Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) COSEWIC assessment and status report: chapter 18

Appendices

Appendix 1a: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2001 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Northern Mountain Population
Appendix 1b: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2002 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Southern Mountain Population
Appendix 1c: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2001 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Boreal Population
Appendix 1d: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2001 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Newfoundland (Island) Population
Appendix 2a: Protected Areas that Afford Some Range Security for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in COSEWIC’s Northern Mountain (NM) and Southern Mountain (SM) National Ecological Areas (NEA)
Appendix 2b: Protected areas that afford some range security for forest-dwelling woodland caribou in COSEWIC’s Boreal (B) National Ecological Area (NEA)
Appendix 2c: Protected Areas that Afford Some Range Security for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in COSEWIC’s Newfoundland and Atlantic Populations in Canada
Appendix 3a: Types, Criteria, and Characteristics of Ecotypes of Woodland Caribou
Appendix 3b: Schematic of Woodland Caribou Ecotypes
Appendix 4: Indicators of the Status of COSEWIC Populations of Caribou

Appendix 1a: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2001 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Northern Mountain Population

Local population name	Prov./Terr. & Ref. no.	Pop. estimate	SurveyYear	Trend in nos.¹	Range area (km²)	Dens./ 100 km²	Survey type²	Conf. in estimate³
Aishikik	YT 20	1 500	1998	Increase	16 119	9.3	SRQ	High
Atlin	YT14/BC	800	1999	Stable	5 999	13.3	Extr.	Mod.
Bonnet Pl.	YT3/NT	5 000	1982	Unknown	18 614	26.9	G	Unkn.
Carcross	YT16/BC	450	1997	Increase	13 419	3.4	SRQ	High
Chisana	YT 22	400	2000	Decrease	13 000	3.1	Extr.	High
Clear Creek	YT 2	900	2001	Stable	4 873	18.5	SRQ	High
Coal River	YT 10/NT	800	1996	Unknown			Extr.	Mod.
Ethyl Lake	YT 4	300	1993	Stable	3 961	7.6	SRQ	High
Finlayson	YT 8	4 100	1999	Stable	24 733	16.6	SRQ	High
Hart River	YT 1	1 200	1978	Stable	17 478	6.9	TC	Low
Ibex	YT 15	400	1998	Unknown	1 979	20.2	SRQ	High
Klaza	YT 19	600	2000	Increase	7 089	8.5	TC	Mod.
Kluane	YT 21	200	1999	Decrease	6 595	3.0	TC	Mod.
La Biche	YT 11/NT	400	1993	Unknown			G	Unkn.
L. Rancheria	YT12/BC	1 000	1999	Increase	4 134	24.2	SRQ	Mod.
Moose Lake	YT 5	200	1991	Stable	1 022	19.6	SRQ	High
Nahanni	YT 9	2 000	1996	Unknown	16 000	12.5	Extr.	Mod.
Pelly herds	YT 17	1 000	2001	Unknown			G	Unkn.
Redstone⁴	YT 7/NT	7 500	1982	Unknown			G	Low
Tatchun	YT 18	500	2000	Stable	7 091	7.1	TC	High
Tay River	YT 6	4 000	1991	Stable	25 148	15.9	SRQ	High
Wolf Lake	YT 13	1 400	1998	Stable	20 013	7.0	SRQ	High
YT/NWTsubt.		34 650		22: 4/9/2/7	207 267	12.0		11/ 6/ 2/ 3
Atlin East	BC38/YT	800	1999	Stable	5 999	13.3	SRQ	Mod.
Atlin West	BC 39	350	1998	Stable	4 398	8.0	TC	Mod.
Edziza	BC 27	200	1983	Stable	1 281	15.6	E	Low
Finlay	BC 25	200	1998	Unknown	3 084	6.5	TC	Mod.
Frog	BC 30	150	2000	Unknown	2 421	6.2	G	Low
Gataga	BC 31	250	2000	Unknown	4 436	5.6	G	Low
Horseranch	BC 35	850	1999	Stable	9 499	8.9	SRQ	Mod.
Jennings	BC 37	200	1970s	Unknown	4 080	4.9	G	Low
Level-Kawdy	BC 28	1 650	1999	Stable	12 568	13.1	TC	Mod.
Liard Plateau	BC 34	150	2000	Stable	5 069	3.0	G	Low
L. Rancheria	BC36/YT	1 000	1999	Increase	4 134	24.2	SRQ	Mod.
Muskwa	BC 32	1 250	2000	Unknown	16 786	7.4	G	Mod.
Pink Mtn.	BC 24	850	2000	Declining	11 602	7.3	SRQ	Mod.
Rabbit	BC 33	800	2000	Unknown	5 936	13.5	E	Low
Spatsizi	BC 26	2 200	1994	Stable	16 929	13.0	TC	Mod.
Tsenaglode	BC 29	200	1999	Unknown	3 015	6.6	G	Low
BC subtotal		11 100		16:1/7/1/7	111 237	10.0		0/ 9/ 7/ 0
Common⁵	YT/NT/BC	1 800		2:1/1/0/0	10 133			0/ 2/ 0/ 0
NMP Total		43 950		36:/4/15/3/14	308 371	11.3		11/13/9/3

¹ Trend, as reported by jurisdictions. Standard criteria are needed. In subtotals row the coding is number of populations: increasing/stable/decreasing/unknown.
² SRQ=stratified random quadrat; Extr=extrapolation; TC=total count; G=guess (few data); E=estimate (some data).
³ This confidence estimate is a qualitative evaluation in most cases. Totals are high/moderate/low/unknown
⁴ The Redstone population is listed as 5 000 to 10 000 and 7 500 is mid-range.
⁵ Local population numbers and areas common to Yukon and B.C. are subtracted from the total.

Appendix 1b: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2002 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Southern Mountain Population

Local Population	Prov. & Ref. no.	Pop. estim.	Survey Year	Trend in nos.¹	Range area (km²)	Dens./ 100 km²	Survey type²	Conf. in estimate
Chase	BC 22	700	1993	Stable	11 390	6.1	TCe	Low
Graham	BC 23	300	2002	Decreasing	4 734	6.3	TCe	Med.
Kennedy Siding	BC 18	170	2002	Stable	1 470	1.6	E	Med.
Moberly	BC 19	170	2002	Unknown	5 115	3.3	E	Med.
Quintette	BC 17	200	2002	Stable	1 421	14.1	E	Med.
Takla	BC 21	100	2002	Unknown	1 850	5.4	TC	Med.
Wolverine	BC 20	400	1996	Unknown	8 315	4.8	TCe	Low
Belcourt	BC 40/AB	100		Unknown	2 045	4.9		See AB
NC metapop.	BC 17-23	2 140		8:0/3/1/4	36 340	5.9		7:0/5/2/0
Charlotte	BC 13	50	1999	Decrease	2 650	1.9	TC	Med.
Itcha-Ilgachuz	BC 14a	2 000	2000	Stable	9 457	21.1	TCe	High
Telkwa	BC 16	55	2000	Stable	1 828	3.0	TCe	High
Tweedsmuir	BC 15	300	1982	Decrease	12 811	2.3	E	Med.
Rainbows	BC 14b	125	2000	Decrease	3 804	3.3	TCe	High
WC metapop.	BC 13-16	2 530		5:0/2/3/0	30 550	8.3		5:3/2/0/0
Hart Ranges	BC 12	450	1999	Stable	10 261	4.4	E	Med.
Narrow Lake	BC 11	65	1999	Stable	431	15.1	TC	High
George Mtn.	BC 10	5	1999	Decrease	441	1.1	TC	High
Barkerville	BC 9	50	2000	Stable	2 535	2.0	Tce	High
N. Cariboo Mtn.	BC 8	340	1999	Unknown	5 911	5.8	Tce	Med.
Wells Gray S.	BC 7b	315	1998	Decrease	10 381	3.5	Tce	Med.
Wells Gray N.	BC 7a	200	2000	Stable	6 346	3.2	Tce	High
Cent. Rockies	BC 6	20	1998	Decrease	7 265	0.3	TC	Med.
Revelstoke	BC 5	210	1998	Decrease	7 863	2.5	TC	High
Monashee	BC 4	10	2000	Decrease	2 082	0.5	TC	Med.
Cent. Selkirks	BC 3	130	1997	Decrease	4 813	2.7	Tce	High
S. Purcells	BC 2	20	2000	Stable	2 962	0.7	Tce	High
S. Selkirks	BC1/I D	35	2000	Stable	1 500	2.3	Tce	High
S. metapop.	BC 1-12	1 850		13:0/6/6/1	62 791	3.0		13:8/5/0/0
SMP BC Total	BC 1- 23	6 555		26:0/11/10/5	129 680	5.1		25:11/12/ 2/0
Narraway(Belcourt)	AB1/BC 40	100	1999	Unknown	2 045	4.9	AS	Low
Redrock/Pr.Cr.	AB2/BC	312	1993	Stable-decr.	1 900	16.4	MR	Med.
A la Pêche	AB3/BC	170	1998	Stable-decr.	1 600	10.6	TC	Med.
S. Jasper NP	AB4/BC	³138	1998	Decrease	2 200	6.3	TC	Med.
N. Banff NP	AB 5	⁴33	1989	Decrease	600	5.5	TC	Med.
AB Totals	AB 1-5	753		5: 0/2/2/1	8 345	9.7		5:0/4/1/0
Common	BC/AB	100		1:0/0/0/1	2 045
SMP Total	BC + AB	7 208		30:0/13/12/5	135 980	5.3		30:11/16/3/0

¹ Trend, as reported by jurisdictions. Standard criteria are needed. In subtotals row the coding is number of populations: increasing/stable/decreasing/unknown.
² TCe = total count & extrapolation from collared caribou; TC = total count; E = estimate; G = guess; AS = aerial survey; MR = mark & resight.
³ Mid point of 125-150.
⁴ Mid point of 25-40.

Appendix 1c: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2001 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Boreal Population

Local population	Prov./ ref. no.	Pop. estim.	Surv. Year	Trend in no.¹	Range (km²)	Dens./ 10²km²	Surv. type²	Conf. in est.
NWT Boreal²	NT 1	5200	1999	Unknown	433 504	1.2	G	Low
BC Boreal	BC41	725	1999	Unknown	51 541	1.4	G	Low
L. Smoky	AB 6/	80	2000	Decrease	1 900	4.2	E	Mod.
Bistcho	AB7/ NT	400	1993	Unknown	11 200	3.6	E	Low
Caribou Mtn	AB8/NT	400	1993	Decrease	22 700	1.8	E	Mod.
Chinchaga	AB 9	200	1993	Unknown	9 300	2.2	E	Low
Hotchiss	AB 10	15	1993	Unknown	600	2.5	E	Low
Deadwood	AB 11	50	1993	Unknown	2 200	2.3	E	Low
Red Earth	AB 12	800	1993	Decrease	17 400	4.6	E	Mod.
Richardson	AB 13	100	1993	Unknown	4 500	2.2	E	Low
SlaveLake	AB 14	50	1993	Unknown	3 000	1.7	E	Low
W. Athabasca	AB 15	360	1998	Decrease	4 700	13.1	E	Mod.
E. Athabasca	AB 16	480	1993	Decrease	9 700	5.0	E	Mod.
Air Weapons	AB 17	350	1993	Stable	11 200	3.1	E	Mod.
AB subtotals		3 285		12:0/1/5/6	98 400	3.3
Mid-Boreal	SK 1	760	2000	Decrease	110 498	0.7	E	Low
Athabasca Plain	SK 2	400	2000	Unknown	63 000	0.6	E	Low
Churchill R.Upl.	SK 3	3 780	2000	Decrease?	108 000	3.5	E	Low
SK subtotals		4 940		3:0/0/2/13	281 498	1.8
Wapisu	MB 2	100	2000	Unknown	6 950	1.4	E	Unkn.
Sisipuk-Kamuch.²	MB 3	150	2000	Unknown	12 470	1.2	G	Unkn.
Kississing-Naosap ²	MB 4	150	2000	Stable	10 060	1.5	V,BT,TC	High
Reed-Clearwater l. ²	MB 5	125	2000	Stable	10 380	1.2	V,BT,TC	High
Waboden	MB 6	150	2000	Unknown.	17 050	0.9	E	Unkn.
Island Lake²	MB 7	750	2000	Unknown	23 240	3.2	G	Unkn.
Gunisao-Hudwin ²	MB 8	375	2000	Unknown	14 380	2.6	G	Unkn.
The Bog²	MB 9	63	2000	Stable	4 610	1.4	V,TC,LK	Mod.
Swan-Pelican²	MB 10	63	2000	Stable	4 190	1.5	E	Mod.
William L.	MB 11	25	2000	Unknown	3 750	0.7	V,LK,E	Low
North Interlake²	MB 12	63	2000	Unknown	10 330	0.6	V,LK,E	Mod.
Atikaki-Berens²	MB 13	400	2000	Unknown	21 140	1.9	V,LK,E	Unkn.
Owl-Flintstone²	MB 14	70	2000	Stable	3 640	1.9	T, TC	High
MB subtotals		2484		13:0/5/0/8	173 670	1.4
N. commercial For.	ON	2 277
In commercial For.	ON	1 328
Pot. commerc. For.	ON	481
In parks & islands	ON	839
ON subtotals		4 925			NA
QC 50^oN-55^oN	QC	<10 000	2000
Val D’Or	QC 1	65
Grands Jardins	QP 2	103	1998
Lac Joseph	QP3/L1	See Labr
QC subtotals		10 000			NA
Lac Joseph	NF: L 1	1 025	2000	Increase	50 000	2.1	MR	Mod
Red Wine Mtn.	NF: L 2	129	1997	Decrease	35 000	0.4	BT	High
Mealy Mtn.	NF: L 3	253	1997	Decrease	20 000	1.3	BT	High
Labr. subtot		1 407		3:1/0/2/0	105 000	1.3
Boreal pop.		32 966		33:1/6/9/17³	1 143 613

¹ Trend, as reported by jurisdictions. Standard criteria are needed. In subtotals row the coding is number of populations: increasing/stable/decreasing/unknown. Footnotes continued below Appendix 1d.
² G=guess; E=estimate; V=visual sightings; BT=belt strip transect: TC=total; LK=local knowledge; T=track counts.
³ Mid points given for NWT Boreal (4000-6400), Sisipuk-Kamuchawie (100-200), Kississing-Naosap lakes (100-200), Reed-Yawningstone-Clearwater lakes (100-150), Island Lake (500-1000), Gunisao- Hudwin lakes (250-500), The Bog (50-75), Swan-Pelican lakes (50-75), North Interlake (50-75), Atikaki-Berens (300-500), Owl-Flintstone lakes (65-75), and Val D’Or (40-90).

Appendix 1d: Estimates of Numbers and Trends to 2001 for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in the COSEWIC Newfoundland (Island) Population

Local population (I = introduced)	Prov./ ref. no.	Pop. estim.	Surv. year	Trend in nos.¹	Range (km²)	Density/ 100 km²	Survey type²	Conf. in estimate
Avalon	NF 1	1 850	1998	Decrease	3 509	52.7	SQR	29%
Baie Verte	NF 2	600	1996	Increase	4 159	14.4	BT	74%
Bay de Verte (I)	NF 3	100	1995	Stable	733	13.6	TC	Mod.
Brunette Isl. (I)	NF 4	75	1996	Stable	22	340.9	TC	Mod.
Buchans	NF 5	7 800	2000	Stable	1 200	650.0	SQR	12%
Burin Pen. (I)	NF 6	500	1995	Increase	501	99.8	BT	66%
Cape Shore (I)	NF 7	1 400	2000	Increase	576	243.1	BT	57%
Corner Brook	NF 8	700	1997	Stable	543	128.9	BT	Mod.
Fogo Island (I)	NF 9	200	1996	Increase	255	78.4	TC	Mod.
Gaff Topsails	NF 10	6 000	1989	Increase	3 334	180.0	MR	23%
Gregory Plat. (I)	NF 11	360	1987	Stable	Unkn.		TC, V	Low
Grey Island (I)	NF 12	600	1992	Increase	141	425.5	TC	Mod
Grey River	NF 13	16 500	1997	Increase	9 375	176.0	MR	10%
Gros Morne	NF 14	2 800	1997	Increase	1 960	142.9	TGC	16%
Hampden Downs	NF 15	850	1994	Increase	584	145.5	BT	57%
Humber	NF 16	4 500	1998	Increase	6 635	67.8	SQR	34%
La Poile	NF 17	10 500	1997	Increase	2 607	402.8	MR	18%
Merasheen Isl. (I)	NF 18	280	2001	Stable	300	93.3	TC	Mod.
Middle Ridge	NF 19	19 800	1995	Increase	5 691	347.9	MR	10%
Mount Peyton	NF 20	1 700	1994	Stable	268	634.3	SQR	29%
Northern Pen.	NF 21	8 200	1996	Increase	17 686	46.4	BT	34%
Port Au Port (I)	NF 22	44	1982	Stable	386	11.4	TC	Mod.
Pot Hill	NF 23	5 200	1997	Increase	1 171	444.1	MR	22%
Random Island (I)	NF 24	20	1995	Stable	141	14.2	TC	Mod.
Sandy Lake	NF 25	1 000	1997	Stable	340	294.1	MR	29%
Sound Island (I)	NF 26	33	1991	Stable	14	235.7	TC	Mod.
St. Anthony (I)	NF 27	8 400	1998	Increase	4 132	203.3	SQR	40%
NFP Totals		100 012		27:5/11/1/0	66 263	150.4

¹ Trend, as reported by jurisdiction. Standard criteria are needed (see page 39). In subtotals row the coding is number of populations: increasing/stable/decreasing/unknown.In totals row, the coding is number of populations: increasing/stable/decreasing/unknown.
² SRQ= stratified random quadrat; BT = belt strip transect; TC = total count; MR = mark-resight; V = visual; TGC = total ground count.

Appendix 2a: Protected Areas that Afford Some Range Security for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in COSEWIC’s Northern Mountain (NM) and Southern Mountain (SM) National Ecological Areas (NEA)

NEA	Protected area¹	Local pop. of caribou & numbers	Proportion of caribou range	Proportion of pop. (nos.) in PA	Important range in PA²	Security of PA³	Source
NM	Ddah Ghro SMA – ex MacArthur GS	Ethyl Lake herd (est. 300)	20% (about 800 km² of 4000 km² total range)	Seasonally in summer & fall	Some CR & rutting areas	Manage. Plan in dev.	Yukon Prot. Area Strategy
NM	Kluane GS (YT) & Wrangle-St. Elias NP(AK)	Chisana herd (est. 400)	70% (about 9000 km² of 13 000 km² total range)	Variable but most of the time	Core WR, all CR & most of SR	NH & LD	Farnell, p.c. 2001
NM	Nahanni Nat. Pk. Reserve 4766 km²	Nahanni (est. 2000 caribou)	12% (ca. 2000 km² of total range of 16 000 km²)	Numbers vary (move in/ out park)	Imp. WR for part of population	NH, LD	Gullickson 2000
NM	N. B.C.	Not available
SM	Cent./S B.C.	Not available
SM	Kakwa Wildland	Narraway	18%	Variable	SR	LD	Szkorupa p.c. 2000
SM	Willmore Wilderness	A la Pêche/ N.JasperNP	72%	Variable	SR & recent WR	LD, HA	As above
SM	JNP, Whitegoat Wilderness	South Jasper/ Whitegoat	100%	All	YR range	LD, NH	As above
SM	BNP, Siffleur Wilderness	North Banff/Siffleur	100%	All	YR range	LD, NH	As above

¹ SMA = Special Management Area, GS = Game sanctuary, NP = National Park, PP = Provincial Park
² CR = calving range, WR = winter range, SR = summer range. YR = year round range.
³ HA = hunting allowed, NH = no hunting, LD = limited development

Appendix 2b: Protected areas that afford some range security for forest-dwelling woodland caribou in COSEWIC’s Boreal (B) National Ecological Area (NEA)

NEA	Protected area¹	Local pop. of caribou & numbers	Prop. caribou range in PA	Prop. of pop. (nos.) in PA	Important range in PA²	Security of PA³	Source
B	Sahyoue, NWT 2894 km²	NWT	Unknown	Unknown	Annual?	ND	Gunn p.c. 2001
B	Edacho, NWT 2642 km²	NWT	Unknown	Unknown	Annual?	ND	As above
B	Edehzhie, NWT 24 590 km²	NWT	Unknown	Unknown	Annual?	ND	As above
B	Wood Buffalo NWT: 9225 km²	NWT	Unknown	Unknown	Annual?	ND	As above
B	Birch Mtn. Wildland. AB	Red Earth	2%	Variable	Unknown	LD	Szkorupa p.c.2001
B	Marguerite River Wildland, AB	Richardson	7%	Variable	Unknown	LD	As above
B	Stony Mtn. & Grand Rapids Wildlands, AB	ESAR	3%	Variable	Unknown	LD	As above
B	Air Weapons Range, AB	CLAWR	67%	Variable	Unknown	Lim. access/ disturb.	As above
B	Caribou Mtn. Wildland PP 5910 km²	Caribou Mountains/ Yates	80%				Edmonton Journal 25/07/01
B	Wood Buffalo NP, AB	Caribou Mtns/ Yates	4%	Variable	Unknown	NH, LD	Szkorupa p.c.2001
B	Chinchaga Wildland, AB	Chinchaga	9%	Variable	Unknown	LD	As above
B	Prince Albert NP, SK	PA Nat’l Pk Est. 30	15%		Important S/F range	NH, little disturb.	Trottier, p. c. 2001
B	Wildcat Hills Wildern. Area, SK	Est. 5-10	10%		Important S/F range	HA, poor access
B	Seager-Wheeler Repr. Area, SK	Est. 10-30	40%		Important YR	HA, poor access
B	Narrow Hills PP, SK	Est. 15-20	10%		Important SR	HA, good access
B	Wapawekka Hills Repr. Area, SK	Est. 25-30	60%		Important YR	HA, poor access
B	Lac La Ronge PP, SK	Est. 60	50%		Imp.calving, S & W	HA, some disturbance
B	Cold Lake Air Weapons Range	Est. 30-50	30%		Unknown	NH little disturb.
B	Athabasca Sand Dunes PP Res,SK	Est. 10-15	50%		Important YR range	HA, very poor access

¹ SMA = Special Management Area, GS = Game sanctuary, NP = National Park, PP = Provincial Park
² CR = calving range, WR = winter range, SR = summer range, YR = year round range.
³ HA = hunting allowed, NH = no hunting, LD = limited development, ND = no development.

Appendix 2c: Protected Areas that Afford Some Range Security for Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou in COSEWIC’s Newfoundland and Atlantic Populations in Canada

Pop./ NEA	Protected area¹	Local pop. of caribou and numbers	Proportion of caribou range	Proportion of pop. (nos.) in PA	Important range in PA²	Security of PA³	Source
NF (Isl.)	Gros Morne NP. 1 960 km²	Gros Morne (est. 2 800)	75% (seasonal movements in & out)	Proportion varies	Important SR, WR, & CR	NH, Little disturb.	Mahoney 2000
NF (Isl.)	Bay du Nord Wildern. Res. 2 859 km²	Middle Ridge (est. 20 000)	50% (seasonal movements in-out)	Proportion varies	Important SR, WR, & CR	NH, Little disturb.	As above
NF (Isl.)	Avalon Wildern.Res. 1 070 km²	Avalon (est. 1 850)	50% (use varies)	Proportion varies	Important SR, WR, & CR	NH, Little disturb.	As above
Atlantic (Gasp-ésie)	Gaspésie PP	Gaspésie Estimate 200	80-90%	91% of collared	YR range	NH, little disturb.	Ouelett et al. 1996

¹ NP = National Park, Wildern. Res. = Wilderness Reserve, PP = Provincial Park
² SR = summer range, WR = winter range, CR = calving range, YR = year round range.
³ NH = no hunting.

Appendix 3a: Types, Criteria, and Characteristics of Ecotypes of Woodland Caribou

Primary types	Criterion	Characteristics
Forest-tundra (migratory) or Forest dwelling (sedentary)	Seasonal range use (movement pattern)	Forest-tundra = taiga-tundra. Forest dwelling (boreal) may have short migrations (elevational shifts in mountains, latitudinal shifts on plains), have fixed summer range and variable winter range, or be essentially sedentary
Mountain or Boreal forest (plains)	Occurrence in major landforms (Canada)	Mountain caribou make elevational shifts to alpine in summer from subalpine in winter (exception: some winter in alpine). Plains ecotype
Secondary types
Terrestrial or Arboreal	Winter lichens eaten	Differentiates northern and mountain ecotypes in B.C. Poles of a continuum, i.e., both lichen types used in many areas.
Peatlands or Shield (islands/ Lakeshore/ streams	Occurrence within boreal forest	Large peatland complexes are most common south of the Shield. Caribou on the Shield are less likely to form local populations than on peatlands

Appendix 3b: Schematic of Woodland Caribou Ecotypes

Appendix 4: Indicators of the Status of COSEWIC Populations of Caribou

Indicator	Value	Pros and cons	Report
1. Total absolute numbers	Low	Effort increasing & better methods. Count accuracy & precision low	Table 1
2. Trend in absolute numbers	Low	Same as above row. Must partition natural and human effects on local populations	Table 2
3. Trend in numbers of local pops.	Medium	Trends (increasing/stable/decreasing/unknown) detected by several criteria. Need standard criteria for stable, etc.	Table 3, App. 1
4. Frequency distrib. of local pop. sizes	Medium	Shape of distribution is important. Small pops. likely vulnerable	Table 4
5. Frequency distrib. of range sizes	Fair	Potentially premier indicator but expensive (radio collars). Small areas a “red flag”	Table 5
6. Densities of local pop.	Low	Requires good data for indicators 1 & 4. Need baseline data for habitat type	Table 6
7. Concerns & perceived threats	High	Usually correct, often subjective. Need weighting of factors. Need long-range models for caribou habitat supply where logging & other development	Table 7
8. Database & current monitoring	Variable	Relates to indicators 1-6. Pop. demography etc., habitat changes	Table 8
9. Proportion of range protected	Medium	Limits development. Management options restricted.	App. 2
10. Subjective designations of risk	Medium	Synthesis of all information. Many unknowns (e.g., warming effect)	Table 10
11. Land-use plans include caribou	Unknown	Adaptive management. Landscape, stand and site considerations
12. Caribou range fragmentation index	Undeveloped	Need to develop criteria specifically for caribou
13. Habitat quality (integrity) index	Undeveloped	Need to develop criteria specifically for caribou. Mosaic component minimums
14. Genetic diversity & changes w/ time	Unknown	Need to monitor selected local populations. Need to establish effect on caribou fitness
15. Local population viability indices	Undeveloped	Need to agree on minimum viable pop. sizes, minimum range sizes including important components etc.
16. Level of funding for monitoring/manage	Undeveloped	Need to establish format (categories, sub categories, etc).

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2018-01-02

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