amsterdam, April 24-27, 2007.

Rahm S, Green N, Norrgran J, Bergman Å. 2005. Hydrolysis of environmental contaminants as an experimental tool for indication of their persistency. Environ Sci Technol 39:3128-3133.

Sandholm A, Emanuelsson B-M, Klasson-Wehler E. 2003 Bioavailability and half-life of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in rat. Xenobiotica 33(11):1149–1158.

Schaefer EC, Flaggs RS. 2001. Potential for biotransformation of radiolabelled tetrabromodiphenyl oxide (TeBDPO) in anaerobic sediment. Amended Report. Wildlife International Ltd, Project Number 439E-105. Wildlife International Ltd, Maryland, United States [cited in European Communities 2002].

Schlabach M, Mariussen E, Borgen A, Dye C, Enge E-K, Steinnes E, Green N, Mohn H, 2002. Kartlegging av bromerte flammehemmere og klorerte parafiner. Norsk institutt for luftforskning (NILU), Kjeller, Norway, Rapport 62/2002, p. 71 (in Norwegian) [cited in de Wit et al. 2006].

Sellström U, A Kierkegaard, C de Wit, B Jansson. 1998. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from a Swedish river. Environ Toxicol Chem 17: 1065-1072.

Sellström U, de Wit CA, Lundgren N, Tysklind M. 2005. Effect of sewage-sludge application on concentrations of higher brominated diphenyl ethers in soils and earthworms. Environ Sci Technol 39:9064-9070.

Seth R, Mackay D, Muncke J. 1999. Estimating the organic carbon partition coefficient and its variability for hydrophobic chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 33:2390-2394.

Shaw SD, Brenner D, Berger ML, Fang F, Hong CS, Storm R, Hilker D, O’Keefe P. 2007. PBDEs, PCBs, and dioxin-like PCBs in harbor seals from the northwestern Atlantic. Abstract from “The Fourth International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants” (BFR2007). Amsterdam, April 24-27, 2007.

Skaare JU. 2004. National Veterinary Institute/Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway, personal communication [cited in de Wit et al. 2006].

Söderström G, Sellström U, de Wit CA, Tysklind M. 2004. Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). Environ Sci Technol 38(1):127-132.

Sørmo EG, Samler MP, Jenssen BM, Hop H, Bæk K, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Falk-Petersen S, Gabrielsen G, Lie E, Skaare JU. 2006. Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in the polar bear food chain in Svalbard, Norway. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2502-2511.

Stapleton HM. 2006a. Brominated flame retardants: assessing the decaBDE debromination in the environment. Health and Environmental Alliance [formerly the EPHA Environmental Network (EEN)], May 2006.

Stapleton HM. 2006b. Degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in house dust following sunlight exposure. A report prepared for the Environment Agency, Chemicals Assessment Unit.

Stapleton HM, Baker JE. 2003. Debromination of BDE congeners by the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). 5th Annual Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment, August 22-23, 2003. Boston, MA.

Stapleton HM, Alaee M, Letcher RJ, Baker JE. 2004. Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environ Sci Technol 38:112-119.

Stapleton H.M, Dodder NG. 2006. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in natural and amended house dust. Abstract from “DIOXIN, 2006”, Oslo, August 21-24, 2006.

Stapleton HM, Brazil B, Holbrook RD, Mitchelmore CL, Benedict R, Konstantinov A, Potter D. 2006. In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp. Environ Sci Technol 40:4653-4658.

Stenzel JI, Markley BJ. 1997. Pentabromodiphenyl oxide: determination of the water solubility. Wildlife International Limited, Project Number 439C-109 [cited in European Communities 2001].

Thomas GO, Moss SEW, Asplund L, Hall AJ. 2005. Absorption of decabromodiphenyl ether and other organohalogen chemicals by grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Environ Pollut 133:581-586.

Tittlemier SA, Halldorson T, Stern GA, Tomy GT. 2002. Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities and Henry’s law constants of some brominated flame retardants. Environ Toxicol Chem 21(9):1804-1810.

Tokarz III JA, Ahn M-Y, Leng J, Filley TR, Nies L. 2008. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in anaerobic sediment and biomimetic system. Environ Sci Technol 42(4):1157-1164.

Tomy GT, Palace VP, Halldorson T, Braekevelt E, Danell R, Wautier K, Evans B, Brinkworkth L, Fisk AT. 2004. Bioaccumation, biotransformation and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Environ Sci Technol 38(5):1496-1504.

United Kingdom. 2004. Update of the risk assessment of bis(pentabromophenyl) ether (decabromodiphenyl ether). CAS Number: 1163-19-5, EINECS Number: 214-604-9. Final environmental draft of May 2004. United Kingdom on behalf of the European Union.

United Kingdom. 2005. Addendum to the May 2004 environmental risk assessment report of decabromodiphenyl ether (CAS no. 1163-19-5). Draft for comment. March 2007. United Kingdom on behalf of the European Union.

United Kingdom. 2007a. Addendum to the May 2004 environmental risk assessment report of decabromodiphenyl ether (CAS no. 1163-19-5). Draft for comment. August 2005. United Kingdom on behalf of the European Union.

United Kingdom. 2007b. Environmental risk evaluation report: 1,1'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis[penta-bromobenzene] CAS: 84852-53-9. May 2007. United Kingdom on behalf of the European Union.

Van den Steen E, Covaci A, Jaspers VLB, Dauwe T, Voorspoels S, Eens M, Pinxten R. 2007. Accumulation, tissue-specific distribution and biotransformation of BDE209 in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Environ Pollut 148:648-653.

Verreault J, Gabrielsen GW, Letcher RJ, Muir DC, Chu S. 2004. New and established organohalogen contaminants and their metabolites in plasma and eggs of glaucous gulls from Bear Island. SPFO-Report: 914/2004, Norwegian Pollution Control Authority [cited in United Kingdom 2007a].

Verreault J, Gabrielsen GW, Chu S, Muir DC, Andersen M, Hamaed A, Letcher RJ. 2005. Flame retardants and methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two Norwegian Arctic top predators: glaucous gulls and polar bears. Environ Sci Technol 39:6021-6028.

Verreault J, Gebbink WA, Gauthier LT, Gabrielsen GW, Letcher RJ. 2007. Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol 41(14):4931-4931.

Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Lepom P, Escutenaire S, Schepens P. 2006a. Remarkable findings concerning the terrestrial top-predator red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Environ Sci Technol 40:2937-2943.

Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Lepom P, Jaspers VLB, Schepens P. 2006b. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in various tissues of birds of prey. Environ Pollut 144:218-227.

Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Jaspers VLB, Neels H, Schepens P. 2007. Biomagnification of PBDEs in three small terrestrial food chains. Environ Sci Technol 41:411-416.

Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Falk K, Leslie H, Møller S, Sørensen PB. 2005. Temporal development of brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from South Greenland (1986-2003). Environ Sci Technol 39:8199-8206.

Wang Y, Li X, Li A, Wang T, Zhang Q, Wang P, Fu J, Jiang G. 2007. Effect of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent on bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in recipient water. Environ Sci Technol 41(17):6026-6032.

Wania F, Dugani C. 2003. Assessing the long-range transport potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a comparison of four multimedia models. Environ Toxicol Chem 22(6):1252–1261.

Watanabe I, Kashimoto T, Tatsukawa R. 1987. Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river and marine sediments in Japan. Chemosphere 16:2389-2396 [cited in European Communities 2002].

Watanabe I, Sakai S. 2003. Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. Environ Int 29(6):665-682.

Watanabe I, Tatsukawa R. 1990. Anthropogenic brominated aromatics in the Japanese environment. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Brominated Aromatic Flame Retardants, Skokloster, Sweden, 24-26 October, 1989. Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate, KEMI, Solna, Sweden, 1990, p. 63-71.

Webster E, Mackay D, Di Guardo A, Kane D Woodfine D. 2004. Regional differences in chemical fate model outcome. Chemosphere 55:1361–1376.

[WHO] (World Health Organization) 1994. World Health Organization, 1994. Polybrominated biphenyls, IPCS, (Environmental Health Criteria no. 152). IPCS, Geneva, Switzerland.

Xiang C-H, Luo X-J, Chen S-J, Yu M, Mai B-X, Zeng EY. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biota and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(4):616-623.

Zhou J, Jiang W, Ding J, Zhang Z, Gao S. 2007. Effect of Tween 80 and ß-cyclodextrin on degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by white rot fungi. Chemosphere 70:172-177.