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COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Proud Globelet Patera pennsylvanica in Canada - 2015

Three photos of the Proud Globelet

Photo: Robert Forsyth © Environment Canada

Long description for Figure

Three photos providing different views of the fresh shells of recently dead Proud Globelets (Patera pennsylvanica). A general characteristic of this genus is the imperforate umbilicus. Unlike other species of Patera, Proud Globelet lacks a parietal tooth-like protuberance on the aperture wall, has a higher spire and has a last whorl that is more markedly descending at the aperture. Shells are thin, regularly striate, yellowish olive with 5.75 to 6 whorls in adults. The lip of the aperture is white and narrowly reflected with a low prominence on the inner rim of the baso-columellar margin.

COSEWIC
Committee on the Status
of Endangered Wildlife
in Canada

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COSEPAC
Comité sur la situation
des espèces en péril
au Cananda

COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows:

COSEWIC. 2015. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Proud Globelet Patera pennsylvanica in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 41 pp.

COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Annegret Nicolai, the University of Western Ontario, and Michael J. Oldham for writing the status report on the Proud Globelet, Patera pennsylvanica, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Dwayne Lepitzki, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Molluscs Specialist Subcommittee.

COSEWIC Secretariat
c/o Canadian Wildlife Service
Environment Canada
Ottawa, ON
K1A 0H3

Tel.: 819-938-4125
Fax: 819-938-3984
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Website: COSEWIC

Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Patère de Pennsylvanie (Patera pennsylvanica) au Canada.

Proud Globelet -- Robert Forsyth (Black Oak Heritage Forest, April 19 1996, collector: Michael J. Oldham, CMNML 096170).

Proud Globelet, Patera pennsylvanica is a terrestrial snail in the family Polygyridae. The yellowish, round shell (15-20 mm diameter) lacks a tooth-like protuberance at the shell opening compared to other species of the genus. The sole known Canadian population occurred in and near the Black Oak Heritage Forest owned by the City of Windsor. Although the ecological significance of Proud Globelet is unknown, gastropods, in general, play important roles in forest ecosystem functioning via nutrient cycling and soil building processes.

Proud Globelet is found from southwestern Ontario south to Iowa and Missouri and east to Pennsylvania. The species’ entire range, nearly all of which is in the U.S., is about 534,453 km2. Canada has less than 0.001% of the global range. Empty, fresh shells were found in 1992 and 1996 in Windsor. Empty, weathered shells were found in 2013 in the same place and nearby. No live individual was ever recorded in Canada. This species was not found elsewhere in southwestern Ontario in gastropod surveys from 1916 to 2013.

Proud Globelet generally occurs on wooded hillsides or in ravines. In Canada, the species has been reported in a sandy oak forest and a disturbed light industrial site. Food requirements for Proud Globelet might be fungi, leaf litter and fresh plant material, but some Polygyridae are carnivorous. In Ontario, trends observed in the habitat of Proud Globelet include a general reduction in oak forests and reduction in biodiversity, the latter potentially affecting the snail communities.

Very little is known about the biology of Proud Globelet. From other species in the polygyrid family, it has been inferred that mating occurs in fall or early spring and oviposition in spring to late summer. Clutch size ranges between 20 and 80 eggs that hatch about 20 to 60 days after oviposition. Growth rate and, consequently, adult size (reached after 1-2 years) are highly variable. Growth periods correspond to activity periods from spring to fall. Sexual maturity is reached after 2 to 3 years, and lifespan has been estimated to range between 3 and 5 years. Snails are ectotherms and prone to freezing in winter or dehydration in summer. Different strategies have evolved to enable the species to survive extreme temperatures and drought besides going into dormancy. Hibernation in the Polygyridae extends from early October until mid-April in temperate regions. Aestivation occurs occasionally during prolonged heat and drought periods. Snails rely on humidity-buffered refugia and snow cover for dormancy survival. Most Polygyridae are active at dusk or during the night with dispersal for colonization of new habitat being slow, around 35 m in 3 years. Predation and parasites can be a source of mortality for land snails.

Seventeen person-hours of search effort in different light and weather conditions were spent trying to find live individuals in a 200 m x 100 m square plot in the Black Oak Heritage Forest and in a nearby former light industrial area in 2013. The plot encompasses the area where the snail had been previously found. Fourteen empty shells (estimated to be 5-15 years old) were found under leaf litter in the upper 5 cm of the soil in addition to other snail and slug species in the forest plot; Proud Globelet was not found elsewhere in the forest but one shell also was found south of the forest in the nearby former light industrial area. The complete absence of live individuals and the age of the shells found in 2013 suggest that the population has substantially declined since 1996; there is a strong likelihood that Proud Globelet has disappeared from this area and from Canada as it has only ever been found in this area in southwestern Ontario. Rescue from the U.S. population is unlikely because the Detroit and St. Clair rivers and Lake Erie are dispersal barriers.

Human impacts such as pollution, garbage accumulation, intensive recreational use and changes to soil composition and hydrology can affect the snail population. Introduced species, such as plants, earthworms and other gastropods can affect native snail populations through alteration of the soil nutrient cycle, reduction of leaf litter and inter-specific competition. The introduced slug Dusky Arion, Arion subfuscus, was abundant at the site where Proud Globelet shells were found and was observed feeding on fungi. Climate change can have a large impact on snail survival. In temperate regions, climate change will involve increases in both average temperature and the frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves, drought, and high precipitation, as well as an absence of insulating snow cover. Snails are limited by their low dispersal or escape capacity, relatively long generation time, low physiological resistance to fluctuating environmental factors, susceptibility to bioaccumulation of toxic agents, and limited genetic flow.

Global Rank: G4 (Apparently Secure), National Rank (Canada): N1 (Critically Imperilled), National Rank (US): N4 (Apparently Secure). Sub-national ranks are “critically imperilled” (S1) in Ontario and West Virginia, “critically imperilled” to “imperilled” (S1S2) in Pennsylvania. Michigan listed Proud Globelet as a species of special concern.

Was a threats calculator completed for this species: No (no live individuals)

  1. Human intrusions and disturbances
  2. Natural system modifications
  3. Pollution
  4. Climate change and extreme weather

What additional limiting factors are relevant?

Low dispersal or escape capacity, relatively long generation time, low physiological resistance to fluctuating environmental factors, susceptibility to bioaccumulation of toxic agents, and limited genetic flow.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) was created in 1977 as a result of a recommendation at the Federal-Provincial Wildlife Conference held in 1976. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. In 1978, COSEWIC designated its first species and produced its first list of Canadian species at risk. Species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list. On June 5, 2003, the Species at Risk Act (SARA) was proclaimed. SARA establishes COSEWIC as an advisory body ensuring that species will continue to be assessed under a rigorous and independent scientific process.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) assesses the national status of wild species, subspecies, varieties, or other designatable units that are considered to be at risk in Canada. Designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, arthropods, molluscs, vascular plants, mosses, and lichens.

COSEWIC comprises members from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency, four federal entities (Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks Canada Agency, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership, chaired by the Canadian Museum of Nature), three non-government science members and the co-chairs of the species specialist subcommittees and the Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge subcommittee. The Committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species.

The Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, provides full administrative and financial support to the COSEWIC Secretariat.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Order: Pulmonata

Suborder: Stylommatophora

Family: Polygyridae

Genus: Patera

Species: Patera pennsylvanica(Green 1827) – Proud Globelet

Proud Globelet has been recognized as a species since 1827. Although placed in various genera, including Mesodon andPolygyra (see Pilsbry 1940), the species is currently assigned to the genus Patera(Emberton 1991; Turgeon et al.1998). Emberton’s systematic revision assigned Proud Globelet to the subgenus Ragdaleorbis, and it is the sole species in this subgenus within Patera.

There are 13 species in the genus Patera, two of which inhabit the eastern United States and Canada (Grimm et al. 2010). Besides Proud Globelet, one apparently introduced population of Flat Bladetooth, Patera appressa, has been recorded in Ontario (Grimm et al. 2010).

A general characteristic of this genus is the imperforate umbilicus (hole at the central part of the underside of the shell) (Pilsbry 1940). Morphologically, Proud Globelet is unlike any other species of Patera, which accounts for its placement in the subgenus Ragsdaleorbis. Proud Globelet (Figure 1) lacks a parietal tooth-like protuberance on the aperture wall, has a higher spire (conical point at top of the shell) and the last whorl is more markedly descending at the aperture (Grimm et al. 2010). Shells are thin, regularly striate, yellowish olive with 5¾ to 6 whorls in adults. The lip of the aperture is white and narrowly reflected with a low prominence on the inner rim of the baso-columellar margin. Adult shells measure between 10 and 15 mm high and between 15 and 20 mm in diameter.

Figure 1. A) Best conserved shells of Proud Globelet (Patera pennsylvanica) found in the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest in the City of Windsor, Essex County, during the survey of summer 2013. B) Shell found in the soil with partial periostracum. (Photo credit: Annegret Nicolai.)
Two photos of Proud Globelet shells
Photo: Annegret Nicolai © Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 1

Two photos of Proud Globelet shells found in the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest in the City of Windsor, Essex County, Ontario, in the summer of 2013. Photo A shows 11 of the best conserved shells. Photo B shows a shell with a partial periostracum.

Canada’s only known population of Proud Globelet is/was located in and near the Black Oak Heritage Forest, City of Windsor, Essex County, Ontario (Table 1; Appendix 1 and 2; Grimm 1996; NatureServe 2013). No genetic or population structure data are available. No other populations are known to exist in Canada and dispersal between potential sites has been greatly reduced with anthropogenic changes to the landscape. Less than 5% of the Essex Region is forested (ERCA 2002). Most patches of remaining forest are less than 10 ha. Habitat is highly fragmented with many possible barriers to forest snail dispersal, such as roads, agricultural fields and urban areas. When migration is limited between low-density populations there might be a high degree of genetic structuring due to reduced gene flow as observed in other Polygyridae (Anderson 2007).

The sole Canadian population is/was within the COSEWIC Great Lakes Plains National Ecological Area (COSEWIC 2011). Genetic data and evidence of local adaptations are unavailable. Therefore, the Canadian occurrence is a single designatable unit.

Table 1. Summary of sites surveyed in Ontario for Proud Globelet (Patera pennsylvanica) in 2013. All sites in Windsor are indicated in italics. Observers were Jane Bowles (JMB), Tammie Dobie (TD), Robert Foster (RFF), Allan Harris (AGH), Annegret Nicolai (AN), Michael Oldham (MJO), Mykola Merkulov (MM), Hiroko Udaka (HU), Litza Coello (LC). CA – Conservation Area, NCC – Nature Conservancy of Canada, TTLT – Thames Talbot Land Trust. Refer to Figure 3 for localities. Geographic coordinates have been removed. Contact the COSEWIC Secretariat for access.
Site Site Name Effort (person-hours) Observers Date(s) Patera pennsylvanica? Weather
1 Black Oak Heritage Forest, south part, Windsor 14 AN, JMB, MJO May 3, July 28, Aug 27-28, Sep 5 Shells 20°C, sunny
20-23°C, humid or rainy
2 Former light industrial area south of Black Oak Heritage Forest, Windsor 3 MJO Sep 5 Shell 22°C, sunny
3 Black Oak Heritage Forest, north part, Windsor 4 AN, MJO, Apr 29 No 18°C, overcast
4 Devonwood Conservation Area, Windsor 2 AN, MJO April 29 No 18°C, overcast
5 Springgarden Road Park, Windsor 2 AN, MJO April 29 No 18°C, overcast
6 Ojibway Park, Windsor 5 AN, MJO, JMB Apr 29, May 3 No 18°C, overcast; 20°C, sunny
7 Malden Park, Windsor 2 AN, JMB May 3 No 20°C, sunny
8 Oakwood, Windsor 2 AN, MM Aug 27 No 22°C, sunny, humid
9 Brunet Park, La Salle 1 AN Aug 28 No 22°C, sunny, humid
10 South Cameron Woodlot, Windsor 1 AN, MM Aug 28 No 22°C, sunny, humid
11 Peche Island, Windsor 2 AN, HU May 19 No 22°C, sunny
12 Middle Island, Point Pelee National Park, Lake Erie 6; 12 RFF, AN, MJO; AN, TD, MM May 1; Aug 29 No 18°C, sunny; 23°C, sunny, humid
13 East Sister Island Provincial Park, Lake Erie 4.5 TD, RFF, AGH, AN, MJO Apr 30 No 18°C, sunny
14 Middle Sister Island, Lake Erie 3.5 TD, RFF, AGH, AN, MJO Apr 30 No 18°C, sunny
15 Lighthouse Point Provincial Nature Reserve, Pelee Island 1.5; 2 RFF, AN, MJO; AN, MM May 1; Aug 25 No 20°C, sunny, dry, windy; 25°C, sunny, humid
16 Erie Sand and Gravel NCC parcel, Pelee Island 3.5 AN, MJO, AGH May 2 No 24°C, sunny, dry
17 Middle Point Woods – north part, NCC, Pelee Island 2; 1 AGH, RFF, MJO, AN; AN May 2; Aug 25 No 24°C, sunny, dry; 24°C, sunny, humid
18 Gibwood Property, NCC, Pelee Island 2 AN, MJO May 2 No 22°C, sunny, dry
19 Richard and Beryl Ivey Nature Reserve, NCC, Pelee Island 1.5 RFF, AGH, AN May 1 No 24°C, sunny
20 Winery property, Pelee Island 4 RFF, AGH, AN, MJO May 2 No 24°C, sunny
21 Porchuk Property, NCC, Pelee Island 2 AN, MJO May 2 No 22°C, sunny
22 Fish Point Provincial Nature Reserve, Pelee Island 5 RFF, AGH, AN May 1 No 18°C, sunny
23 Fleck Property, Pelee Island 1 RFF May 2 No 22°C, sunny
24 Essex Conservation Authority lands at Stone Road Alvar, Pelee Island 1 AGH May 2 No 22°C, sunny
25 Ontario Nature Stone Road Alvar, Pelee Island 1; 2 AGH; AN, MM May 2; Aug 27 No 22°C, sunny; 25°C, sunny,
26 Cohen Shaughnessy Property, NCC, Pelee Island 1; 2 AGH; AN,MM May 2; Aug 27 No 23°C, sunny; 25°C, sunny, humid
27 Krestel Parcel, NCC, Pelee Island 1 AGH May 1 No 20°C, sunny
28 Middle Point Woods – south part, NCC, Pelee Island 1.5; 1 RFF, AGH, AN; AN, MM May 1, 2; Aug 26 No 22°C, sunny; 25°C, sunny, humid
29 Florian Diamante Nature Reserve, NCC, Pelee Island 4.5 AGH, RFF, AN May 2 No 22°C, sunny
30 Point Pelee National Park, Tip 3 AGH, AN, MJO Apr 28 No 15°C, rain, stopped later
31 Point Pelee National Park, tip to Visitor Centre 2 AGH, AN, MJO Apr 28 No 15°C, rain, stopped later
32 Point Pelee National Park, West Beach Trail 3 AGH, AN, MJO Apr 28 No 15°C, rain, stopped later
33 Point Pelee National Park, Dunes Picnic area 1 RFF April 29 No 18°C, overcast
34 Point Pelee Nataional Park, east of Dunes Picnic area 1 AGH April 29 No 18°C, overcast
35 Point Pelee National Park, Sanctuary Picnic area 1.5 AGH, MJO, AN Apr 28 No 17°C, overcast
36 Oxley Swamp, NCC 2 AN, HU May 20 No 26°C, sunny, humid
37 Cedar Creek CA 3 RFF, AGH April 29 No 12°C, overcast
38 Kopegaron Woods CA 4 RFF, AGH, AN, MJO Apr 29, 30 No 14°C, overcast
39 Two Creeks CA 2 MJO May 18 No -
40 Canard River CA 2 AN, MJO April 29 No 18°C, overcast
41 Maidstone CA 2 RFF, AGH April 29 No 14°C, overcast
42 Rondeau Provincial Park 3; 3.5 MJO, JMB; AGH May 17; Sep 4 No 22°C, sunny
43 Sinclair’s Bush 2 MJO, JMB May 17 No -
44 Thames Grove CA 1 AN, JMB May 3 No 20°C, sunny
45 Moraviantown First Nation 6 AN, JMB June 7 No 15°C, overcast, humid
46 John E. Pearce Provincial Park 2 MJO May 15 No -
47 Newport Forest, TTLT 1; 2 AN; AN, HU April 21; Sep 01 No 18°C, sunny, humid; 23°C after rain
48 Wardsville Woods TTLT 1 JMB May 17 No -
49 Backus Woods, NCC 1; 3 MJO; AGH May 15; Sep 2 No 18°C, sunny
50 St. Williams Conservation Reserve 2 MJO May 15 No -
51 Calton Swamp 1 MJO May 15 No -
52 Lake Whittaker CA 2 AN,HU June 8 No 18°C, overcast
53 Westminster Ponds, London 1 AN April 7 No 15°C, overcast
54 Komoka Provincial Park 1 AN, HU Jan 13 No 12°C, humid, no snow
55 Western University, London 0.5 AN April 15 No 18°C, sunny
56 Canatara Park, Sarnia 3 JMB, MJO; AGH; AN, LC May 16, August 3; Sep 22 No 22°C, sunny (Aug 3)
57 Killaly Meadows, London 1 AN May 4 No 20°C, sunny
58 Lambton United Church Camp 2 AGH August 3 No 25°C, sunny
59 Highland Glen CA 1 AGH August 3 No 25°C, sunny
60 Joany's Woods TTLT 1 AN, JMB April 1 No 12°C, overcast
61 Port Franks 2 AGH August 4 No 24°C, sunny
62 Pinery Provincial Park 1;1 AN May 5; July 07 No 20°C, sunny; 25°C, sunny
63 C.M. Wilson CA 2 MJO, JMB May 16 No -
64 Paxton Wood, Chatham 2 MJO, JMB May 16 No -
65 Skunk’s Misery 2 MJO, JMB May 16 No -
66 Avon trail near St. Mary’s 1 AN Jul 27 No 20°C, rain
67 Long Point Provincial Park 2 AGH Sep 2 No 24°C, sunny
68 Bickford Oak CA 2 AN, LC Sep 22 No 18°C, cloudy, wet
69 Brigden Crown Game Reserve 2 AN, LC Sep 22 No 18°C, cloudy, wet
70 Moore Wildlife Refuge CA 2 AN, LC Sep 22 No 18°C, cloudy, wet
71 Perch Creek CA 2 AN, LC Sep 21 No 20°C, cloudy, wet
72 Floodway CA 2 AN, LC Sep 21 No 20°C, cloudy, wet
73 Petrolia CA 1 AN, LC Sep 22 No 18°C, cloudy, wet
74 Rouge Park, Scarborough 4 AN Sep 14, 15 No 22°C, sunny, humid
75 High Park, Grenadier Pond, Toronto 1 MM Sep 22 No 18°C, cloudy, wet

The only known Canadian population of Proud Globelet occurs/occurred in the Carolinian Forest Region near the northern limit of the species’ global range (Figure 2). This population may be genetically isolated from other populations in the United States and therefore has significance for conservation.

Figure 2. Global range of Proud Globelet, Patera pennsylvanica, based on Hubricht (1985) and updated with georeferenced data from Canadian museums (Appendix 1) as well as from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2013) collected from different museums worldwide (Appendix 3). Data include records without date and with dates from 1882 to 2013. The global range was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method (534,453 km2) by the report writers. All non-georeferenced data from GBIF, Canadian museums and Coppolino (2009) were verified to be within the range boundaries defined by the convex polygon.

Map outlining the global range of the Proud Globelet.
© Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 2

Map outlining the global range of the Proud Globelet, where it occurs or has occurred from southwestern Ontario south to Iowa and Missouri and east to Pennsylvania. The global range covers 534,453 square kilometres based on a minimum convex polygon.

The ecological significance of Proud Globelet is unknown. However, snails and slugs generally play important roles in forest ecosystem functioning, specifically by (i) aiding in decomposition, nutrient cycling and soil building processes (Mason 1970a,b; Jennings and Barkham 1979); (ii) providing food and essential nutrients to wildlife (South 1980; Churchfield 1984; Frest and Johannes 1995; Martin 2000; Nyffeler and Symondson 2001); and (iii) serving as hosts for parasitic worms (e.g., Rowley et al. 1987).

Proud Globelet is unknown to most Canadians. The Ojibway Nature Centre at Windsor published a species at risk list for the Ojibway Prairie Complex in Windsor and included the Proud Globelet (Pratt 2012).

It has no commercial value and is not an agricultural or garden pest.

Aboriginal traditional knowledge was not available for this species.

Proud Globelet is/was distributed from southwestern Ontario south to Iowa and Missouri and east to Pennsylvania (Figure 2).

The global range covers 534,453 km2 as measured by minimum convex polygon by the report writers (Figure 2).

In Canada, the Proud Globelet is/was restricted to the Carolinian Forest region of Ontario, specifically to an area of 200 m x 100 m in the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest and to a less than approximately 100 m2 site in a former light industrial area south of the Black Oak Heritage Forest in the City of Windsor (Figures 3 and 4, Grimm 1996). Empty, fresh shells of this species were first found in the Black Oak Heritage Forest in 1992 by Michael J. Oldham. Empty, fresh shells were found again in the same place in 1996 by M.J. Oldham, while only old, weathered shells were found in 2013 by A. Nicolai in the same place and by M.J. Oldham south of the Black Oak Heritage Forest on a former light industrial area (Table 1, Appendix 1 and 2). Fresh empty shells indicate recently dead individuals in 1992 and 1996 suggesting an extant population at that time. No living individuals of Proud Globelet have ever been documented in Canada.

Canada contains less than 0.001% of the global range of the species.

The index of area of occupancy is 4 km2 (i.e., species occurs/occurred in one 2 km x 2 km square).

The extent of occurrence of Proud Globelet in Canada is 4 km2 (extent of occurrence equals index of area of occupancy).

Forsyth’s (2013) references to Canadian occurrences of Proud Globelet were searched. Notable surveys include those conducted on the Lake Erie islands by Clapp (1916) and Goodrich (1916) and the efforts of John Oughton between about 1930 and 1940 (Oughton 1948). Grimm (1996) collected extensively in southern and eastern Ontario between 1970 and the mid-1990s, but his collection is only partially available. Collections at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canadian Museum of Nature and Bishops Mills Natural History Centre have been searched. None of these early general surveys was in the Black Oak Heritage Forest or Windsor area. Other worldwide collections were accessed via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2013, Appendix 3).

Surveys between 1992 and 2012 also were general land snail searches by M.J. Oldham and A. Nicolai rather than targeted searches for Proud Globelet (Figure 3). From 1992-1996, 92 samples of about 25 species were recorded by M.J. Oldham, each sample containing several specimens of one species. He found fresh shells of recently dead Proud Globelet twice in the Black Oak Heritage Forest: in 1992 and 1996. In 2012 about 360 specimens of about 45 species were collected by A. Nicolai and sent to Robert Forsyth for curation but no Proud Globelet was found.

In 2013, 74 sites in southwestern Ontario were surveyed with a total effort of 233 person-hours to provide information for the preparation of status reports for Proud Globelet (Figure 3, Table 1) and Allogona profunda, Broad-banded Forestsnail (COSEWIC in press). Sites surveyed were mainly small remnants of forest in parks and conservation areas. Living snails and empty shells were searched for visually using a meandering transect on the surface of the ground and under logs, rocks and similar debris. Because Proud Globelet is a relatively large species, it is less likely to have been overlooked than smaller snail species during these surveys; it was found only in the Black Oak Heritage Forest and south of it on a former light industrial area. The snail searches in 2013 resulted in approximatively 210 stored-in-alcohol samples of about 60 species being deposited at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO) at Guelph and included in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD); 200 shell samples of about 40 species also were collected and are currently being curated by Robert Forsyth.

Figure 3. Map of southwestern Ontario showing the search effort for Proud Globelet (Patera pennsylvanica). Grey dots: sites surveyed between 1992 and 2012 by M.J. Oldham and A. Nicolai for terrestrial gastropods and white dots: sites surveyed in 2013 specifically targeting P. pennsylvanicaunsuccessfully (no Proud Globelets found). Green dot: successfully surveyed sites in 2013 targeting P. pennsylvanica.

Map of southwestern Ontario
© Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 3

Map of southwestern Ontario showing the sites of surveys targeting Proud Globelet carried out in 2013. Also shown are the sites of surveys by M.J. Oldham and A. Nicolai for terrestrial gastropods between 1992 and 2012.

In the U.S., Proud Globelet generally occurs on wooded hillsides or in ravines, under leaf litter and stones, but also on grassy roadsides (Hubricht 1985). The habitat of the Canadian population is sandy oak forest and a disturbed former light industrial site with building rubble.

The minimal viable habitat patch size for a Proud Globelet population is unknown. In Canada, only a single population of Proud Globelet is known and it is/was confined to a small area in a landscape where natural habitat is highly fragmented. It is unclear what factors caused the apparent disappearance of the population.

Food requirements for Proud Globelet are unknown. Fungi associated with decomposing logs on the forest floor are apparently an important source of food in other Polygyridae (Blinn 1963; Asami 1993). Occasionally some species of Polygyridae appear to be carnivorous (Simpson 1901; Crabb 1928). To counteract cholesterol shortages that occur during reproduction and aestivation, snails can also feed on carrion (Nicolai et al. 2011, 2012). Patera appressa requires fresh plant material in addition to leaf litter to increase growth rate and fitness (Martin and Bergey 2013). According to van Cleave and Foster (1937) as well as Steensma et al. (2009), stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) seem to be an important nutrient source for rapid early juvenile growth and higher fitness in other polygyrids.

Although habitat requirements seem to be similar within the Polygyridae, differences in for example, foraging habits, daily activity patterns, thermal physiology adaptation/plasticity, among species of the same genus can result in different habitat preferences (Walsh and Coles 2006).

Pre-European settlement land cover in southwestern Ontario was dominated by deciduous forest (72%) of which less than 10% were oak forests (Butt et al. 2005). Forest cover is now reduced to 16% in southwestern Ontario, and many oak forests have disappeared or are reduced in size (Butt et al. 2005). Only about 5% of the original forest cover remains in Essex County (ERCA 2002). Many forest remnants might be smaller than the minimal viable habitat patch size for some gastropods. The reduction and fragmentation of habitat could also have led to a decrease in population size accompanied by a loss of genetic diversity affecting the viability of populations.

The biodiversity of oak forests is unique, and Proud Globelet appear to be sensitive to the anthropogenic disturbances that drive biodiversity changes. In the study by Douglas et al. (2013) in Kentucky, the absence of natural Patera appressapopulations was a good indicator of anthropogenic disturbance through its affinity for old growth, undisturbed forests. In the area of the Black Oak Heritage Forest in Windsor where the shells of Proud Globelet were found, old, weathered shells of the native Whitelip (Neohelix albolabris) were also abundant (Appendix 2). However, no live individuals of this species were recorded. The shells were about the same age as the Proud Globelet, and both species might have disappeared at the same time for the same unknown reason. Changes in vegetation affect snails as they use it as habitat, food and winter refugia. The presence of invasive species and the decline of native species change the ecological functioning of the habitat. The absence of live Proud Globelet and Whitelip might indicate a high degree of anthropogenic land use disturbance.

The Black Oak Heritage Forest is a forest remnant with several oak species (Pratt 2012). At the end of the 20th century, recreational use within this forest increased, as evidenced by the appearance of a trail system and the accumulation of garbage (Pratt pers. comm. 2013). At its periphery, urbanization and industrialization have fragmented the habitat (e.g., the railway) and changed environmental factors through soil and air pollution and changes in soil composition, hydrology and light conditions. For example, about 20 years ago a wood dump site (Figures 4 and 5) was installed on the south border of the forest by the City of Windsor (Pratt pers. comm. 2013), which changed habitat conditions and community composition through the introduction of new species. Even though the installation of the wood dump coincides with the first record of Proud Globelet, it is unlikely that snails migrated from the wood dump to the park. The trees in the wood dump came from city-owned land, including parks, road verges and woods, and were the result of urban forestry practices such as thinning, pruning, and removal of hazardous trees. Many of the trees transported to the wood dump are still well preserved, and do not host any woodland gastropod species.

Climate change is also expected to have a large impact on forest ecosystems. The following responses are possible if climatic conditions change beyond the tolerances of species: shifts in timing of life-cycle events; shifts in range boundaries; changes in morphology, reproduction, or genetics; or extinction (Rosenzweig et al. 2007). The consequence of climate change for snail habitat is a general disturbance of ecosystem processes.

Almost no information is available about the biology of Proud Globelet. General aspects of terrestrial snail biology are provided by the review of Barker (2001). Some information on the biology of other Polygyridae should only be considered as likely to be similar in Proud Globelet.

Proud Globelet is an air-breathing (pulmonate), simultaneous hermaphrodite, egg-laying snail (Pilsbry 1940). In general, both members of a mating pair exchange sperm and produce eggs. Mating processes are very species-specific in snails, sperm being exchanged externally in the polygyrid Mesodon genus (Webb 1954). In most snail species, larger individuals lay more eggs than smaller ones (Heller 2001). Mating in Polygyridae occurs in fall or early spring and oviposition in spring to late summer (van Cleave and Foster 1937; Blinn 1963; Steensma et al. 2009). Egg clutches are deposited in shallow holes excavated in moist soil. Clutch size in Polygyridae ranges between 20 and 80 eggs that hatch about 20 to 60 days after oviposition, depending on temperature and moisture.

Growth occurs only during periods of activity (spring to fall), and snails reach their adult shell size after 1 to 2 years. Growth rate is extremely variable within a population, resulting in highly divergent adult sizes. The average annual growth rate ranges from 0.6 to 5.2 mm/month (as measured by shell breadth). Growth rate is highest in summer and fall, but depends also on population density. Sexual maturity is reached after 2 to 3 years and lifespan has been estimated to range between 3 and 5 years (based on studies by Stiven and Foster 1996 and Steensma et al. 2009 of related species of Polygyridae), which is the estimated generation time for Proud Globelet.

Hibernation in Polygyridae extends from early October until mid-April in the temperate region (Blinn 1963). Typical hibernation refugia are shallow depressions in the forest floor covered with leaf litter or at soil depths of 5 to 10 cm (Pearce and Örstan 2006). During hibernation the shell aperture is oriented upwards and sealed with a calcareous epiphragm in other Polygyridae (Blinn 1963); Nicolai (pers. obs.) also photographed an A. profunda in Canada with an epiphragm. Aestivation occurs occasionally during periods of prolonged heat and drought. During aestivation, snails usually stay inactive in moist microhabitats, such as in soil, under leaf litter, and under logs.

Polygyridae can be active both day and night, but often retire to shelter under leaf litter from mid-morning until late afternoon (Blinn 1963). However, most of them are crepuscular or nocturnal, and sympatric species often have different activity patterns (Asami 1993).

Physiological responses to environmental factors and their plasticity and adaptability have not been investigated in Proud Globelet, nor in Polygyridae. In general, snails require calcium for shell formation. Soil and bedrock calcium availability influence the snail species richness of an area (Nekola 2005) and physiological processes, such as heat resistance in eggs (Nicolai et al. 2013). Heavy metals and pesticides in the soil are accumulated in tissues and may disturb physiological processes (Barker 2001).

Snails in regions with prolonged periods of drought and heat generally aestivate in buffered refuges and seal their shell aperture to avoid evaporation (Barker 2001; Pearce and Örstan 2006). In temperate regions, many species aestivate only in extreme summer conditions for a short period and have developed biochemical stress reactions that protect cells and maintain survival mechanisms, such as membrane fluidity, osmoregulation and enzyme activity (Nicolai et al. 2011). Unusually long heat and drought periods increase mortality.

Snails are ectotherms and prone to freezing in winter. Different strategies that are more or less plastic have evolved to enable survival at sub-zero temperatures and were reviewed in snails by Ansart and Vernon (2003). Because snails hibernate in the soil or the leaf litter, they rely on snow cover for optimal temperature buffering in temperate regions (Nicolai et al. 2011). Mortality during hibernation is around 40% in some populations and drives population dynamics (Peake 1978; Cain 1983).

Many terrestrial gastropods can be reared in captivity with relative ease (see Ansart et al.2014 for a broad study involving short-term rearing of over 30 different species). The long-term success of rearing depends on the knowledge of species’ specific requirements and has not been tested yet in Proud Globelet.

Active dispersal distances are unknown for Proud Globelet, but Polygyridae of similar size move between 120 and 220 cm per day within a home range of 80 to 800 m2, measured with the spooling technique (Pearce 1990). In contrast, mark-recapture methods used for short-term observations underestimate the capacity for movement in snails because many species are homing, e.g., Blinn (1963) found marked snails at distances of 1 to 4 m from hibernation sites. Edworthy et al.(2012) observed a maximum dispersal of 32.2 m over a 3-year study in the polygyrid Allogona townsendiana (Oregon Forestsnail).

The fragmented state of oak forests in the Windsor area due to urban and industrial development as well as roads makes the potential for dispersal among suitable habitat patches unlikely should additional subpopulations exist. Eggs and immature stages are not known to be dispersed by wind, water, or other vectors.

Some terrestrial gastropods can be easily transported by human activity (e.g., cars, horticultural or agricultural products) and therefore be introduced to new habitats (Robinson 1999; Robinson and Slapcinsky 2005). There is no evidence that Proud Globelet is synanthropic or has been transported by humans.

Polygyridae have been noted to be one of the intermediate hosts of the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Rowley et al. 1987). Parasitic mites are also common in snails, in general. The infection rate within a population ranges between 45-75%. Depending on the mite species, infections can cause high mortality, reproduction perturbations, and reduced cold hardiness (Baur and Baur 2005). Parasites could therefore be a potential threat, especially in combination with other environmental factors, such as climate change or pollution.

Predation can be a source of mortality for land snails and potential predators have been reviewed by Jordan and Black (2012): “Gastropods are an important food source to a vast number of species, including salamanders, frogs, toads, turtles, snakes, lizards, birds, shrews, voles, moles, rats, mice, chipmunks, and squirrels. Invertebrate predators of terrestrial mollusks include sciomyzid fly larvae, firefly larvae, parasitic wasp larvae, carabid and staphylinid beetles, ants, spiders, and harvestmen.” Introduced predator species or an increase in abundance of native predators due to ecological disturbance can therefore be a potential threat.

Competition with other terrestrial gastropods including exotic species is not documented in the literature but is a potential threat (Whitson 2005; Grimm et al.2010).

In addition to the sampling effort of 1992 and 1996 where fresh, empty shells of recently dead Proud Globelets were found in the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest, a total of 17 person-hours of search effort were spent in 2013 in and near this forest (Table 1). The whole forest (north and south part) was searched with an effort of 6 person-hours (Table 1 and Appendix 2). Shells were found only on a small plot at the south border of the forest; one shell also was found further south of the forest in a former light industrial area. In order to increase the probability of encountering live individuals of Proud Globelet, intensive sampling was conducted in the 200 m x 100 m plot in the forest where the shells were initially found with an effort of 14 person-hours (Figure 4, Appendix 2) in different light and weather conditions: (i) warm-humid at dawn, (ii) warm-humid during the morning, (iii) warm-rainy at midday, and (iv) warm-rainy at night. The forest plot was searched using a meandering transect by lifting logs and debris and occasionally digging 5 cm deep in the soil on a surface of 50 cm x 50 cm. Additionally, all observed snails and slugs were collected in the leaf litter and in the first few centimetres of the soil on one square (10 m x 10 m) (Figures 4 and 6) under condition (i) and on one transect under condition (iii). The wood dump of the City of Windsor was also searched. The former light industrial area (Figure 4) was searched as part of a 3 person-hour survey following a transect from the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest across the wood dump. The single shell of Proud Globelet was found with other live and dead shells of other snail species in an area estimated to be less than 100 sq. metres.

In total 15 empty, old, weathered shells from juveniles and adults were recorded in this area in 2013. Voucher specimens (shells) were submitted to Robert Forsyth to confirm identification and for curation as well as to Jean-Marc Gagnon of the CMN (Appendix 1). All shells have lost their periostracum (outer protein layer) and the mineral structure was altered (Figure 1). They were estimated to be between 5 and 15 years old following Pearce (2008); shells older than 15 years generally fall into pieces and disintegrate (Nicolai pers. obs.).

Because no live individual has ever been found in Canada, no estimation of abundance of mature individuals can be made. Despite intensive survey efforts only 15 shells were found in 2013, presumably indicating a low level of abundance in the last 15 years. No abundance data are available for other populations of this snail in the U.S.

Figure 4. Search area (yellow) and search square (pink) for live individuals in the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest in Windsor, Essex County (green), represented on aerial photographs from 2011 (A) and 1999 (B). The intensive search area corresponds to the zone where shells were found in 1992 (CMNML 096171) and 1996 (CMNML 096170) by M.J. Oldham, and on May 3, July 28 and August 27 (CMNML 096184), 2013 by A. Nicolai (see Appendix 1 and 2). The intensive search area is located close to the bordering wood dump (blue) managed by the City of Windsor. One shell was found on September 5, 2013 by M.J. Oldham (# 41549) south of Black Oak Heritage Forest on a former light industrial area (orange). All records are from habitats that have not substantially changed since 1999. Aerial imagery containing point locations has been removed. Contact the COSEWIC Secretariat for access.

1 of 2 aerial photos of the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest and surrounding area in Windsor

2 of 2 photo aerial photos of the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest and surrounding area in Windsor
© Environment Canada, 2015

Long description for Figure 4 A and B

Two aerial photos of the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest and surrounding area in Windsor, taken in 2011 (Photo A) and 1999 (Photo B). The photos are annotated to show the area of intensive sampling for live individuals of the Proud Globelet (200 by 100 metres), the smaller square area where all observed snails and slugs were collected (10 by 10 metres), the location of a shell found south of the forest in a former light industrial area, and the location of the City of Windsor wood dump.

Figure 5. Wood dump operated by the City of Windsor, Essex County, bordering the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest. View of the south entrance of the park with the wood dump on the right side. (Photo credit: Annegret Nicolai.)

Photo of the wood dump
Photo: Annegret Nicolai. © Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 5

Photo of the wood dump operated by the City of Windsor, bordering the south part of the Black Oak Heritage Forest.

Figure 6. Square (10 m x 10 m, flagging tape can be seen on two edges) for the intensive search for live individuals of the Proud Globelet (Patera pennsylvanica) in the zone of shell occurrence in the Black Oak Heritage Forest in the City of Windsor. (Photo credit: Annegret Nicolai.)

Photo of Proud Globelet in forest
Photo: Annegret Nicolai © Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 6

Photo of part of the area intensively searched for live individuals of the Proud Globelet in the zone of shell occurrence in the Black Oak Heritage Forest in Windsor. Sections of the flagging tape marking a 10 by 10 metre square can be seen.

Figure 7. The new bridge crossing the Detroit River and connecting Highway 75 in Detroit with Highway 401 in Windsor. The construction site in Windsor (blue with dashed line within the red rectangle) is located just north of the Black Oak Heritage Forest (red transparent square within the red rectangle) (modified from Samuel 2009).

Map of Detroit and Windsor bridge
© Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 7

Map showing the location of the new bridge crossing the Detroit River and connecting Highway 75 in Detroi t with Highway 401 in Windsor. The construction site in Windsor is located just north of the Black Oak Heritage Forest.

Figure 8. Dusky Arion (Arion subfuscus) foraging on a fungus in Black Oak Heritage Forest, Windsor, Essex County. (Photo credit: Annegret Nicolai.)

Photo of Dusky Arion
Photo: Annegret Nicolai. © Environment Canada, 2015
Long description for Figure 8

Photo of Dusky Arion (Arion subfuscus) individuals foraging on a fungus in the Black Oak Heritage Forest, Windsor.

Because no live individuals nor fresh shells of recently dead individuals, as in 1992 and 1996 (see photo on cover page), were found in 2013, population size could not be estimated. The complete absence of live individuals and the age of the shells found in 2013 suggest that the population has substantially declined since 1996, and there is a strong likelihood that Proud Globelet has disappeared from this forest and from Canada as it has only ever been found in and near this forest in southwestern Ontario (see Search Effort, Table 1, Figure 3).

Rescue is unlikely. Natural dispersal from populations in Michigan across the Detroit River is probably rare or non-existent. NatureServe (2013) considers permanent water bodies greater than 30 m wide a dispersal barrier for terrestrial gastropods, and the Detroit and St. Clair rivers and Lake Erie would be formidable barriers to dispersal from adjacent U.S. states.

Because no live individuals or fresh shells of recently dead individuals were found in 2013, the threats calculator (IUCN and CMP 2006; Master et al. 2009) would be difficult to apply as the “scope” and “severity” of the various threats would most likely be “unknown”. Scope is the proportion of the species’ total population that would be expected to be affected by a specific threat within the next 10 years. Severity is the anticipated population reduction in the next 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is longer, of that portion of the population that is exposed to the specific threat. Threats from the past or ongoing threats that probably contributed to the apparent disappearance of the Canadian population and that were observed in the Black Oak Heritage Forest are as follows, using the IUCN and CMP nomenclature and numbering.

A railway crosses the Black Oak Heritage Forest. In the past, the construction of this railroad might have contributed to the decline of the species by the local increase in mortality during construction, maintenance, and operations. Representing a barrier for snails (Baur and Baur 1990) the railway also fragmented the habitat, potentially reducing gene flow, if the population had occupied the entire forest.

A new bridge crossing the Detroit River is expected to be built connecting Highway 75 in Detroit with Highway 401 in Windsor (Figure 7). The New International Trade Crossing or Detroit River International Crossing project is mainly for transportation of goods between Canada and the USA. The connecting Highway 3 between the new bridge and the existing Highway 401 in Windsor is just north of the Black Oak Heritage Forest and the Ojibway Prairie Complex (Figure 7). Although the road, customs inspection plaza and the bridge construction will not directly affect or fragment Proud Globelet habitat, air- and water-borne pollution (e.g., heavy metals and road salt) could significantly increase in the forest due to the expected increase in traffic volume in the area.

The Black Oak Heritage Forest has a high trail density and is intensively visited for recreation (Pratt pers. comm. 2013), but no data on visitor numbers and activities are available. No management plan has been implemented. Trampling by pedestrians is a known threat for some snail species (Baur and Baur 1990; Charrier et al. 2012) and large trails, roads, or railways represent barriers.

The wood dump at the south border of the Black Oak Heritage Forest has changed habitat conditions and might be a source of introduced plant and animal species that have and could further change habitat conditions, and could potentially increase predation or competition.

Urbanization and construction at the periphery of the Black Oak Heritage Forest has destroyed and fragmented the habitat. Construction and then demolition of the light industrial facilities are also likely to alter soil composition, structure and hydrology and have a large impact on snail physiology or behaviour and general ecosystem functioning (Charrier et al. 2012). For instance, changes in soil pH can interfere with calcium absorption, changes in soil structure can alter dormancy refuges or nest conditions for reproduction, and drier soil reduces activity periods and therefore foraging and reproduction. All habitat alterations could have direct consequences on fitness and population dynamics.

Invasive plant species occur throughout southwestern Ontario. Some invasive species are thought to have contributed to declines in larger species of land snails, possibly by altering soil nutrient cycles (Stoll et al.2012).

Among non-native animals, earthworms have one of the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems throughout Canada by altering nutrient distributions, soil pH, soil fauna, and understorey vegetation (Addison 2008). Earthworms reduce leaf litter accumulation and could alter terrestrial snail communities that use leaf litter as habitat (Norden 2010). In the Black Oak Heritage Forest, there were patches of bare earth and just coarse, woody debris, which could be a result of invasive earthworms.

Competition with exotic terrestrial gastropods is a potential threat (Whitson 2005; Grimm et al.2010). The abundance of introduced slug species of the genus Arion in both Proud Globelet occurrence sites was high. The Dusky Arion (Arion subfuscus) was found in the leaf litter and under logs, but especially on fungus in the forest (Figure 8). Dusky Arion and Proud Globelet could compete for fungi as a food source. Grey Fieldslug (Deroceras reticulatum), Grovesnail (Cepaea nemoralis) and Heath Snail (Xerolenta obvia), three other introduced gastropods, are also abundant and found in the same areas where shells of Proud Globelet were found. Remarkably, the snails in the former light industrial area appeared to be localized and restricted to a small area less than approximately 100 m2 but there were thousands of empty X. obvia shells and dozens to hundreds live X. obvia; this was also the first record for this species in southwestern Ontario, it previously only being known in south-central Ontario as early as 1969 (Grimm et al. 2010). It was discovered in a railway yard in nearby Detroit in 2001 (Grimm et al. 2010). As there is a railway line in and adjacent to the Black Oak Heritage Forest, it could be a recent introduction into southwestern Ontario. These other exotic species could be competitors for habitat and other food sources; however, it is difficult to estimate their actual direct impacts on Proud Globelet. The gastropod composition in and around the Black Oak Heritage Forest has definitely changed, including the probable recent disappearance of Proud Globelet and Whitelip Neohelix albolabris, but it is unclear if inter-specific competition or other environmental factors were the drivers of this change.

The high degree of industrialization surrounding the Black Oak Heritage Forest suggests some level of soil, water and air pollution. As xenobiotics are generally accumulated in snail tissues (Barker 2001), the pollution of the site (e.g., salts, heavy metals, artificial organic compounds) might have an impact on Proud Globelet. Acid rain in the area is likely to influence the calcium uptake by snails.

Additionally, garbage dumped in some parts of the forest can lead to local increases in organic and inorganic levels of pollution. Charrier et al. (2013) mentioned the ingestion of small plastic pieces as a potential threat for gastropods, because it could lead to increased mortality. Alternatively, cardboard and other garbage could increase the availability of moist refuges.

Climate change can have a large impact on ecosystem processes thereby changing habitat conditions for Proud Globelet, or directly affect snail survival. In temperate regions, climate change will involve increases in both average temperatures and the frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves, drought and increased precipitation (Della Marta et al.2007). For instance, heat waves and drought could cause high mortality due to heat or dehydration stresses (Nicolai et al. 2011). Ongoing climate change will disproportionately alter winter conditions (IPCC 2007). The northern distributions of many species are currently thought to be set by winter conditions, so warmer winters could lead to range expansion if suitable habitat exists. Conversely, interactions between climate and microclimate could also result in more adverse conditions, for instance the absence of snow cover induces a decrease of soil temperature accompanied by day/night fluctuations that might affect the survival of species with low cold tolerance plasticity. High temperatures in early spring could lead to arousal, and the following low temperatures could increase mortality. During several years between 1996 and 2013, high temperatures were recorded in March and April followed by extreme low temperatures, e.g., March 1998: highest temperature 22.4°C, lowest temperature -15.9°C (Climate Canada 2014).These abnormal temperature extremes could have contributed to the population decline.

Limiting factors for terrestrial snails include (i) low dispersal or escape capacity, (ii) relatively long generation time, (iii) low physiological resistance to fluctuating environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, (iv) susceptibility to bioaccumulation of toxic xenobiotics, and (v) limited genetic flow.

Canada’s only population of Proud Globelet is/was in and south of the Black Oak Heritage Forest of the City of Windsor. Given the small size of the occupied habitat where a single event could soon affect all individuals of a taxon present, there are only one or two locations following IUCN criteria (IUCN 2001): Black Oak Heritage Forest and the former light industrial area near the forest.

Proud Globelet is not protected by any legislation, regulations, customs or conditions nationally or worldwide. COSEWIC assessed this wildlife species as Endangered in May 2015. It is not listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act or under any state acts (US Fish and Wildlife Service 2013). It is not listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 2013).

Proud Globelet is not listed by IUCN (2013). NatureServe (2013) provides the following ranks.

Global Rank: G4
National Rank (Canada): N1
National Rank (US): N4

Sub-national ranks (S-ranks) in Canada and the U.S. are as follows:

Canadian provinces where Proud Globelet occurs
Ontario: S1 (NHIC 2013). Acts of Ontario do not provide legal protection.

US states adjoining southwestern Ontario
Michigan: SNR and SC (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2013)
Pennsylvania: S1S2 (Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 2013)
Ohio: SNR (Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2012)
New York: not present (Hubricht 1985; Schlesinger 2013)

Other U.S. states where Proud Globelet occurs
Iowa: SNR (Natural Resource Commission Iowa 2009)
Illinois: SNR (Cummings and Phillips 2013)
Indiana: SNR (Indiana Department of Natural Resources 2013)
Kentucky: SNR (Kentucky State Nature Preserve Commission 2013)
West Virginia: S1 (West Virginia Natural Heritage Program 2012)
Missouri: SNR (Missouri Department of Conservation 2014)

(G4 - apparently secure, N1 - critically imperilled nationally, N4 - apparently secure. SNR – not ranked sub-nationally, SC – special concern (at the state level), S1 - critically imperilled sub-nationally, S2 - imperilled sub-nationally, S3 – vulnerable sub-nationally, S4 – apparently secure sub-nationally)

The Black Oak Heritage Forest is owned and protected by the City of Windsor. Access is granted for recreational use. There is no particular management strategy. Changes to the forest are possible under future urban planning.

Although the former light industrial area south of the Black Oak Heritage Forest has remained undeveloped since at least 1999 (Figure 4), the land is available for industrial construction at any time. Therefore if any live Proud Globelet remain in the area, they would be susceptible to potential further habitat loss.

The authors thank Paul Pratt, Head Naturalist at the Ojibway Nature Centre, City of Windsor, for providing maps and information about the development of the Black Oak Heritage Forest. The Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC) granted permission to access their properties on Pelee Island and provided accommodation at the Ivey Research Station. The report writers thank Mhairi MacFarlane and Dan Kraus of NCC. Tammy Dobbie, at Point Pelee National Park, assisted with fieldwork and provided background information on Middle Island and Point Pelee. Parks Canada granted permission to conduct surveys at Point Pelee and Middle Island. The Middle Sister Island landowner kindly allowed the authors to survey the island. Jane M. Bowles, Mykola Merkulov, Robert Foster, Litza Coello and Hiroko Udaka assisted with fieldwork. Allan Harris assisted with fieldwork and drawing the maps for area estimates. Ontario Parks is thanked by the authors for providing a collecting permit and permission to access provincial parks and protected areas. Robert Forsyth and Dwayne Lepitzki provided comments on proposed fieldwork and offered other support. The authors also thank Valérie Briand for assistance in literature search. The individuals and institutions listed below are thanked by the authors for assistance by supplying data and information.

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Annegret Nicolai is a biologist at the Western Catholic University in Angers, France. She has a Ph.D. from the University of Bremen in Germany and from the University of Rennes 1 in France. Her research involves investigating eco-physiological questions in terrestrial snails, specifically about the impact of climate change and resource availability on the physiology and reproduction in endangered and invasive species. She also co-supervises a Ph.D. thesis analyzing the pathways of invasion of terrestrial gastropods and adaptation to climate change. She has very specific knowledge about the biology, anatomy, physiology and ecology of terrestrial gastropods. In Germany she developed a captive-breeding program for the protected Helix pomatia and in France she was co-author of the Species Report and the Recovery Strategy in Tyrrhenaria ceratina in Corsica. In the Sinclair lab at Western University, Ontario, she investigated the overwintering strategy of Cepaea nemoralis. Since 2012 she has been surveying terrestrial gastropods in Ontario and participating in the “barcoding of life” project at the University of Guelph. She became a member of the mollusc subcommittee of COSEWIC in 2014.

Michael J. Oldham has been a biologist with the Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), for the past 20 years. Previously he worked for the OMNR and conservation authorities in Aylmer, Chatham, Essex, London, Richmond Hill, and Toronto. He has a B.Sc. in Biology from the University of Guelph and is a former member of COSEWIC and the COSEWIC Amphibians and Reptiles SSC and a current member of the Vascular Plants SSC. He also served for more than a decade on the provincial Committee on the Status of Species At Risk in Ontario (COSSARO). He has authored or co-authored more than a dozen COSEWIC status reports. He has been interested in terrestrial gastropods for more than 20 years and has studied and collected them throughout Ontario.

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF, database was used to examine several collections worldwide: FLMNH - Florida Museum of Natural History, MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, LI - Biologiezentrum Linz Oberösterreich, NMNH - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ANSP - Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, NMR - Natural History Museum Rotterdam, FMNH - Field Museum of Natural History, NTSRV - NatureServe Central Databases, MACN - Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Appendix 3). Collections in Canadian Museums were examined: CMN – Canadian Museum of Nature, ROM – Royal Ontario Museum (Appendix 1) and in Bishops Mills Natural History Centre.

Appendix 1. Records of Proud Globelet (Patera pennsylvanica) in Canadian museums and private collections. CMN – Canadian Museum of Nature. CMNML – CMN accession number. ROM – Royal Ontario Museum. ROMCN – ROM accession number. Geographic coordinates have been removed. Contact the COSEWIC Secretariat for access.
Source Contact Record Location Date Collector/ Identifier
CMN (CMNML 096171) Jean-Marc Gagnon 1 adult shell, not alive (fresh dead shells) Black Oak Woods, west of Ojibway Parkway, south of Broadway, City of Windsor, Essex County 17 July 1992 M.J. Oldham # 14035/
F.W. Grimm
CMN (CMNML 096170) Jean-Marc Gagnon 5 adult shells, 2 juvenile shells, not alive (fresh dead shells) Black Oak Woods of Ojibway Prairie, City of Windsor, Essex County 19 April 1996 M.J. Oldham # 18403/
M.J. Oldham
CMN (CMNML 096184) Jean-Marc Gagnon 5 adult shells, 4 juvenile shells, not alive (old weathered shells) Black Oak Woods of Ojibway Prairie, City of Windsor, Essex County 27 Aug 2013 A. Nicolai, M. Merkulov # D026a/ A. Nicolai
- Robert Forsyth 1 adult shell, not alive (old weathered shells) Former light industrial area south of Black Oak Woods of Ojibway Prairie, City of Windsor, Essex County 5 Sep 2013 M.J. Oldham #41549/
R. Forsyth
- Robert Forsyth 5 adult shells, not alive (old weathered shells) Black Oak Woods of Ojibway Prairie, City of Windsor, Essex County 3 May, 28 July, 2013 A. Nicolai # D025b, # D027c/
A. Nicolai
ROM (ROMCN 19861351) Maureen Zubowski 5 adult shells, not alive Indianapolis, Indiana, USA before 1986 F. Stein
ROM (ROMCN M3771) Maureen Zubowski 3 adult shells, not alive Cincinnati, Ohio, USA before 1974 J.Q. Burch
Appendix 2. Terrestrial gastropods found during the search for Proud Globelet (Patera pennsylvanica) in and near the Black Oak Heritage Forest, Windsor, Essex County, in 2013. Observers were Annegret Nicolai (AN), Michael Oldham (MJO), Jane Bowles (JMB) and Mykola Merkulov (MM).* denotes introduced exotic species.
Date Observer Method Conditions Species Shells Alive
May 3 AN, JMB Transect
(general survey)
1h/person		 Afternoon
dry, sunny
23°C		 Patera pennsylvanica
Neohelix albolabris
Cepaea nemoralis*		 4
4
>1
July 28 AN 10 m x10 m
(all collected)
2h/person		 Morning
humid, cloudy
20°C		 Patera pennsylvanica
Neohelix albolabris
Cepaea nemoralis*
Anguispira alternata
Zonitoides nitidus*
Arion subfuscus*
Arion intermedius*
Arion fasciatus*		 1
12
1
1
2

3
3
1
August 27 AN, MM Transect
(all collected)
2h/person		 Noon
rainy
23°C		 Patera pennsylvanica
Neohelix albolabris
Cepaea nemoralis*
Zonitoides nitidus*
Arion subfuscus*
Deroceras reticulatum*

9
10
6
3

4

2

12
August 27 AN, MM Transect
1h/person		 Midnight
rainy
21°C		 Cepaea nemoralis*
Ventridens ligera
Arion subfuscus*

>20

>15

1
August 28 AN, MM Transect including wood dump
2h/person		 Early morning
humid, cloudy
21°C		 Ventridens ligera
Zonitoides nitidus*		 1
>1
September 5 MJO Transect from wood dump to former light industrial area south of Black Oak Heritage Forest; gastropods restricted to ~ 100 m2
(general survey)
3h/person		 Early afternoon, sunny, 22°C Patera pennsylvanica
Cepaea nemoralis*
Xerolenta obvia*
Arion sp.*		 1
>10
~1000s

>10
~100
~20
Appendix 3. Museum records of Proud Globelet, Patera pennsylvanica, in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. FLMNH - Florida Museum of Natural History, MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, LI - Biologiezentrum Linz Oberösterreich, NMNH - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ANSP - Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, NMR - Natural History Museum Rotterdam, FMNH - Field Museum of Natural History, NTSRV - NatureServe Central Databases, MACN - Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Geographic coordinates have been removed. Contact the COSEWIC Secretariat for access.
GBIF ID Institution Country State or Province County Recorded by Locality Date
667849016 FMNH USA Illinois Will Hand Brown's Pond 25 Jan 1919
667812023 FMNH USA Ohio Pike Emberton Idaho 12 Jun 1982
667899817 FMNH USA Illinois Kendall Walker Silver Springs State Park Aug1988
147567230 FLMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - - -
667770447 FMNH USA Pennsylvania Allegheny Teskey E. end of Sandy Creek Aug 1948
477074458 MCZ USA Michigan - - Monroe -
477234838 MCZ USA Pennsylvania - Harn Blairsville -
667848819 FMNH USA Indiana Posey - Grand Chain -
667858098 FMNH USA Illinois Piatt Zetek Monticello 1910
667875516 FMNH USA Illinois Washington Hinkley Dubois -
667765580 FMNH USA Indiana Martin - Shoals 16 May 1904
667854350 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton Over Valley Junction 23 Apr 1905
147567231 FLMNH USA Illinois La Salle - - -
667851768 FMNH USA Michigan - - St. Joseph Aug 1906
667854639 FMNH USA Illinois La Salle Billups Utica 21 Mar 1901
667757460 FMNH USA Kentucky Madison Hubricht Richmond 22 Sep 1971
477074347 MCZ USA Ohio Hamilton - - -
667774824 FMNH USA Indiana Knox - Cypress Swamps 12 Sep 1904
667810926 FMNH USA Missouri Boone Hubricht Ashland 18 Sep 1936
667864419 FMNH USA Ohio Franklin - Columbus -
667871698 FMNH USA Illinois St. Clair Hubricht Centerville 26 May 1935
667922293 FMNH USA Illinois Vermilion Richter - -
147567914 FLMNH USA Illinois La Salle Slapcinsky - 15 Aug 1998
215799979 ANSP USA Illinois Washington - Dubois -
215801074 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Beaver - Connelton -
786916630 FLMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - - 1967
215800815 ANSP USA Ohio - - - -
147567925 FLMNH USA Illinois Cook Slapcinsky - 1 May 1997
477092461 MCZ USA Ohio - - Miami Bottoms -
477118141 MCZ USA Kentucky - Byrnes West Covington 1874
667802706 FMNH USA Missouri Boone Hubricht Providence 5 Sep 1936
667792499 FMNH USA Ohio Hocking Emberton Creek Road 2 Jun 1979
667815572 FMNH USA Indiana - - Indianapolis -
667865858 FMNH USA Indiana Franklin - Brookville 2 May 1903
667799772 FMNH USA Indiana Franklin - Brookville 15 May1902
147567235 FLMNH USA Ohio - - - -
147568456 FLMNH USA Illinois Washington Hinkley - 1915
667759973 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton Baker - -
147567234 FLMNH USA Ohio Pickaway - - -
477169908 MCZ USA Ohio - Lea Cincinnati -
667761581 FMNH USA Indiana - Teskey Anderson 24 Jul 1951
667797023 FMNH USA Illinois Hancock - Hamilton -
667852067 FMNH USA Illinois - Hand Joliet -
667854641 FMNH USA Indiana - Billups Lawrenceburg 1900
147567225 FLMNH USA Illinois Washington Hinkley - -
667787221 FMNH USA Illinois Woodford Foster Goodfield 31 Aug 1931
667854211 FMNH USA Illinois - - Morris 2 Jul 1908
667854640 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - - 15 Avr 1902
667884241 FMNH USA Indiana - - Indianapolis -
215800963 ANSP USA Ohio Greene - Yellow Springs -
667883919 FMNH USA Pennsylvania Philadelphia Post Philadelphia -
667854357 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - - 1900
215800964 ANSP USA Ohio - - - -
477107316 MCZ USA Illinois - Jacobson Utica -
667816109 FMNH USA Ohio - - Cincinnati -
667858316 FMNH USA Pennsylvania Alle - Edgeworth -
667860164 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - Cincinnati -
667868744 FMNH USA Illinois Mason Hubricht Havana 03 Oct 1942
147567738 FLMNH USA Indiana Marion - - -
477118251 MCZ USA Illinois - - Hamburg 01 Aug 1882
215801084 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Greene - Crucible -
667854647 FMNH USA Indiana - Billups Lawrenceburg 1900
477092460 MCZ USA Ohio - Bennett Circleville -
667793039 FMNH USA Indiana - - Indianapolis -
476897131 MCZ USA Ohio - - Miami Bottoms -
13074533 LI USA Missouri - Kemper Fertile 03 May 1971
667782028 FMNH USA Illinois Hancock Caruthers Hamilton -
667858099 FMNH USA Ohio Summit - Hudson -
667873768 FMNH USA Ohio Pike Van Devender Waverley Dump 18 Aug 1982
215800816 ANSP USA Ohio Hamilton - Cincinnati -
667768294 FMNH USA Indiana Marion - Cumberland -
667825120 FMNH USA - - - - -
667851091 FMNH USA Illinois - Hand Chicago 27 Nov 1907
667880356 FMNH USA Missouri Washington Schilling Fertile 06 Avr 1978
477092462 MCZ USA Indiana Marion Hinkley - -
856769177 NMR USA Ohio - - Cincinnati 06 Jul 1978
856685353 NMR USA Pennsylvania - - Butler Junction -
667764110 FMNH USA Ohio Pike Van Devender City Dump, Waverly Jul 1983
667815425 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - - -
667900235 FMNH USA Missouri St. Louis Hubricht Fern Glen 27 May 1933
667854355 FMNH USA Indiana - Billups Lawrenceburg 23 Avr 1903
215801611 ANSP USA West Virginia Ohio - Wheeling -
147567226 FLMNH USA Ohio - - - -
13074529 LI USA - Marion Snyder Indiana -
667854210 FMNH USA Indiana - Daniels Brookville 02 May 1903
667854375 FMNH USA Indiana - Billups Lawrenceburg 18 May 1902
215801400 ANSP USA Ohio Licking - Newark -
476900117 MCZ USA Ohio - - Cincinnatti -
667756585 FMNH USA Kentucky Kenton - West Covington -
667790965 FMNH USA Missouri St. Charles Hubricht Harvester 01 Dec 1935
667848820 FMNH USA Indiana - - Indianapolis -
667854364 FMNH USA Ohio - Wetherby Cincinnati 10 Nov 1902
667864264 FMNH USA Indiana Marion - Indianapolis -
477067817 MCZ USA Pennsylvania - Burnett Bradford 1929
215801069 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Allegheny - Quinwood -
215801201 ANSP USA Ohio Adams - Serpent Mound -
215801079 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Washington - New Eagle -
147567232 FLMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - - -
147567892 FLMNH USA Iowa DesMoines Slapcinsky& Nekola - 12 Jul 1998
667747365 FMNH USA Missouri Washington Schilling Fertile 18 May 1976
667854351 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton Collins Harrison 23 Avr 1905
477063320 MCZ USA Indiana - - Indianapolis 08 Oct 2001
667854646 FMNH USA Ohio - - Miami Grove 1900
667809277 FMNH USA Illinois Calhoun Hubricht Hardin 17 Sep 1933
667799875 FMNH USA Missouri - Schilling Washington State Park 19 May 1971
667860166 FMNH USA Indiana Marion - Indianapolis -
667864423 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton - Cincinnati -
231042895 MACN USA Pennsylvania - - Pittsburgh -
147567734 FLMNH USA Pennsylvania Mckean Co. - - -
215801081 ANSP USA Kentucky Bath - Owingsville -
147567228 FLMNH USA Ohio - - - -
147568449 FLMNH USA Indiana Gibson Co. Tucker - 06 Jun 1976
667755347 FMNH USA Iowa Van Buren Crabb Keosauqua State Park 15 Jul1941
667844942 FMNH USA Ohio - - Cincinnati -
477009445 MCZ USA Ohio - Bennett Circleville -
147567912 FLMNH USA Illinois La Salle Slapcinsky - 03 Dec 1988
215801072 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Allegheny - Quinwood -
215801068 ANSP USA West Virginia - - Smithville -
215801200 ANSP USA Ohio Adams - Peebles -
667778572 FMNH USA Missouri St. Louis Hubricht Hine 06 Aug 1933
667840738 FMNH USA Ohio - - - -
147567233 FLMNH USA Kentucky - - - -
147567398 FLMNH USA Iowa Polk Co. Van Hyning - -
667751518 FMNH USA Missouri Washington Schilling Fertile 15 May 1975
667754494 FMNH USA Illinois - Johnson Joliet -
667768750 FMNH USA Missouri St. Louis Hubricht Cliff Cave 01 Jun 1933
667800991 FMNH USA Pennsylvania Bradford Hubricht Wysox 30 Jul 1974
667854352 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton Wetherby - 12 Jan 1902
137558758 USNM USA Virginia - Rowley Front Royal Cons. Center Jun 1985
476896636 MCZ USA Illinois - - Canton -
667762322 FMNH USA Missouri Washington Hubricht Washington State Park 04 Jul 1937
667841423 FMNH USA Pennsylvania - - Bradford -
667876898 FMNH USA Ohio Hamilton University Cincinnati Dec 1963
215800965 ANSP USA Ohio - - - -
215801070 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Allegheny - Quinwood -
215809908 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Westmoreland - Ligonier -
667841367 FMNH USA Ohio - - Cincinnati -
667894464 FMNH USA Ohio Greene Hubricht Oldtown 19 Jul 1958
147567227 FLMNH USA Pennsylvania - - - -
147568448 FLMNH USA Indiana Gibson Co. Tucker - 06 Jun 1976
215801080 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Fayette - Indian Creek -
667936846 FMNH USA Illinois Fulton Gerber Anderson Lake 04 Sep 2006
215801071 ANSP USA West Virginia Ohio - Wheeling -
667747219 FMNH USA Illinois Monroe Hubricht Valmeyer 09 Sep 1934
667841368 FMNH USA Ohio Summit - - -
667844437 FMNH USA Indiana - - Indianapolis -
667891792 FMNH USA Illinois Madison Hubricht Collinsville 06 Jul 1934
147567229 FLMNH USA Ohio - - - -
215799978 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Greene - Waynesburg -
215801073 ANSP USA Pennsylvania Allegheny - Quinwood -
147567913 FLMNH USA Illinois La Salle Slapcinsky - 15 Aug 1998
667875954 FMNH USA Ohio - - Cincinnati -
614458491 NMR USA Ohio - - Cincinnati -
667849015 FMNH USA Illinois Will - Joliet 26 Jul 1917
147567736 FLMNH USA Indiana Marion Co. Marsh - -
614458457 NMR USA Pennsylvania - - Butler Junction -
667858095 FMNH USA Illinois Washington Hinkley & Zetek DuBois 08 Jul 1909
36508269 NTSRV Canada Ontario Essex - Windsor 1996
477074457 MCZ USA Ohio - - Avondale -
667847012 FMNH USA Illinois - Strandine Joliet 06 Jun 1937
667858100 FMNH USA Kansas Bourbon Becker Fort Scott -
667878263 FMNH USA Illinois Madison Hubricht Alton 18 Oct 1936
231042733 MACN USA Indiana - - Indianapolis -
667858096 FMNH USA Illinois Champaign Glasgow Urbana 10 Avr 1908

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