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Metrics Report – Milestone 1.3 – National Action Plan on Open Government 2022-2024

From: Environment and Climate Change Canada

Metrics Report for Milestone 1.3 – Making Climate Change Science More Open and Accessible
Theme 1 of the National Action Plan on Open Government 2022-2024 “Climate Change and Sustainable Growth”
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Reporting year 2022

National Action Plan on Open Government 2022-2024

Metrics Report for Milestone 1.3 - Making Climate Change Science More Open and Accessible
 [PDF - 289 KB]

Theme 1: Climate Change and Sustainable Growth

The National Action Plan on Open Government 2022-2024 (NAP) commits to making the Government of Canada more transparent and accountable, while also giving Canadians the chance to take part in how government makes decisions.Footnote 1

This document reports on Milestone 1.3 of the NAP – “Making climate change science more open and accessible” – namely:

This document provides the yearly report on progress of Science-Based Departments and Agencies (SBDAs) in implementing Open Science, in fulfillment of Milestone 1.3. It not only addresses the requirements of 1.3.2 to report on progress against existing open access metrics, but also includes the design of a new metric for climate change science publications, as required under 1.3.1. For this report, open access is defined as free and unrestricted online access to research publications and data (please see Annex 1 for descriptions of open access status for scientific publications). This greater access is expected to accelerate the progress of research, democratize access to knowledge worldwide, and ensure that publicly funded research is available to the public.Footnote 3

This report covers results for the following SBDAs:

Methodology

The bibliometric data presented in this document is drawn from the Canadian Bibliometric Database (CBD™) built by the Observatoire des sciences et des technologies (OST), using Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS). The WoS platform includes three databases (the Science Citation Index Expanded™, the Social Sciences Citation Index™, and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index™) covering, in 2020, more than 13,000 journals from all fields of knowledge (Observatoire des sciences et des technologies, 2021). Please see Annex 2 for additional details on methodology.

Results

1.3.1 – New metric to be designed and included in yearly reports to assess open access of climate change science publication using data from an abstract and citation database.

New Metric: Total consolidated Annual Number and Percentage of Climate Change Science Publications by Open Access Status, for all SBDAs, for the period of 1998 to 2020 (See Annexes 2 and 3 for methodology). This new metric measures open access of climate change publications for all SBDAs.

A subsequent report to be published in late 2023 will include data for the years 2021 and 2022.

Table 1a. Annual number of climate change publications for all SBDAs from 1998 to 2020
Year Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
1998 - 1 1 12 14 51 19 3 87
1999 - 4 - 25 29 45 19 8 101
2000 - 4 5 26 35 62 14 10 121
2001 - 7 1 19 27 74 15 7 123
2002 1 10 4 19 34 80 13 30 157
2003 - 9 2 26 37 93 13 10 153
2004 1 10 2 25 38 93 8 6 145
2005 1 13 7 33 54 99 - 4 157
2006 5 25 10 33 73 114 - 8 195
2007 4 10 6 46 66 133 - 7 206
2008 11 15 14 43 83 131 - 4 218
2009 12 22 13 39 86 138 - 7 231
2010 18 20 21 50 109 145 - 7 261
2011 32 27 20 58 137 170 1 3 311
2012 29 38 20 51 138 193 - 6 337
2013 43 32 32 61 168 173 - 2 343
2014 53 36 35 42 166 175 1 2 344
2015 47 33 51 46 177 184 - 1 362
2016 75 31 60 44 210 149 1 2 362
2017 88 38 44 44 214 157 - 1 372
2018 166 53 81 49 349 145 3 1 498
2019 160 36 73 32 301 188 1 - 490
2020 172 34 78 27 311 185 3 4 503
1998-2020 918 508 580 850 2,856 2,977 111 133 6,077
Table 1b. Annual percentage of climate change publications for all SBDAs from 1998 to 2020
Year Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
1998 - 1.1% 1.1% 13.8% 16.1% 58.6% 21.8% 3.4% 100.0%
1999 - 4.0% - 24.8% 28.7% 44.6% 18.8% 7.9% 100.0%
2000 - 3.3% 4.1% 21.5% 28.9% 51.2% 11.6% 8.3% 100.0%
2001 - 5.7% 0.8% 15.4% 22.0% 60.2% 12.2% 5.7% 100.0%
2002 0.6% 6.4% 2.5% 12.1% 21.7% 51.0% 8.3% 19.1% 100.0%
2003 - 5.9% 1.3% 17.0% 24.2% 60.8% 8.5% 6.5% 100.0%
2004 0.7% 6.9% 1.4% 17.2% 26.2% 64.1% 5.5% 4.1% 100.0%
2005 0.6% 8.3% 4.5% 21.0% 34.4% 63.1% - 2.5% 100.0%
2006 2.6% 12.8% 5.1% 16.9% 37.4% 58.5% - 4.1% 100.0%
2007 1.9% 4.9% 2.9% 22.3% 32.0% 64.6% - 3.4% 100.0%
2008 5.0% 6.9% 6.4% 19.7% 38.1% 60.1% - 1.8% 100.0%
2009 5.2% 9.5% 5.6% 16.9% 37.2% 59.7% - 3.0% 100.0%
2010 6.9% 7.7% 8.0% 19.2% 41.8% 55.6% - 2.7% 100.0%
2011 10.3% 8.7% 6.4% 18.6% 44.1% 54.7% 0.3% 1.0% 100.0%
2012 8.6% 11.3% 5.9% 15.1% 40.9% 57.3% - 1.8% 100.0%
2013 12.5% 9.3% 9.3% 17.8% 49.0% 50.4% - 0.6% 100.0%
2014 15.4% 10.5% 10.2% 12.2% 48.3% 50.9% 0.3% 0.6% 100.0%
2015 13.0% 9.1% 14.1% 12.7% 48.9% 50.8% - 0.3% 100.0%
2016 20.7% 8.6% 16.6% 12.2% 58.0% 41.2% 0.3% 0.6% 100.0%
2017 23.7% 10.2% 11.8% 11.8% 57.5% 42.2% - 0.3% 100.0%
2018 33.3% 10.6% 16.3% 9.8% 70.1% 29.1% 0.6% 0.2% 100.0%
2019 32.7% 7.3% 14.9% 6.5% 61.4% 38.4% 0.2% - 100.0%
2020 34.2% 6.8% 15.5% 5.4% 61.8% 36.8% 0.6% 0.8% 100.0%
1998-2020 15.1% 8.4% 9.5% 14.0% 47.0% 49.0% 1.8% 2.2% 100.0%

New Metric: Total Number and Percentage of Climate Change Science Publications [broken down] by Department and Agency and Open Access Status, for the period of 1998 to 2020.

A subsequent report to be published in late 2023 will include data for the years 2021 and 2022.

Table 2a. Number of SBDA climate change publications broken down by department and agency and open access status from 1998 to 2020
Department and agency Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
All SBDAs 918 508 580 850 2,856 2,977 111 133 6,077
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 69 36 43 94 242 366 6 10 624
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited - - - 1 1 5 - - 6
Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2 - 1 2 5 3 - 1 9
Canadian Space Agency 4 - 2 - 6 10 - 1 17
Defence Research and Development Canada/
National Defence		 1 - 3 - 4 10 - - 14
Environment and Climate Change Canada 461 222 317 344 1,344 1,022 64 44 2,474
Fisheries and Oceans Canada 151 89 110 231 581 610 23 30 1,244
Health Canada 49 7 30 12 98 31 - 2 131
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 5 2 - - 7 1 - 1 9
National Research Council Canada 26 28 11 23 88 66 - 3 157
Natural Resources Canada 196 150 85 195 626 960 19 50 1,655
Parks Canada 15 8 7 5 35 28 - 1 64
Polar Knowledge Canada 4 2 4   10 1 - - 11
Public Health Agency of Canada 32 5 11 9 57 20 - - 77
Statistics Canada - - 1 - 1 1 - - 2
Transport Canada - - - - 0 1 - - 1
Table 2b. Percentage of SBDA climate change publications broken down by department and agency and open access status from 1998 to 2020.
Department and agency Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
All SBDAs 15.1% 8.4% 9.5% 14.0% 47.0% 49.0% 1.8% 2.2% 100.0%
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 11.1% 5.8% 6.9% 15.1% 38.8% 58.7% 1.0% 1.6% 100.0%
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited - - - 16.7% 16.7% 83.3% - - 100.0%
Canadian Food Inspection Agency 22.2% - 11.1% 22.2% 55.6% 33.3% - 11.1% 100.0%
Canadian Space Agency 23.5% - 11.8% - 35.3% 58.8% - 5.9% 100.0%
Defence Research and Development Canada/
National Defence		 7.1% - 21.4% - 28.6% 71.4% - - 100.0%
Environment and Climate Change Canada 18.6% 9.0% 12.8% 13.9% 54.3% 41.3% 2.6% 1.8% 100.0%
Fisheries and Oceans Canada 12.1% 7.2% 8.8% 18.6% 46.7% 49.0% 1.8% 2.4% 100.0%
Health Canada 37.4% 5.3% 22.9% 9.2% 74.8% 23.7% - 1.5% 100.0%
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 55.6% 22.2% - - 77.8% 11.1% - 11.1% 100.0%
National Research Council Canada 16.6% 17.8% 7.0% 14.6% 56.1% 42.0% - 1.9% 100.0%
Natural Resources Canada 11.8% 9.1% 5.1% 11.8% 37.8% 58.0% 1.1% 3.0% 100.0%
Parks Canada 23.4% 12.5% 10.9% 7.8% 54.7% 43.8% - 1.6% 100.0%
Polar Knowledge Canada 36.4% 18.2% 36.4% - 90.9% 9.1% - - 100.0%
Public Health Agency of Canada 41.6% 6.5% 14.3% 11.7% 74.0% 26.0% - - 100.0%
Statistics Canada - - 50.0% - 50.0% 50.0% - - 100.0%
Transport Canada - - - - 0.0% 100.0% - - 100.0%

1.3.2 – Yearly reports on progress against existing metrics that measure how science-based departments and agencies implement open science, with a focus on open access metrics and diverse types of open access, to be released in the open

Existing Metric:Footnote 4  Total consolidated Annual number and Percentage of SBDA publications by Open Access Status, for the period of 1998 to 2020. This metric measures how SBDAs implement Open Science.

A subsequent report to be published in late 2023 will include data for the years 2021 and 2022.

Table 3a. Annual number of SBDA publications by open access status from 1998 to 2020
Year Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
1998 12 123 45 313 493 2,196 141 572 3,402
1999 24 125 33 359 541 1,994 130 551 3,216
2000 21 167 54 369 611 2,161 137 468 3,377
2001 23 172 56 366 617 2,128 84 447 3,276
2002 34 189 51 428 702 1,842 64 840 3,448
2003 42 224 64 505 835 2,298 44 519 3,696
2004 52 282 78 494 906 2,467 32 441 3,846
2005 62 344 79 490 975 2,611 15 360 3,961
2006 95 406 76 507 1,084 2,727 6 283 4,100
2007 132 385 96 571 1,184 2,654 1 259 4,098
2008 180 459 110 544 1,293 2,866 1 281 4,441
2009 226 516 112 577 1,431 2,864 2 206 4,503
2010 312 718 134 611 1,775 2,531 9 193 4,508
2011 370 693 142 592 1,797 2,743 6 178 4,724
2012 431 521 184 604 1,740 2,847 9 173 4,769
2013 546 436 214 540 1,736 2,664 10 144 4,554
2014 497 418 262 486 1,663 2,529 7 102 4,301
2015 580 407 306 514 1,807 2,280 3 75 4,165
2016 737 423 351 552 2,063 2,033 6 108 4,210
2017 807 505 304 457 2,073 1,962 12 79 4,126
2018 1,022 498 433 441 2,394 1,880 19 80 4,373
2019 1,106 395 495 341 2,337 1,939 36 79 4,391
2020 1,270 351 564 223 2,408 2,042 40 41 4,531
1998-2020 8,581 8,757 4,243 10,884 32,465 54,258 814 6,479 94,016
Table 3b. Annual percentage of SBDA publications by open access status from 1998 to 2020
Year Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
1998 0.4% 3.6% 1.3% 9.2% 14.5% 64.6% 4.1% 16.8% 100.0%
1999 0.7% 3.9% 1.0% 11.2% 16.8% 62.0% 4.0% 17.1% 100.0%
2000 0.6% 4.9% 1.6% 10.9% 18.1% 64.0% 4.1% 13.9% 100.0%
2001 0.7% 5.3% 1.7% 11.2% 18.8% 65.0% 2.6% 13.6% 100.0%
2002 1.0% 5.5% 1.5% 12.4% 20.4% 53.4% 1.9% 24.4% 100.0%
2003 1.1% 6.1% 1.7% 13.7% 22.6% 62.2% 1.2% 14.0% 100.0%
2004 1.4% 7.3% 2.0% 12.8% 23.6% 64.1% 0.8% 11.5% 100.0%
2005 1.6% 8.7% 2.0% 12.4% 24.6% 65.9% 0.4% 9.1% 100.0%
2006 2.3% 9.9% 1.9% 12.4% 26.4% 66.5% 0.1% 6.9% 100.0%
2007 3.2% 9.4% 2.3% 13.9% 28.9% 64.8% 0.0% 6.3% 100.0%
2008 4.1% 10.3% 2.5% 12.2% 29.1% 64.5% 0.0% 6.3% 100.0%
2009 5.0% 11.5% 2.5% 12.8% 31.8% 63.6% 0.0% 4.6% 100.0%
2010 6.9% 15.9% 3.0% 13.6% 39.4% 56.1% 0.2% 4.3% 100.0%
2011 7.8% 14.7% 3.0% 12.5% 38.0% 58.1% 0.1% 3.8% 100.0%
2012 9.0% 10.9% 3.9% 12.7% 36.5% 59.7% 0.2% 3.6% 100.0%
2013 12.0% 9.6% 4.7% 11.9% 38.1% 58.5% 0.2% 3.2% 100.0%
2014 11.6% 9.7% 6.1% 11.3% 38.7% 58.8% 0.2% 2.4% 100.0%
2015 13.9% 9.8% 7.3% 12.3% 43.4% 54.7% 0.1% 1.8% 100.0%
2016 17.5% 10.0% 8.3% 13.1% 49.0% 48.3% 0.1% 2.6% 100.0%
2017 19.6% 12.2% 7.4% 11.1% 50.2% 47.6% 0.3% 1.9% 100.0%
2018 23.4% 11.4% 9.9% 10.1% 54.7% 43.0% 0.4% 1.8% 100.0%
2019 25.2% 9.0% 11.3% 7.8% 53.2% 44.2% 0.8% 1.8% 100.0%
2020 28.0% 7.7% 12.4% 4.9% 53.1% 45.1% 0.9% 0.9% 100.0%
1998-2020 9.1% 9.3% 4.5% 11.6% 34.5% 57.7% 0.9% 6.9% 100.0%

Existing Metric:Footnote 5  Total Number and Percentage of SBDA Publications [broken down] by Department and Agency and Open Access Status, for the period of 1998 to 2020.

A subsequent report to be published in late 2023 will include data for the years 2021 and 2022.

Table 4a. Number of SBDA publications broken down by department and agency and open access status from 1998 to 2020
Department and agency Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
All SBDAs 8,581 8,757 4,243 10,884 32,465 54,258 814 6,479 94,016
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2,169 686 1,120 3,227 7,202 13,201 79 2,022 22,504
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 23 70 20 28 141 918 4 87 1,150
Canadian Food Inspection Agency 267 74 113 221 675 940 6 295 1,916
Canadian Space Agency 26 42 10 51 129 354 4 27 514
Defence Research and Development Canada/
National Defence		 207 189 61 190 647 2,251 30 290 3,218
Environment and Climate Change Canada 1,562 751 929 1,326 4,568 7,882 237 669 13,356
Fisheries and Oceans Canada 894 505 443 1,421 3,263 5,638 104 436 9,441
Health Canada 1,687 557 728 1,497 4,469 3,876 51 778 9,174
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 47 46 3 35 131 716 10 45 902
National Research Council Canada 1,244 5,276 626 2,155 9,301 11,979 184 1,076 22,540
Natural Resources Canada 984 725 435 1,237 3,381 8,771 88 888 13,128
Parks Canada 75 27 25 42 169 297 2 21 489
Polar Knowledge Canada 17 2 7 2 28 6 - - 34
Public Health Agency of Canada 1,111 261 267 718 2,357 1,134 15 232 3,738
Statistics Canada 115 124 62 74 375 417 43 307 1,142
Transport Canada 2 2 1 2 7 53 1 16 77
Table 4b. Percentage of SBDA publications broken down by department and agency and open access status from 1998 to 2020
Department and agency Gold Green Hybrid Bronze Sub-total OA Closed NA NoDOI Total
All SBDAs 9.1% 9.3% 4.5% 11.6% 34.5% 57.7% 0.9% 6.9% 100.0%
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 9.6% 3.0% 5.0% 14.3% 32.0% 58.7% 0.4% 9.0% 100.0%
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 2.0% 6.1% 1.7% 2.4% 12.3% 79.8% 0.3% 7.6% 100.0%
Canadian Food Inspection Agency 13.9% 3.9% 5.9% 11.5% 35.2% 49.1% 0.3% 15.4% 100.0%
Canadian Space Agency 5.1% 8.2% 1.9% 9.9% 25.1% 68.9% 0.8% 5.3% 100.0%
Defence Research and Development Canada/
National Defence		 6.4% 5.9% 1.9% 5.9% 20.1% 70.0% 0.9% 9.0% 100.0%
Environment and Climate Change Canada 11.7% 5.6% 7.0% 9.9% 34.2% 59.0% 1.8% 5.0% 100.0%
Fisheries and Oceans Canada 9.5% 5.3% 4.7% 15.1% 34.6% 59.7% 1.1% 4.6% 100.0%
Health Canada 18.4% 6.1% 7.9% 16.3% 48.7% 42.2% 0.6% 8.5% 100.0%
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 5.2% 5.1% 0.3% 3.9% 14.5% 79.4% 1.1% 5.0% 100.0%
National Research Council Canada 5.5% 23.4% 2.8% 9.6% 41.3% 53.1% 0.8% 4.8% 100.0%
Natural Resources Canada 7.5% 5.5% 3.3% 9.4% 25.8% 66.8% 0.7% 6.8% 100.0%
Parks Canada 15.3% 5.5% 5.1% 8.6% 34.6% 60.7% 0.4% 4.3% 100.0%
Polar Knowledge Canada 50.0% 5.9% 20.6% 5.9% 82.4% 17.6% - - 100.0%
Public Health Agency of Canada 29.7% 7.0% 7.1% 19.2% 63.1% 30.3% 0.4% 6.2% 100.0%
Statistics Canada 10.1% 10.9% 5.4% 6.5% 32.8% 36.5% 3.8% 26.9% 100.0%
Transport Canada 2.6% 2.6% 1.3% 2.6% 9.1% 68.8% 1.3% 20.8% 100.0%

Annex 1: Description of open access status for scientific publications

Open access status Description

Gold

 Available on the publisher's website in a journal where all articles are open access.

Green

 Available in an Open Access repository, including preprints servers.

Hybrid

 Available on the publisher's website under an open licence in a journal where not all articles are open access.

Bronze

 Available on the publisher's website without an open licence in a journal where not all articles are Open Access.

Closed

 Not available in Open Access

No DOI

No Digital Object Identifier (DOI) included and is designated as a closed publication.

Annex 2: Methodology of retrieving bibliometric data and retrieving climate change keywords

Bibliometric data

The bibliometric data presented in this document is drawn from the Canadian Bibliometric Database (CBDTM) built by the Observatoire des sciences et des technologies (OST), using Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS). The WoS platform includes three databases (the Science Citation Index Expanded™, the Social Sciences Citation Index™, and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index™) covering, in 2020, more than 13,000 journals from all fields of knowledge. The databases do not necessarily include all documents that may have been published by Canadian or foreign researchers, as some publications are disseminated by other scientific media not indexed by WoS (e.g., trade journals, national journals, grey literature, and conference proceedings not published in journals). However, in the Clarivate databases, the share of researchers' scientific results that is most visible to the Canadian and global scientific communities was indexed, and therefore is most likely to be cited. In addition, only articles, research notes, and review papers are included in the data as these are the main means of disseminating new knowledge.

Climate change keywords

Research on climate change, to a great extent, is a multidisciplinary field which cannot be delimited by the traditional disciplinary classifications used in the bibliometric database. The OST, within L’Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), created a retrieval strategy with keyword queries and selected keywords from a list of the most frequent keywords extracted from 30,014 bibliographic records of papers cited in the third and fourth reports of the three working groups under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Keywords used in the retrieval strategy are summarized in Annex 3, covering a broad range of climate change topics studied by IPCC.

Annex 3: Keywords used in the retrieval strategy, [extracted from] [based on] climate change scientific publications

Climate change keywords
Model parameters Atmosphere Climate Earth and space sciences Ocean

Air-Temperature Variation

Atmospheric model

Atmospheric Parameterization

Climate Change Scenario

Climate Model

Climate Modelling

Climate Simulation

Climatic Modelling

Climatic Simulation

Cyclone Activity

Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

Extreme Rainfall

Extreme Weather

Flood Risk

GCM Simulation

General-Circulation Model

Heatwave

Intra-Seasonal Oscillation

Kyoto Protocol

Ocean Model

Ocean Modelling

Ocean Simulation

Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model

Ocean-Atmosphere Model

Potential Evapotranspiration

Precipitation Event

Precipitation Variability

Seasonality" and "Climate

Simulated Climate

Storm Surge

Surface Air-Temperature

Temperature Trend

Aerosol Effect

Aerosol Emission

African Monsoon

Antarctic Oscillation

Anthropogenic Aerosol

Anthropogenic Carbon

Anthropogenic Emission

Anthropogenic Sulfate

Arctic Oscillation

Asian Monsoon

Asian Summer Monsoon

Atmosphere Dynamics

Atmospheric Aerosol

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Atmospheric Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation Pattern

Atmospheric CO2

Atmospheric Methane

Black Carbon

Carbon Budget

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Sequestration

Carbon Sink

Carbon Storage

Carbonaceous Aerosol

Carbon Dioxide Capture

Carbon Dioxide Emission

CH4 Emission

CO2 Emission

El-Nino

Extratropical Circulation

GHG Emission

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse Warming

La Nina

Madden-Julian Oscillation

Methane Emission

North Atlantic Oscillation

Stratospheric Circulation

Sulphate Aerosol

Tropospheric Aerosol

Tropospheric Methane

Annular Mode

Anthropogenic Climate

Climate Change

Climate Dynamics

Climate Extreme

Climate Feedback

Climate Forcing

Climate Forecast

Climate Governance

Climate Impact

Climate Interannual Variability

Climate Interdecadal Variability

Climate Oscillation

Climate Policy

Climate Response

Climate Sensitivity

Climate Simulation

Climate Trend

Climate Variability

Climate Variation

Climate Warming

Climatic Change

Climatic Impact

Climatic Oscillation

Climatic Response

Climatic System

Climatic Trend

Climatic Variability

Climatology

Cost of Climate

Effect of Climate

Future Climate

Global Warming

Long-Term Climate

Potential Climate

Regional Warming

Transient Climate

Warming Potential

Winter Climate

Lagrangian Model

AMOCFootnote 6

Drought

ENSOFootnote 7

Albedo

Antarctic Melting

Atlantic Circulation

Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation

Coastal Erosion

Coastal Management

Coastal Vulnerability

Coral Mortality

Deep Convection

East Greenland Current

Equilibrium Line Altitude

Greenland Ice

Greenland Ice Sheet

Greenland Melting

Ice Core

Ice Shelf

Ice Sheet

North Atlantic Circulation

North Atlantic Deep-Water

North Atlantic Drift

North Atlantic Ocean

Ocean Carbon

Ocean Circulation

Ocean Heat

Pacific Circulation

Permafrost

Polar Ice

Sea Ice Extent

Sea-Ice Cover

Sea-Ice Cover Duration

Sea-Level Change

Sea-Level Rise

Sea-Surface Salinity

Sea-Surface Temperature

SST Anomaly

Thermohaline Circulation

Tropical Convection

Upper Ocean

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