Enhanced Fujita scale damage indicators and degrees of damage, chapter 27

C-2 Trees (C-T)

Typical Species:

• Hardwood: Oak, Maple, Birch, Ash, Beech, Cherry, Hickory, Walnut, Aspen, Elm, Poplar
• Softwood: Pine, Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, Cedar, Larch, Redwood, Cypress

Notes:

• General differences in the responses of softwood and hardwood species are less important than other factors
• Decrease toward lower-bound wind speed if trees show evidence of significant rot, or if uprooting occurs with saturated ground or very shallow soil
• In urban / suburban areas, trees broken at base of trunk were likely planted too deeply, had mechanical injury or had girdling roots - decrease toward lower-bound wind speed
• For forests and woodlots composed of even-aged monoculture plantations, decrease toward lower-bound wind speed; for forests or woodlots composed of mature, deep-rooted red oak, red maple, beech, hemlock or white cedar, increase toward upper-bound wind speed
• Increase toward upper-bound wind speed if there are no leaves on trees (e.g., spring or fall)

*All wind speeds in km/h