Barn Owl (Tyto alba), western population: recovery strategy, 2022

Official title: Recovery Strategy for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), Western Population, in Canada 2022

Species at Risk Act
Recovery Strategy Series
Adopted under Section 44 of SARA

 Barn Owl, Western population, in Canada
Barn Owl, Western Population

Part 1 –  Federal addition the Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia, prepared by Environment and Climate Change Canada

Document information

Recommended citation:

Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2022. Recovery Strategy for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), Western Population, in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series.  Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. 2 parts, 24 pp. + 30 pp.

Official version

The official version of the recovery documents is the one published in PDF. All hyperlinks were valid as of date of publication.

Non-official version

The non-official version of the recovery documents is published in HTML format and all hyperlinks were valid as of date of publication.

For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public RegistryFootnote 1.

Cover illustration: Sofi Hindmarch

Également disponible en français sous le titre
« Programme de rétablissement de l’Effraie des clochers (Tyto alba), population de l’Ouest, au Canada »

Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit the source.

2022

Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada.

In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of British Columbia has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Environment and Climate Change Canada has included a federal addition (Part 1) which completes the SARA requirements for this recovery strategy.

The federal recovery strategy for the Barn Owl, Western Population, in Canada consists of two parts:

Part 1 – Federal Addition to the Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia, prepared by Environment and Climate Change Canada.

Part 2 – Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia, prepared by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment.

Part 1 –  Federal addition to the Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia, prepared by Environment and Climate Change Canada

Preface

The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996)Footnote 2 agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years after the publication of the final document on the SAR Public Registry.

The Minister of Environment and Climate Change is the competent minister under SARA for the Barn Owl, Western Population, and has prepared the federal component of this recovery strategy (Part 1), as per section 37 of SARA. To the extent possible, it has been prepared in cooperation with the province of British Columbia. SARA section 44 allows the Minister to adopt all or part of an existing plan for the species if it meets the requirements under SARA for content (sub-sections 41(1) or (2)). The Province of British Columbia provided the attached recovery plan for the Barn Owl (Part 2) as science advice the jurisdictions responsible for managing the species in British Columbia. It was prepared in cooperation with Environment and Climate Change Canada.

Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy and will not be achieved by Environment and Climate Change Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the Barn Owl, Western Population, and Canadian society as a whole.

This recovery strategy will be followed by one or more action plans that will provide information on recovery measures to be taken by Environment and Climate Change Canada and other jurisdictions and/or organizations involved in the conservation of the species. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.

The recovery strategy sets the strategic direction to arrest or reverse the decline of the species, including identification of critical habitat to the extent possible. It provides all Canadians with information to help take action on species conservation. When critical habitat is identified, either in a recovery strategy or an action plan, SARA requires that critical habitat then be protected.

In the case of critical habitat identified for terrestrial species including migratory birds SARA requires that critical habitat identified in a federally protected areaFootnote 3 be described in the Canada Gazette within 90 days after the recovery strategy or action plan that identified the critical habitat is included in the public registry. A prohibition against destruction of critical habitat under ss. 58(1) will apply 90 days after the description of the critical habitat is published in the Canada Gazette.

For critical habitat located on other federal lands, the competent minister must either make a statement on existing legal protection or make an order so that the prohibition against destruction of critical habitat applies.

If the critical habitat for a migratory bird is not within a federal protected area and is not on federal land, within the exclusive economic zone or on the continental shelf of Canada, the prohibition against destruction can only apply to those portions of the critical habitat that are habitat to which the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 applies as per SARA ss. 58(5.1) and ss. 58(5.2).

For any part of critical habitat located on non-federal lands, if the competent minister forms the opinion that any portion of critical habitat is not protected by provisions in or measures under SARA or other Acts of Parliament, or the laws of the province or territory, SARA requires that the Minister recommend that the Governor in Council make an order to prohibit destruction of critical habitat. The discretion to protect critical habitat on non-federal lands that is not otherwise protected rests with the Governor in Council.

Additions and modifications the adopted document

The following sections have been included to address specific requirements of the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA) that are not addressed in the Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia (Part 2 of this document, referred to henceforth as “the provincial recovery plan”) and/or to provide updated or additional information.

Under SARA, there are specific requirements and processes set out regarding the protection of critical habitat. Therefore, statements in the provincial recovery plan referring to protection of survival/recovery habitat may not directly correspond to federal requirements. Recovery measures dealing with the protection of habitat are adopted; however, whether these measures will result in protection of critical habitat under SARA will be assessed following publication of the final federal recovery strategy.

1. Species status information

This section replaces information on the SARA legal designation for Barn Owl, Western Population, in Canada in Section 2 “Species Status Information” in the provincial recovery plan.

The legal designation of Barn Owl, Western Population, on SARA Schedule 1 is Threatened (2018).

Table 1. Conservation status of Barn Owl in North America (B.C. Conservation Data Centre 2020; NatureServe 2019)
Global (G) rank* National (N) rank* Sub-national (S) rank* COSEWIC status B.C. list
G5

Canada (N2B, N1N, NUM)

U.S.A (N5)

Canada:

B.C. (S2?), ON (S1), QC (S1B)

U.S.A:

AL (S3), AZ(S5), AR (S2B,S3N), CA (SNR), CO(S4B), CT(S1), DE (S3), DC (S1), FL (SNR), GA (S3S4), ID (S4), IL (S1S2), IN (S2), IA (S1B), KS (S3), KY (S3), LA (S5), MD (S2), MA (S2B,S2N), MI (S1), MS (S3), MO(S3), MT (S4), Navajo Nation (S3?B), NE (S3), NV (S4), NJ (S3B,S3N), NM (S4B,S4N), NY (S1S2), NC (S2S3B,S3N), OH (S2), OK (S3), OR (S4?), PA (S3B,S3N), RI (S1B,S1N), SC (S4), SD (S2B), TN (S3), TX (S5B), UT (S3), VT (S1B), VA(S3B,S3N), WA (S4), WV (S2B,S2N), WY (S2)

Threatened (2010)+ Red List

* Rank 1 – critically imperiled; 2– imperiled; 3- vulnerable to extirpation or extinction; 4- apparently secure; 5– secure; H– possibly extirpated; NR – status not ranked.

+ Reference to Barn Owl, Western Population; Barn Owl, Eastern Population, assessed as Endangered in Canada (COSEWIC 2010).

2. Critical habitat

This section replaces Section 7.1 “Description of Survival/Recovery Habitat” in the provincial recovery plan.

Section 41 (1)(c) of SARA requires that recovery strategies include an identification of the species’ critical habitat to the extent possible, as well as examples of activities that are likely to result in its destruction. The provincial recovery plan (Part 2, Section 3.3) provides a written summary of habitat requirements for Barn Owl, Western Population. This science advice was used to inform the following critical habitat sections in this federal recovery strategy.

Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population is identified in this recovery strategy to the extent possible based on the best available information. It is recognized that the critical habitat identified below is insufficient to achieve the population and distribution objectives for the species: (1) Barn Owls are suspected to exist in a number of additional areas in the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley, but detailed occurrence information on which to base critical habitat mapping is not available for those areas at this time; (2) although a portion of the population is known to exist outside of the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley (i.e., the geographical stronghold of the Western population), survey and monitoring has been too sparse to generate sufficient data to completely identify critical habitat in those additional areas (i.e., Vancouver Island and Okanagan Valley); and (3) information on Barn Owl habitat use that would enable the most biologically-appropriate (i.e., a habitat-model based) approach to critical habitat identification is lacking – these criteria are particularly important considering the importance of connective/dispersal habitat within a fragmented landscape. A schedule of studies (section 2.2) has been developed to provide the information necessary to complete the identification of critical habitat that will be sufficient to meet population and distribution objectives. The identification of critical habitat will be updated in a revised recovery strategy when the information becomes available.

2.1 Identification of the species’ critical habitat

Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, is identified in southern British Columbia, including areas of the Lower Mainland, Lower Fraser Valley, Vancouver Island and Thompson-Okanagan, based on the methodology described below for delineating home ranges. The geospatial areas containing critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, (totalling 74,906 haFootnote 4) are presented in Figures 1-12. Within these geospatial areas, critical habitat is identified wherever the following biophysical attributes occur.

Biophysical attributes of critical habitat

Barn Owls require open foraging habitat that supports an abundance of small mammal prey (preferably voles, Microtus spp.; Marti et al. 2005; Hindmarch and Elliott 2015), and physically protected cavity sites for nesting and roosting. Within the areas identified as containing critical habitat (Figures 1-12), specific attributes of foraging, nesting, and roosting critical habitat include:

  1. Foraging habitat (Merkens 2004; S. Hindmarch, pers. comm. 2013):
    • grass fields and/or naturalized meadowFootnote 5 habitat
    • foreshore and marshland habitat
    • open fields associated with agriculture (ideally rough pasture, non – intensively managed hayfields)
    • grassy ditches/margins between fields, and along pre-existing roads and railway tracks
    • remnant linear strips (i.e., minimum 3 m wide) or patches of grass and/or green space in semi-urban to turban landscapesFootnote 6
    • availability of small mammal prey
  2. Nesting and roosting habitat (Andrusiak 1994; COSEWIC 2010; S. Hindmarch, pers. comm. 2013; Huang et al. 2016):
    • structures that have an elevated cavity or partially-enclosed space that is accessible through an entry hole at least 15 cm in diameter, including:
      • natural structures, including but not limited to: dead trees and live trees with existing cavities (Marti et al. 2005), including live and dead Black Cottonwood (Populus balsamifera), live and dead Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), live Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum), and dead Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata); and, the area within 25 m of the base of the tree in order to maintain its function (e.g., protect the roots of the tree to maintain its stability)
      • anthropogenic (human-made) structures that support known nest site locations, including but not limited to: nest boxes, platforms in barns, silos, hangars, water towers, bridges/overpasses, attics, crevices between stacked hay bales, and behind insulation in buildings

Within these polygons, unsuitable areas that do not possess any of the attributes required by Barn Owl, Western Population, at any time are excluded from identification as critical habitat. Examples of these excluded areas include (but are not limited to): running surfaces of existing roads, parking lots and gravel pits, permanent waterbodies, and active aerodrome areas that are, and will continue to be, actively managed to dissuade the Barn Owl for aviation and public safety purposes.

2.1.1 Information and methods used to identify critical habitat

The geospatial areas containing critical habitat for the Barn Owl, Western Population, in Canada are delineated based on the following information:

Where there is adequate radio telemetry data to map an individual’s home range, critical habitat is identified within the observed home range boundaries of each individual bird (10 birds; see Hindmarch et al. 2017). In all other cases, critical habitat is identified within a 1 km area (average home range distance) around documented nest and roost sites, or around additional individual observations or occurrences that are greater than 1 km from documented nest/roost sites but where expert opinion or orthophoto interpretation indicate that appropriate nesting/roosting structures are present within that (1 km) area.

2.1.2 Geospatial location of areas containing critical habitat

The geospatial areas containing critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, are identified within 265 observed or estimated home ranges (Figures 1-12).

Figure 1 - please read long description.

Figure 1. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Northwest Lower Mainland, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 1: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in the Northwest Lower Mainland, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat includes areas such as Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, B.C and the Alaksen National Wildlife Area. It is also located near cities such as Vancouver and Burnaby.

Figure 2- please read long description.

Figure 2. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Southwest Lower Mainland, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat. USA landbase (below dashed line) excluded.

Long description

Figure 2: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in the Southwest Lower Mainland, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat includes areas such as New Westminster, Surrey and Delta, B.C as well as the Alaksen National Wildlife Area. Some of the critical habitat is located close to the border between Canada and the United States.  

Figure 3 - please read long description.

Figure 3. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Northeast Lower Mainland, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 3: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in the Northeast Lower Mainland, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat includes areas such as Langley and Maple Ridge, B.C and passes through the Fraser River. It is located south of Widgeon Valley National Wildlife Area. Some critical habitat is located directly east of Port Coquitlam while most are located south of Port Coquitlam.

Figure 4 - please read long description.

Figure 4. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Southeast Lower Mainland, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 4: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in the Southeast Lower Mainland, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat is located on the border between Canada and Washington, United States and then extends north through places such as Langley, Walnut Grove and Aberdeen, B.C. It also passes through the Fraser River.

Figure 5 - please read long description.

Figure 5. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Western Fraser Valley, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat. USA landbase (below dashed line) is excluded.

Long description

Figure 5: This map shows the critical habitat location of the Barn Owl (western population) in the Western Fraser Valley, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat is located within Abbotsford, Mission and Chilliwack, B.C as well as near the Great Blue Heron Nature Reserve. There is also one other smaller area of critical habitat located north of Hatzic Lake.

Figure 6 - please read long description

Figure 6. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Eastern Fraser Valley, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 6 : This map shows the critical habitat location of the Barn Owl (western population) in the Eastern Fraser Valley, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat is located in 5 separate areas across the map; the first and largest area is located on the southwest of the map near Rosedale, the second area is east of the first near Popkum. North of the first two areas are two smaller areas of critical habitat. One of them is southwest of the map and south of Harrison River, the other is directly next to that one and is close to Harrison Hot Springs and Maria Slough. The fifth area of critical habitat is located on the northeast end of the map near Silver Creek.

Figure 7 - please read long description.

Figure 7. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Similkameen, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 7: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in Similkameen, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by 1 polygon within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat is located in one big area close to Princeton Summerland Rd. The critical habitat is located within Jura, B.C.

Figure 8 - please read long description.

Figure 8. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the North Okanagan, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 8: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in the North Okanagan, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by 1 polygon within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat is located in one big area and includes Rawlings Lake and Rawlings Lake Rd. North of the critical habitat is Lumby Mabel Lake Rd.

Figure 9 - please read long description.

Figure 9. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in Southern Vancouver Island, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 9: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by 2 polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. One area of critical habitat is located southwest of the map on the coast of Juan de Fuca Strait and near areas such as Church Hill and Anchor Rock. The other area is located north of the map and includes Royal Oak. Part of Beaver Lake can also be seen to the north of the critical habitat polygon, north of Royal Oak. The map also includes a few federal protected areas such as Esquimalt Lagoon Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Victoria Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary and Trial Islands Ecological Reserve.

Figure 10 - please read long description.

Figure 10. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the South-central Vancouver Island, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 10: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in South-central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by 5 polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. Two areas of critical habitat are located northwest of the map. One of them is near Hillcrest and the other is near Bell McKinnon Rd and Richards Trail. Two other areas of critical habitat are located southeast of the map side by side near Sidney and Ardmore. One of them also includes part of Shoal Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary. The final area of critical habitat is located northeast of the map near Fulford Harbour. North of this area is the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve of Canada.

Figure 11 - please read long description.

Figure 11. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the Central Vancouver Island, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 11: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in Central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by 1 polygon within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. The critical habitat is located within one big area that includes locations such as Maxey Rd and Pheasant Terrace, Inland Island Highway passes through it. North of the critical habitat is Wellington, B.C.

Figure 12 - please read long description.

Figure 12. Critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in the North-central Vancouver Island, B.C. is represented by the yellow shaded polygons, where the criteria and methodology set out in this section are met. The 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system that indicates the general geographic area containing critical habitat.

Long description

Figure 12: This map shows the critical habitat locations of the Barn Owl (western population) in North-central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The critical habitat is represented by 3 polygons within a 1 km x 1 km UTM grid overlay. One area of critical habitat is located northwest of the map, Island Highway passes through it and it includes Grantham, B.C. Another area of critical habitat is east of the map, includes Lazo, B.C, and is close to Little River. The final area of critical habitat is south of the map and borders Balmoral Beach. It includes areas such as Comox 1 and is close to Glacier View Dr and Courtenay River.

2.2  Schedule of studies to identify critical habitat

The following schedule of studies (Table 2) is required to complete the identification of critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, in Canada.

Table 2. Schedule of studies to identify critical habitat
Description of activity Rationale Timeline
Work with landowers to complete surveys and obtain best available information for suspected nest and roost sites in the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley (at least 43 suspected nest/roost sites) Ensure critical habitat is described for all known nest and roost site locations in B.C 2022-2032
Conduct surveys in habitat where Barn Owl is expected to occur, but where nest/roost sites have not yet been located and/or confirmed, on Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands, Mission, Lougheed Highway (Highway 7) corridor, Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows, Thompson-Okanagan and the Kootenays Inadequate information exists for Barn Owl in these areas; it is needed in order for critical habitat for the Barn Owl to be fully described 2022-2032
Develop and apply habitat model(s) for application throughout the current range in southern B.C Additional inventories of areas not previously systematically surveyed are required to develop habitat suitability models for Barn Owl. These new criteria will be used to identify additional critical habitat throughout the species’ range in southern B.C., including habitats required for connectivity and safe mobility/dispersal (i.e., between and among foraging and nesting habitats). This will ensure that adequate critical habitat is identified to meet population and distribution objectives 2022-2032

2.3  Activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat

Understanding what constitutes destruction of critical habitat is necessary for the protection and management of critical habitat. Destruction is determined on a case by case basis. Destruction would result if part of the critical habitat were degraded, either permanently or temporarily, such that it would not serve its function when needed by the species. Destruction may result from a single or multiple activities at one point in time or from the cumulative effects of one or more activities over time. Destructive activities are not limited to those listed.

The main threat facing Barn Owl habitat is residential and commercial land development and the associated road infrastructure. If anticipated future developments in the Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley occur, without proper planning and mitigation, the open field/grassy habitats that the Barn Owl, Western Population, is dependent on for foraging will become lost, fragmented and/or degraded to the point where they are no longer suitable as foraging habitat. Increasing patchiness and limited habitat may also force Barn Owl, Western Population, to cross major highways more frequently and/or forage along higher-risk road side verges.

In no case would an activity be considered destruction of critical habitat if it were carried out for safety purposes (e.g., removing an old barn that was no longer safe). In these cases, stewardship approaches would be pursued to replace the nesting or roosting habitat so there was no net loss (Government of Canada 2019). More detailed information on activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat for Barn Owl, Western Population, and stewardship approaches to support its protection may be requested by contacting Environment and Climate Change Canada – Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific Region Species at Risk Recovery Unit at: ec.ep.rpy-sar.pyr.ec@canada.ca.

Table 3. Activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat
Description of activity Description of effect Additional information
Land conversion for human development within an identified or estimatedFootnote 8 home range area (for example, housing and urban areas; commercial development) Conversion of foraging habitat without replacement of functionally equivalent habitat within the same/existing home range results in a reduction and/or elimination of the prey species that the Barn Owl, Western Population, is dependent upon, and thereby a reduction in the capacity of the area to support foraging Barn Owls

Related IUCN Threat #Footnote 9 1.1, 1.2

This activity causes direct loss; effects can be cumulative.

Destruction of critical habitat by this activity can be caused at any time of the year

Deliberate removal (demolition or otherwise making inaccessible) of natural and human-made structures used by Barn Owl, Western Population, such that there is any loss of natural nesting/roosting habitat, and/or net loss of anthropogenic nesting/roosting habitat within an identified or estimated home range area Removal of any natural nesting/roosting structures, and/or demolition of anthropogenic structures that are known to be used for nesting/roosting without biologically appropriate replacementsFootnote 10 within the same/existing home range results in loss of nest/roost sites, and a reduction in the capacity of the home range area to support nesting Barn Owls

IUCN Threat # 1.1, 1.2, 5.3

This activity causes direct loss; effects can be cumulative.

Destruction of critical habitat by this activity can be caused at any time of the year

Activities within 25 m of a natural nesting/roosting feature that affect the stability of that feature Activities within 25 m of a natural nesting/roosting structure that affect the stability of the structure and allow it to be degraded or altogether destroyed can result in the destruction of critical habitat. For example, Barn Owls are known to nest/roost in the cavities of old, large trees; removing other trees within 25 m of the tree may increase the susceptibility of the nest tree to blow-down

Related IUCN Threat # 1.1, 1.2, 5.3

This activity causes direct loss; effects can be cumulative.

Destruction of critical habitat by this activity can be caused at any time of the year

Changes in crop production and agricultural intensification such that there is a net reduction in quality of foraging and nesting/roosting habitat for Barn Owl

Alteration/loss of grassland habitats results in destruction of foraging habitat by reducing abundance or eradicating the prey species that the Barn Owl is dependent upon.

Removal of riparian corridors and large old trees on the edges of farm properties or grass verges between fields as part of field enlargement programs results in loss of potential nest and roost sites and foraging habitat

Related IUCN Threat # 2.1, 2.3

This activity causes direct loss; effects can be cumulative.

Destruction of critical habitat by this activity can be caused at any time of the year

Conversion and/or fragmentation of land to road development

Loss and fragmentation of grassy habitats results in destruction of foraging habitat by reducing or eradicating the prey species the Barn Owl is dependent on.

Reducing and fragmenting available foraging habitat may also limit safe movement within foraging habitat by forcing Barn Owls to cross major highways more frequently and/or forage along higher-risk road side verges

Related IUCN Threat # 4.1

This activity causes direct loss and indirect loss; effects can be cumulative.

Destruction of critical habitat by this activity can be caused at any time of the year

Use of rodenticides in areas accessible by pray populations (i.e., agricultural fields, grass meadows) The use of rodenticides can degrade or destroy foraging habitat for Barn Owl reducing the availability of prey species within critical foraging habitat and surrounding areas. Barn Owls require areas with abundant prey for survival and successful breeding/recruitment

Related IUCN Threat # 9.3;

Applicable at all times of the year, though effects may be greater in spring and summer (when owl pairs are raising young) and during winter months (when physiological stress is highest and foraging is more difficult due to naturally low prey density).

3. Statement on action plans

One or more action plans for the Barn Owl, Western Population, will be completed within ten years of final publication of this document on the SAR Public Registry.

4. Effects on the environment and other species

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted on all SARA recovery planning documents, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program ProposalsFootnote 11. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental considerations in the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support environmentally sound decision-making and to evaluate whether the outcomes of a recovery planning document could affect any component of the environment or any of the Federal Sustainable Development Strategy’sNote de bas de page 12 (FSDS) goals and targets.

Recovery planning is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general. However, it is recognized that strategies may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects beyond the intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly incorporates consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible impacts upon non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into the strategy itself, but are also summarized below in this statement.

The provincial recovery plan contains a section describing the effects of recovery activities on other species (i.e., Section 9). Environment and Climate Change Canada adopts this section of the provincial recovery strategy as the statement of effects of recovery activities on the environment and other species.

Recovery planning activities for Barn Owl, Western Population, will be implemented with consideration for all co-occuring species at risk, such that no negative impacts to these species or their habitats occur. Some management actions for Barn Owl, Western Population (e.g., inventory and monitoring, threat mitigation, habitat conservation, education, and research) may promote the conservation of other species at risk that overlap in distribution and rely on similar and/or overlapping habitat and attributes.

Other SARA Schedule 1 species that may benefit from protective measures taken for Barn Owl, Western population, include: Salish Sucker (Catostomus sp. cf. catostomus; Threatened), Nooksack Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae; Endangered), Mountain Sucker (Catostomus platyrhynchus; Special Concern), Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa; Endangered), Mountain Beaver (Aplodontia rufa; Special Concern), Western Painted Turtle – Pacific Coast population (Chrysemys picta bellii; Endangered), Townsend’s Mole (Scapanus townsendii; Endangered).

5. References

Andrusiak, L.A. 1994. Nesting and roosting habitat and breeding biology of the Barn Owl, Tyto alba, in the lower mainland of British Columbia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 89 pp.

B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2020. BC Species and Ecossytems Explorer. B.C. Minist. Of Environ. Victoria, B.C. Avaialble: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (Accessed: February 3, 2020).

COSEWIC. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Barn Owl Tyto alba (Eastern population and Western population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xiv + 34 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_ec.cfm).

Hindmarch, S. and J.E. Elliott. 2015. A specialist in the city: the diet of Barn Owls along a rural to urban gradient. Urban Ecosystems. 18:477–488.

Hindmarch, S., J.E. Elliott, S. Mccann, and P. Levesque. 2017. Habitat use by Barn Owls across a rural to urban gradient and an assessment of stressors including, habitat loss, rodenticide exposure and road mortality. Landscape and Urban Planning. 164:132–143.

Huang, A.C, J.E. Elliott, K.M. Cheng, K. Ritland, C.E. Ritland, S.K. Thomsen, S. Himdmarch and K. Martin. 2016. Barn Owls (Tyto alba) in western North America: phylogeographic structure, connectivity, and genetic diversity. Conservation Genetics. 17:357–367.

Marti, C.D., A.F. Poole, and L.R. Bevier. 2005. Barn Owl (Tyto alba), version 2.0. In The birds of Norther America (A.F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/brnowl/introduction [Accessed February 5, 2013].

Merkens, M. 2004. Value of grassland set-asides in increasing farmland habitat capacity for wintering raptors in the Lower Fraser River Delta. In Proc. Species at Risk 2004: Pathways to Recovery Conference (T.D. Hooper, ed.). March 2–6, 2004, Victoria, BC.

NatureServe. 2019. NatureServe Explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NastureServe, Alrington, Virginia. Available: http://explorer.natureserve.org (Accessed: Februrary 12, 2020).

Taylor, I.R. 1994. Barn Owls. Predator-prey relationships and conservation. Cambirdge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Personal Communications

Sofi Hindmarch, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Part 2 –  Recovery plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia, prepared by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment

Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia

Prepared by the B.C. Ministry of Environment

March 2014

About the British Columbia recovery strategy series

This series presents the recovery documents that are prepared as advice to the Province of British Columbia on the general approach required to recover species at risk. The Province prepares recovery documents to ensure coordinated conservation actions and to meet its commitments to recover species at risk under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada and the Canada–British Columbia Agreement on Species at Risk.

What is recovery?

Species at risk recovery is the process by which the decline of an endangered, threatened, or extirpated species is arrested or reversed, and threats are removed or reduced to improve the likelihood of a species’ persistence in the wild.

What is a provincial recovery document?

Recovery documents summarize the best available scientific and traditional information of a species or ecosystem to identify goals, objectives, and strategic approaches that provide a coordinated direction for recovery. These documents outline what is and what is not known about a species or ecosystem, identify threats to the species or ecosystem, and explain what should be done to mitigate those threats, as well as provide information on habitat needed for survival and recovery of the species. This information may be summarized in a recovery strategy followed by one or more action plans. The purpose of an action plan is to offer more detailed information to guide implementation of the recovery of a species or ecosystem. When sufficient information to guide implementation can be included from the onset, all of the information is presented together in a recovery plan.

Information in provincial recovery documents may be adopted by Environment Canada for inclusion in federal recovery documents that the federal agencies prepare to meet their commitments to recover species at risk under the Species at Risk Act.

What’s next?

The Province of British Columbia accepts the information in these documents as advice to inform implementation of recovery measures, including decisions regarding measures to protect habitat for the species.

Success in the recovery of a species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that may be involved in implementing the directions set out in this document. All British Columbians are encouraged to participate in these efforts.

For more information

To learn more about species at risk recovery in British Columbia, please visit the B.C. Ministry of Environment Recovery Planning webpage.

Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia

Prepared by the B.C. Ministry of Environment

March 2014

Recommended citation

B.C. Ministry of Environment. 2014. Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in British Columbia. Prepared for the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 30 pp.

Cover illustration/photograph

Christopher Martin Photography ©

Barn Owl hunting at Boundary Bay, Delta, BC

Additional copies

Additional copies can be downloaded from the B.C. Ministry of Environment Recovery Planning webpage.

Disclaimer

This recovery plan has been prepared by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, as advice to the responsible jurisdictions and organizations that may be involved in recovering the species. The B.C. Ministry of Environment has received this advice as part of fulfilling its commitments under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada, and the Canada–British Columbia Agreement on Species at Risk.

This document identifies the recovery strategies and actions that are deemed necessary, based on the best available scientific and traditional information, to recover Barn Owl population in British Columbia. Recovery actions to achieve the goals and objectives identified herein are subject to the priorities and budgetary constraints of participatory agencies and organizations. These goals, objectives, and recovery approaches may be modified in the future to accommodate new objectives and findings.

The responsible jurisdictions and all members of the recovery team have had an opportunity to review this document. However, this document does not necessarily represent the official positions of the agencies or the personal views of all individuals on the recovery team.

Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that may be involved in implementing the directions set out in this plan. The B.C. Ministry of Environment encourages all British Columbians to participate in the recovery of Barn Owl.

Acknowledgments

Sofi Hindmarch (private contractor) developed the draft of this document with funding support by Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service [CWS], Pacific-Yukon Region). Kella Sadler and Megan Harrison (CWS) facilitated the contract and provided input. Also, Dick Cannings (Bird Studies Canada), Christine Terpsma (Delta Farmland and Wildlife Trust), Dick Clegg (Greenbelt Veterinary Services), Richard Kenny (City of Richmond Parks Division), Lorraine Andrusiak (Keystone Wildlife Research Ltd), David Bradbeer (Vancouver Airport Authority), Paul Levesque (WildResearch), Kiyoshi Takahashi, George Clulow, and Gerry Powers also provided input.

Guidance and editorial review were provided by Leah Westereng and Dave Fraser (B.C. Ministry of Environment); and Kym Welstead, Myke Chutter, and Brent Gurd (B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations).

Executive summary

The Barn Owl (Tyto alba) is a medium-sized owl with a distinctive heart-shaped facial disc and blackish eyes. Its upper body colour ranges from deep grey and buff, to golden, to almost white, with grey and black markings.

The Barn Owl was designated as Threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in November 2010. The main reasons for uplisting the Barn Owl population to Threatened was the ongoing loss and degradation of grassland and old field habitat, loss of nest sites as old farms structures are demolished, and increasing road mortality due to major road development and increased traffic volume on the existing road network. It is listed as Special Concern in Canada under Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). In British Columbia, the Barn Owl is ranked S3 (Special Concern, 2009) by the Conservation Data Centre, and is on the provincial Blue list. It is protected from capture and killing under the B.C. Wildlife Act. Recovery is considered to be biologically and technically feasible.

The Barn Owl predominantly inhabits lower-elevation grassland/farmland habitats in southwestern British Columbia. It is a small mammal specialist and cavity nester, known to use a variety of man-made structures for nesting.

Main threats to the Barn Owl include:

The following is the recovery (population and distribution) goal for Barn Owl:

To arrest the decline of the Barn Owl population and distribution, such that population size does not fall below current levels, and such that the species persists throughout its existing range in British Columbia.

The following are the recovery objectives:

  1. Prevent additional habitat degradation and/or loss by either protectingFootnote13 or enhancing available habitat within the Barn Owl’s range in B.C
  2. Assess and mitigate current threats within the Barn Owl’s range in B.C. (e.g., road mortality and risk of rodenticide poisoning, nest site loss)
  3. Establish and implement a B.C. monitoring program so that trends in occupancy and habitat availability can be established throughout the Barn Owl’s range
  4. Address knowledge gaps to further understand impacts of threats (e.g., determine minimum habitat requirements; evaluate effects of secondary rodenticide exposure)

Recovery feasibility summary

Recovery of the Barn Owl in British Columbia is considered technically and biologically feasible based on the criteria outlined by the Government of Canada (2009):

1. Individuals of the wildlife species that are capable of reproduction are available now or in the foreseeable future to sustain the population or improve its abundance.

Yes. COSEWIC (2010) estimates a population of 250–1000 mature individuals; however, it suggests that the current population size is likely to be in the low to mid-range of this estimate. Nonetheless, the Barn Owl has high recovery and management potential for several reasons: they are capable of high reproductive output, they may have two broods within one season, they take readily to nest boxes, they reach sexual maturity at one year of age, and they are typically non territorial. When prey abundance is high, all of the aforementioned characteristics provide mechanisms for rapid population increase and expansion into suitable habitat (Taylor 1994; Marti et al. 2005). In addition, the population in Washington State (where the Barn Owl is considered secure: S4) likely provides dispersing individuals, which could increase genetic variation.

2. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the species or could be made available through habitat management or restoration.

Yes. Sufficient habitat is currently available to support the Barn Owl population; however, planned urban development and road expansion will result in further habitat loss and range contraction. To reduce net loss and continued fragmentation of habitat, there is a need to protect, restore, and enhance existing habitat.

3. The primary threats to the species or its habitat (including threats outside Canada) can be avoided or mitigated.

Yes. The main threats to Barn Owls are urban and highway developments and changes in agricultural practices, resulting in loss and degradation of habitat and increased road mortality. This can be mitigated and strategic partnerships can be created, with the most important mechanisms being protection and enhancement of remaining habitat and enhancing opportunities for adaptation in modified landscapes. This is particularly important for Barn Owls in the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley, where the greatest abundance of Barn Owls is combined with the fastest growing cities in B.C. (Ip and Grundlingh 2013). Losses due to highway mortality can be addressed by conducting surveys and identifying high risk locations and implementing appropriate mitigation measures.

4. Recovery techniques exist to achieve the population and distribution objectives or can be expected to be developed within a reasonable timeframe.

Yes. Habitat conservation, enhancement and restoration, in conjunction with mitigation measures to reduce road mortality, will be suitable recovery techniques to achieve population and distribution objectives.

1. COSEWIC* species assessment information

Assessment summary: November 2010

Common name:** Barn Owl – Western population

Scientific name:** Tyto alba

Status: Threatened

Reason for designation: Western Canada supports a small fraction of the global population of this charismatic nocturnal raptor that preys on small rodents. Owing to its intolerance of cold climates and deep snow cover, populations in Canada are restricted to parts of southern British Columbia and southwestern Ontario. The Western population in British Columbia is small and threatened by ongoing loss and degradation of grassland and old field habitat to intensive agriculture and urbanization, and by the conversion of old wooden barns and other rural buildings to more modern structures. This owl is also exposed to increasing levels of road-kill mortality owing to expansion of the road network and increases in traffic volume.

Occurrence: British Columbia

Status history: The species was considered a single unit and designated Special Concern in April 1984. In April 1999, the Western and Eastern populations were assessed separately. The Western population was designated Special Concern. Status re-examined and confirmed in November 2001. Status re-examined and designated Threatened in November 2010.

* Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.

** Common and scientific names reported in this recovery plan follow the naming conventions of the British Columbia Conservation Data Centre, which may be different from names reported by COSEWIC.

2. Species status information

Barn Owla

Legal designation
Conservation status e
B.C. Conservation Framework (CF) g

Compile Status Report; Monitor Trends: Send to COSEWIC; Habitat Protection; Private Land Stewardship; Species and Population Management; Planning

a Data source: B.C. Conservation Data Centre (2013) unless otherwise noted.

b No = not listed in one of the categories of wildlife that requires special management attention to address the impacts of forest and range activities on Crown land under the Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA; Province of British Columbia 2002) and/or the impacts of oil and gas activities on Crown land under the Oil and Gas Activities Act (OGAA; Province of British Columbia 2008).

c Schedule A = designated as wildlife under the B.C. Wildlife Act, which offers it protection from direct persecution and mortality (Province of British Columbia 1982).

d Schedule 1 = found on the List of Wildlife Species at Risk under the Species at Risk Act (SARA).

e S = subnational; N = national; G = global; B = breeding; X = presumed extirpated; H = possibly extirpated; 1 = critically imperiled; 2 = imperiled; 3 = special concern, vulnerable to extirpation or extinction; 4 = apparently secure; 5 = demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure.xxx

f Data source: NatureServe (2012).

g Data source: B.C. Ministry of Environment (2010).

3. Species information

3.1 Species description

The Barn Owl (Tyto alba) is a medium-sized owl with a distinctive heart-shaped facial disc and blackish eyes. Their colouration varies depending on subspecies. In general, their upper body colour ranges from deep grey and buff, to golden, to almost white. All have a degree of white, grey, and black markings. The colour on the under-parts is variable; typically, females are darker and have more and larger brown and black spots and speckles than the males, which can appear completely white on their ventral surface. Barn Owls have noticeably long legs and wings compared to body size; the latter allow for quiet, slow, buoyant flight, and low wing loading (Taylor 1994). In North America (subspecies: pratincola), females are significantly larger than males (female length: 33–40 cm, 420–700 g; male length: 32–39 cm, 400–560 g; Marti et al. 2005). Barn Owls do not hoot, but make a variety of screams, twitters, and hisses.

3.2 Populations and distribution

3.2.1 Global distribution and abundance

The Barn Owl is one of the most widely distributed of all land birds (Taylor 1994) and there are approximately 30 recognized subspecies (Chandler 2011). Its range includes most of the Americas; the Caribbean islands; Europe; parts of North Africa; most of sub-Saharan Africa; parts of the Arabian Peninsula; Southern Asia; Australasia; and various islands in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, including Madagascar, the Cape Verde, the Galapagos, the Falklands, and Hawaii. Its marginal tolerance for sub-zero temperatures limits its northward distribution. The global rank for the Barn Owl is G5 (secure; NatureServe 2012).

In North America, the Barn Owl is the single representative of the Tytonidae, and there is only one subspecies Tyto alba pratincola. In the United States, the Barn Owl is found in Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, Iowa, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, New York, southern Vermont, Massachusetts, and South through the remaining states. It is sparsely and patchily distributed across most of its range in the northern U.S. (COSEWIC 2010). It reaches its northern limit in southwestern and south-central British Columbia and southern Ontario.

Figure 1 of Part 2 - please read long description.

Figure 1 of part 2. Barn Owl distribution in Canada/Americas (COSEWIC 2010).

Long description

Figure 1 of part  2 shows the Barn Owl distribution across North America and South America. The distribution is shaded at its north most point reaching southwestern British Columbia, southern Ontario and ranges down encompassing the majority of the United States and the Americas.

3.2.2 Canadian range

Canada is the northern limit of the Barn Owl’s range in North America, and they are only known to breed in southwestern B.C. (Western population) and southern Ontario (Eastern population) (Figure 1; COSEWIC 2010). The species is a year-round resident in southern B.C., with the core population found in the southwestern corner of the province (COSEWIC 2010). Elsewhere in Canada, the Barn Owl is listed as a vagrant or accidental (COSEWIC 2010).

3.2.3 British Columbia distribution

The Barn Owl inhabits lower elevations in southern B.C. It is most common in the Lower Mainland and in the Fraser Valley east to Hope, where it is best described as uncommon (COSEWIC 2010). The Vancouver Island Inventory Project documented Barn Owls from Sooke to Campbell River, including the Gulf Islands, with most confirmed sightings from the Cowichan Valley (P. Levesque, pers. comm., 2013; Figure 2). Elsewhere in B.C., it is a rare resident in southern parts of the B.C. Interior with breeding documented in Osoyoos and the Kootenay Valley as far east as Creston (D. Cannings, pers. comm., 2013). The species is accidental in other parts of B.C.

The B.C. Breeding Bird Atlas Survey conducted from 2008 to 2012, recorded Barn Owls in 40 10 x 10 km squares from eight atlas regions in southwestern B.C.: Greater Vancouver (13 squares), Central Fraser Valley (9 squares), Victoria–Southern Gulf Islands (5 squares), Comox Valley–Campbell River (5 squares), Chilliwack–Hope (3 squares), South Okanagan Boundary (2 squares), Nanaimo–Qualicum (2 squares), and Lillooet–Lytton (1 square) (B.C. Breeding Bird Atlas 2013).

Most known nest sites are on private land; for example, 87% of the known nest site locations in Delta, Surrey, Richmond, and Vancouver are on private property (S. Hindmarch, unpubl. data, 2013).

3.2.4 Distribution trends and population size in British Columbia

The first official record of a Barn Owl was documented in Ladner in 1909. It was a female with enlarged ovaries, indicative of breeding (Brooks 1909). Over 30 years passed before the first record of an active nest site was documented in 1941 at Crescent Beach (Cowan 1942).

There are few historical records on the distribution and population size of Barn Owls in B.C. but, as in other areas of North America (Colvin 1985), their numbers and range likely increased during the first half of the 20th century due to the expansion of suitable agricultural habitat (Cowan 1942). This expansion came following European settlement as forests were cleared and replaced with pastures and hay fields, and barns and other structures augmented the availability of nest and roost sites (Solymár and McCracken 2002). Since a large part of the Barn Owls’ range would have been floodplain dominated by meadows and low shrub vegetation, in addition to some peripheral riparian habitat (North and Teversham 1984), it is possible that Barn Owls occurred in small numbers in B.C. before the mid-19th century and European settlement.

From the 1970s onwards, the abundance and range of the Barn Owl likely decreased due to changes in agricultural practices and the increase in the human population size, both of which led to the degradation and/or direct loss of habitat. For example, Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley have experienced major human population growth, in conjunction with the removal of approximately12,000 ha (9%) of land from the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) since its creation in 1974 (ALC 2009). The loss of agricultural land has happened predominantly in areas that are close to major urban centres and transport corridors; hence, a substantial amount of suitable habitat and range contraction has occurred in South Vancouver (Southlands), North Richmond, south New Westminster, and North Delta over the last 30–40 years. Recent inventories and banding projects have had a regional focus (e.g., Andrusiak 1994; Hindmarch 2010; D. Clegg, pers. comm., 2013; P. Levesque, pers. comm., 2013 [Vancouver Island Barn Owl Inventory Project]). Combined, these studies suggest that the strongest indicator of population decline and range contraction is the rate at which suitable habitat is becoming degraded, fragmented, and lost. For example, Hindmarch (2010) showed that suitable nesting and foraging habitat in Surrey and Delta has been substantially degraded, fragmented, and/or lost due to urbanization and agricultural intensification since the beginning of the 1990s. Similar habitat degradation and loss are likely occurring in the rest of the Lower Mainland and parts of the Fraser Valley.

Campbell and Campbell (1984) conducted the only long-term province-wide Barn Owl survey. From 1970 to 1981, a total of 2642 barns were surveyed and 232 nest sites and 443 roost sites were documented; the population was estimated at a 1000 mature individuals (including non-breeding birds). Currently, the total number of mature individuals has been estimated at 250 to 1000 individuals, but based upon recent breeding studies and Christmas Bird Count information, the real population size is likely to be at the lower to mid-range of this estimate (COSEWIC 2010).

In general, population trends for Barn Owls in North America have not been well documented, mainly because Barn Owls are nocturnal and secretive, they do not respond to call play-back, and most nest sites are on private property. Consequently, Barn Owls are likely to be under-reported during general bird surveys (e.g., BC Breeding Bird Atlas Project, Christmas Bird Count, and Breeding Bird Survey). The total population for the U.S. and Canada is estimated at 300,000 individuals, which is based on breeding bird survey data from the 1990s (Partners in Flight 2007); this equates to B.C. supporting 0.1 to 0.3% of the population.

Figure 2 of Part 2 - please read long description.

Figure 2 of part 2. Barn Owl distribution in British Columbia (COSEWIC 2010).

Long description

Figure  2 of part  2 shows the Barn Owl distribution in British Columbia. A breeding distribution is noted in regions of southwestern British Columbia and a possible breeding distribution is noted in the southeastern region.

3.3 Needs of the Barn Owl

General habitat requirements

The Barn Owl has adapted to low elevation open habitats such as grasslands, meadows, marshes, desert, and agricultural landscapes (Taylor 1994). The main requirements are that the habitat supports an abundance of accessible small mammal prey and that there are sufficient protected cavities for nesting nearby (Marti et al. 2005).

The Barn Owl requires warmer habitats as it has a limited ability to withstand sub-zero temperatures, due to a lack of insulation and fat deposits (Piechocki 1960; Edwards 1987). Further, snow cover impedes its ability to hunt (Marti 1994). This restricts its northward distribution.

Foraging requirements

The Barn Owl requires an abundance of small mammals that occur in habitats that are accessible to its hunting methods. The Barn Owl’s diet is made up mostly of field voles (Microtus spp.) but also includes rats, shrews, and mice (Marti 1992).

In B.C., Townsend’s Voles (Microtus townsendii) are the main constituent in the diet (Cowan 1942: 73%; Doerkson 1969: 76.1%; Dawe et al. 1978: 79.9%; Campbell et al. 1987: 73%; Hindmarch 2010: 65%). Between 1941 and 1981, Campbell et al. (1987) conducted the only long-term diet study ever done in B.C. They documented both seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations in the proportion of voles in the diet, which is thought to reflect the voles’ annual cyclical abundance, and hence availability. Small mammal abundance has also been shown to be correlated with annual Barn Owl productivity and population size (Otteni et al. 1972; Gubanyi et al. 1992; Taylor 1994). Grassy set-asides that are > 2 years old have shown to have the greatest density of field voles, and would therefore be considered the most important foraging habitat for Barn Owls in B.C. (Merkens 2004).

Barn Owls are nocturnal hunters. Venturing out during daylight puts them at risk of being harassed by crows (Corvus spp.) and diurnal raptors, and they only seem to do this when food abundance is low, mainly during winter (S. Hindmarch, pers. comm., 2013).

Nesting and roosting requirements

Barn Owls nest and roost in a wide variety of natural and artificial nest structures. The following nest/roost sites have been documented in B.C.: cavities in live and dead trees; elevated platforms in barn lofts, silos, hangars, water towers, bridges/overpasses, and attics; crevices between stacked hay bales; and behind insulation in buildings (Campbell and Campbell 1984; Andrusiak 1994; S. Hindmarch, pers. comm., 2013). In B.C., Barn Owls predominantly nest/roost in human-made structures (> 95%), and they have been shown to take readily to nest boxes (Marti et al. 1979). Out of 30 nest boxes placed in Delta in 1992, 17 (57%) had been used for nesting by Barn Owls a year later (Andrusiak 1994). Similarly, a more recent ongoing nest box program by the Delta Farmland and Wildlife Trust (DFWT) documented nesting in 10 of 13 installed boxes, within a year following installation (C. Terpsma, pers. comm., 2013).

Nests in natural tree cavities have been located in the following tree species in B.C.: live and dead black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera), live and dead Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), live bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and dead western redcedar (Thuja plicata) (Andrusiak 1994). Trees suitable for nesting/roosting are often older with large cavities, making them vulnerable to rotting and/or waterlogging, and therefore short lived as nest sites (Taylor 1994; Hindmarch et al. 2012).

Home range

In general, Barn Owl pairs are non-migratory and stay year-round within their home range, with only slight seasonal variation in home range size. In B.C., documented Barn Owl home range sizes have varied from 60 ha to as large as 1767 ha (S. Hindmarch and J. Elliott, unpubl. data, 2013). However, they typically vary around 300 ha, which equates to about a 1-km radius around the nest/roost site (Byrd 1982; Taylor 1994).

Barn Owls have been known to fly 5–8 km from their nest/roost site to take advantage of more profitable feeding patches in both rural (Colvin 1984; Hegdal and Blaskiewicz 1984) and fragmented urban landscapes (S. Hindmarch and J. Elliott, unpubl. data, 2013). Home ranges often overlap between breeding pairs (Taylor 1994), and nests by different pairs have been located in the same structure (Smith et al. 1974; Andrusiak 1994; Hindmarch 2010).

3.4 Ecological role

In southwestern B.C., the Barn Owl is one of the top predators in open field habitats, be it native meadows or fields associated with agricultural production. Their main prey item, the Townsend’s Vole, is an important prey item for many diurnal/crepuscular raptors, as well as other species such as the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). The presence of a productive Barn Owl population is therefore indicative of a healthy small mammal population.

The Barn Owl’s role as a rodent predator, combined with its non-territorial behaviour, makes it a good candidate for being part of an integrated pest management program. It could be particularly economically beneficial to agriculturalists such as berry farmers who lose significant parts of their crops to rodents.

Barn Owls can also provide prey opportunities for other animals. Predators of Barn Owls include larger raptors, such as the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) (Rudolph 1978; Knight and Jackman 1984; Millsap and Millsap 1987; S. Hindmarch, pers. obs., 2013). In Terra Nova Park, Richmond, B.C., a Great Horned Owl preyed on eight Barn Owls during the 2012 breeding season, two of which were banded young of the year (R. Kenny, pers. comm., 2013).

Crows (Corvus spp.) will mob Barn Owls aggressively, which can lead to mortality if young birds are kept grounded, because they are then susceptible to opportunistic terrestrial predators, such as Coyotes (Canis latrans) and Raccoons (Procyon lotor) (S. Hindmarch, pers. obs., 2013).

3.5 Limiting factorsFootnote14

Ecological suitable range in British Columbia

The Barn Owl’s range is limited by cold winters as it is poorly adapted to sub-zero temperatures and is unable to hunt when there is more than 30cm of snow cover on the ground (Marti and Wagner 1985). Severe winters and unusually cold springs have been known to increase mortality and nest abandonment (Stewart 1952; Marti and Wagner 1985; D. Clegg, pers. comm., 2013). In addition, the Barn Owl requires open lowland foraging habitat and cavity nesting opportunities, which effectively limit the Barn Owl’s ecological suitable range in B.C. to the southwestern corner of the province, though a few breeding records exist for the B.C. Interior close to the U.S. border.

Small population size

Small population size can become a limiting factor for a species through issues such as isolation, inbreeding depression, and demographic stochasticity. Isolation can become limiting when populations become so small and remaining individuals become so widely separated that some single birds are not able to find mates, thereby creating a situation where the effective population size is smaller than the actual population size (SOPET 1997). Inbreeding depression occurs when populations are so small that individuals have few genetically diverse mate choices and the negative effects of inbreeding plays a role in significantly reducing fitness. Once a population is reduced to below a certain threshold, random genetic drift will result in some alleles being lost by chance in the transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next (Caughley and Gunn 1995). The lost alleles may be related to adaptation to certain conditions and their loss could therefore increase the species’ risk of extinction or extirpation. Small populations are disproportionately vulnerable to various stochastic events and influences. Demographic stochasticity in small populations means that changes in population size from one year to the next are more related to pure chance than age-specific survival and reproduction. That is, population size varies between years, but when the population is small, this variation has more chance of causing extirpation (Chutter et al. 2004).

4. Threats

Threats are defined as the proximate activities or processes that have caused, are causing, or may cause in the future the destruction, degradation, and/or impairment of the entity being assessed (population, species, community, or ecosystem) in the area of interest (global, national, or subnational) (Salafsky et al. 2008). For purposes of threat assessment, only present and future threats are considered.Footnote15

For the most part, threats are related to human activities, but they can be natural. The impact of human activity may be direct (e.g., destruction of habitat) or indirect (e.g., invasive species introduction). Effects of natural phenomena (e.g., fire, hurricane, flooding) may be especially important when the species or ecosystem is concentrated in one location or has few occurrences, which may be a result of human activity (Master et al. 2009). As such, natural phenomena are included in the definition of a threat, though should be applied cautiously. These stochastic events should only be considered a threat if a species or habitat is damaged from other threats and has lost its resilience, and is thus vulnerable to the disturbance (Salafsky et al. 2008) such that this type of event would have a disproportionately large effect on the population/ecosystem compared to the effect they would have had historically.

4.1 Threat assessment

The threat classification below is based on the IUCN-CMP (World Conservation Union–Conservation Measures Partnership) unified threats classification system and is consistent with methods used by the B.C. Conservation Data Centre and the B.C. Conservation Framework. For a detailed description of the threat classification system, see the CMP website (CMP 2010). Threats may be observed, inferred, or projected to occur in the near term. Threats are characterized here in terms of scope, severity, and timing. Threat “impact” is calculated from scope and severity. For information on how the values are assigned, see Master et al. (2009) and table footnotes for details. Threats for the Barn Owl were assessed for the entire province (Table 1 of part 2).

Table 1 of part 2. Threat classification table for the Barn Owl in British Columbia
Threat #a Threat description Impactb Scopec Severityd Timinge
1 Residential & commercial development Medium Large Moderate High
1.1 Housing & urban areas Medium Large Moderate High
1.2 Commercial & industrial areas Medium Restricted Serious High
1.3    Tourism & recreation areas Negligible Negligible Moderate Moderate
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Medium Large Moderate High
2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium Large Moderate High
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Low Small Slight High
4 Transportation & service corridors Medium Large Moderate High
4.1 Roads & railroads Medium Large Moderate High
4.4 Flight paths Negligible Small Negligible High
5 Biological resource use Negligible Negligible Negligible High
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Negligible Negligible Negligible High
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Negligible Negligible Negligible High
6.1 Recreational activities Negligible Negligible Negligible High
7 Natural system modifications Negligible Negligible Slight High
7.3 Other ecosystem modifications Negligible Negligible Slight High
8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes Negligible Negligible Unknown High
8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species Negligible Negligible Unknown High
9 Pollution Low Pervasive Slight High
9.3 Agriculture & forestry effluents Low Pervasive Unknown High
11 Climate change & severe weather Not Calculated Restricted Unknown Low
11.2 Droughts Not Calculated Unknown Unknown Low
11.4 Storms & flooding Negligible Negligible Unknown Low

a Threat numbers are provided for Level 1 threats (i.e., whole numbers) and Level 2 threats (i.e., numbers with decimals).

b Impact– The degree to which a species is observed, inferred, or suspected to be directly or indirectly threatened in the area of interest. The impact of each threat is based on severity and scope rating and considers only present and future threats. Threat impact reflects a reduction of a species population or decline/degradation of the area of an ecosystem. The median rate of population reduction or area decline for each combination of scope and severity corresponds to the following classes of threat impact: Very High (75% declines), High (40%), Medium (15%), and Low (3%). Unknown: used when impact cannot be determined (e.g., if values for either scope or severity are unknown); Not Calculated: impact not calculated as threat is outside the assessment timeframe (e.g., timing is insignificant/negligible or low as threat is only considered to be in the past); Negligible: when scope or severity is negligible; Not a Threat: when severity is scored as neutral or potential benefit.

c Scope – Proportion of the species that can reasonably be expected to be affected by the threat within 10 years. Usually measured as a proportion of the species’ population in the area of interest. (Pervasive = 71–100%; Large = 31–70%; Restricted = 11–30%; Small = 1–10%; Negligible < 1%).

d Severity – Within the scope, the level of damage to the species from the threat that can reasonably be expected to be affected by the threat within a 10-year or 3-generation timeframe. Usually measured as the degree of reduction of the species’ population. (Extreme = 71–100%; Serious = 31–70%; Moderate = 11–30%; Slight = 1–10%; Negligible < 1%; Neutral or Potential Benefit > 0%).

e Timing– High = continuing; Moderate = only in the future (could happen in the short term [< 10 years or 3 generations]) or now suspended (could come back in the short term); Low = only in the future (could happen in the long term) or now suspended (could come back in the long term); Insignificant/Negligible = only in the past and unlikely to return, or no direct effect but limiting.

4.2 Description of threats

The overall province-wide Threat Impact for this species is High.Footnote16 This overall threat considers the cumulative impacts of multiple threats. The greatest threats for the Barn Owl are commercial and residential development, road mortality and changes in agriculture land use and practices (Table 1 of part 2). Details are discussed below under the IUCN Threat Level 1 and 2 headings.

4.2.1 Medium- and low-impact threats
IUCN-CMP Threat 1. Residential and commercial development

1.1 Housing and urban areas; 1.2 Commercial and industrial

The greatest threat currently facing Barn Owls in B.C. is the expansion of residential and commercial development into areas of suitable foraging habitats and active nest/roost sites. This has led to significant and ongoing habitat and nest site loss, especially in municipalities that are close to major cities (COSEWIC 2010). Remaining lowland field habitats close to major urban centres in the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley are faced with immense developmental pressure, as projected human population is expected to almost double by 2036 (Ip and Grundlingh 2013). Hindmarch et al. (2012) showed that all measures of development in Delta and Surrey increased within a 1-km radius of each potential Barn Owl site between the 1990s and 2007/2008. The area of urban coverFootnote17 increased by 133%, the length of secondary roads increased by 18%, and corresponding grass cover around sites decreased by 53%. Similar patterns of nest site and habitat loss have been observed in Abbotsford, Chilliwack, and Agassiz over the same period (D. Clegg, pers. comm., 2013; G. Powers, pers. comm., 2013). The human population in the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley is expected to almost double by 2036; hence the conversion of farmland (e.g., proposed Tsawwassen First Nation development is projected to remove 207 ha of farmland from the ALR [Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2010; B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure 2013]) and larger acreage properties into high density residential and commercial buildings is predicted to continue at a steady rate (BC Stats 2011). This is of particular concern as (1) the ecological suitable range of the Barn Owl is limited to the southwestern portion of B.C., and (2) the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley are considered the geographical stronghold of the B.C. population (COSEWIC 2010; B.C. Breeding Bird Atlas 2013).

IUCN-CMP Threat 2. Agriculture and aquaculture

2.1 Annual and perennial non-timber crops

Agricultural intensification has led to the conversion of old wooden barns into inaccessible steel barns. Old tower silos are now obsolete, and even though retaining old trees is part of the biodiversity program within the Environmental Farm Project (K. Sutherland, pers. comm., 2013), old trees have been removed as part of field enlargement programs, resulting in the loss of Barn Owl nesting/roosting sites (Taylor 1994; Ramsden 1998; Solymár and McCracken 2002). As old structures deteriorate, they are replaced by modern structures, which for most types of animals and for crop and machine storage are generally designed to exclude birds (K. Sutherland, pers. comm., 2013). In Delta and Surrey, B.C., Hindmarch (2010) found that almost one-third of occupied nesting/roosting sites in the 1990s were no longer available to owls in 2007/08.

Most greenhouse operations are concentrated in the lowland portions of southwestern British Columbia. Although the 2011 data indicate that the greenhouse footprint has more than doubled since 1996 (Statistics Canada 2011), this represents a small portion (0.4%) of the total area farmed in the Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley Regional District (approximately 462 ha). The DFWT has successfully offset some of the loss of tall grass habitat through farmer participation in their grassland set-aside program.

In addition, overall intensification of agriculture has put a premium on agriculture land. The price of agricultural land in the Lower Mainland is high and there has been a shift in land use with more land being converted to berry and field vegetable crops for economic reasons. A decline in grass acreage from 1996 to 2011 (BC Stats 2011) is due in part to the decline in the beef industry, and the movement of dairy farms from the Lower Mainland to the B.C. Interior (K. Zimmermann, pers. comm., 2013). A comparison of the 1996 and 2011 census data shows a significant decrease in the number of cattle and calves, milk cows, and beef cows. A decrease in animal agriculture in favour of horticulture crops has also been seen in the Comox Valley (J. Hatfield, pers. comm., 2013). There is now less land in pasture and non-intensive forage production. As pasture and non-intensive forage production is prime habitat for voles, the population of voles has decreased.

2.3 Livestock farming and ranching

Some changes to livestock farming are not beneficial to Barn Owls. Food health and safety regulations have rendered many types of actively used barns inaccessible to any forms of wildlife (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2010). Poultry barns have to be completely sealed and dairy barns often place nets in the ceiling so that European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and other birds are unable to roost inside the barns. Most grass fields are cut up to 3–4 times per year for hay and silage production instead of being used as pasture for livestock. Such intensively cut grass fields are considered low quality habitat for field voles, the main prey item of the Barn Owl (Edge et al. 1995; Tattersall et al. 2000).

Most poultry and dairy farms in B.C. are situated in the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley (B.C. Ministry of Agriculture 2011). The number of poultry birds has increased over the past 15 years, but the total number of cattle and calves has decreased (K. Zimmermann, pers. comm., 2013); however, the production of both has remained relatively stable since 2008 (Statistics Canada 2011).

IUCN-CMP Threat 4. Transportation and service corridors

4.1 Roads and railroads

The Barn Owl has evolved to fly low (1–2 m above ground) and at slow speeds when foraging. This behaviour makes them particularly vulnerable to being hit by vehicles when either crossing roads and/or hunting along grassy roadside verges or interchanges, particularly along major highways (Preston and Powers 2006; Boves and Belthoff 2012). Accumulating research from North America and Europe is showing that vehicle collisions are a major cause of Barn Owl mortality (Newton et al. 1991; Baudvin 1997; Fajardo 2001; Lodé 2000; Preston and Powers 2006; Boves and Belthoff 2012). Mortality rates are particularly high on highways that are elevated compared to the rest of the surrounding landscape (Baudvin 1997; Lodé 2000). Boves and Belthoff (2012) conducted a 2-year road survey on a 248-km stretch of Interstate 84 in southern Idaho, and estimated a mortality rate of 1.6 owls per kilometre per year. After adjusting for search and removal bias, the mortality rate estimate was as high as 6.0 owls per kilometre per year, and predominately sub-adults and females were affected. In B.C., vehicle collisions are known to kill and injure a large number of owls. Andrusiak (1994) reported that 63% (n = 341) of Barn Owls found dead in the Fraser Valley were killed by vehicle collisions. Similarly, Preston and Powers (2006) found Barn Owls to be the most frequently found dead owl along highways in the Fraser Valley, representing 57% (n = 542 Barn Owls) of the road killed owls (n = 10 species) found in 1987 and 1995–2005.

Urbanization of the landscape also means expansion and upgrading of existing road networks (Hindmarch et al. 2012). Hindmarch et al. (2012) investigated how changes to landscape attributes in Delta and Surrey over time have affected Barn Owl site occupancy. Their findings indicate that Barn Owls had a greater tendency to persist at sites with lower increases in traffic exposure and that current occupancy was negatively influenced by the length of highway within a 1-km radius. Arguably, there is no evidence to demonstrate a direct link between changes in site occupancy and road mortality, but the lower occupancy at suitable sites close to highways suggests a higher turnover at these sites. In B.C., road mortality is likely to intensify and impact a larger proportion of the Barn Owl population as major new highways are currently being built, such as the South Fraser Perimeter Road (South Fraser Perimeter Road 2013), which has removed 90 ha from the ALR. Existing highways are also being expanded such as Highway 1 and the George Massey Tunnel (B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure 2013). For example, the Trans-Canada Highway #1 has experienced major widening and expansion between 2008 and 2013, including the construction of the new Port Mann Bridge and corresponding approach and corridor from the bridge to the Langley/Abbotsford area. The George Massey Tunnel planned expansion includes areas through Richmond (north side) and into Delta (south side) along Highway 97, which runs through low-elevation farmland and owl foraging habitat (J. Heron, pers. comm., 2013). Conversion of Barn Owl habitat to roadways results in permanent loss of habitat.

Further, road mortality rates are likely to be correlated with the loss and fragmentation of foraging habitat resulting from residential and commercial development within an area. Increasing patchiness and limited habitat may increase the frequency at which Barn Owls cross major highways and/or lead to more foraging along grassy road side verges; both activities increase the risk of vehicle collisions.

IUCN-CMP Threat 9. Pollution

9.3 Agriculture and forestry effluents

Anticoagulant rodenticides are commonly used to suppress rodent populations, and subsequent direct or secondary poisoning of non-target species has been documented worldwide (Newton et al. 1990; Eason et al. 2002; Stone et al. 2003). In B.C., work by Albert et al. (2010) found that 62% (n = 78) of the Barn Owl carcasses collected throughout the province, between 1988 and 2003, tested positive for one or more anticoagulant rodenticide. In most instances, Barn Owls were testing positive for second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. These compounds are found to be more toxic and persistent in the tissues of animals, thus posing a greater risk to non-target species than the more commonly known first-generation products such as warfarin. Interestingly, secondary rodenticide poisoning was only diagnosed as the primary cause of death in two Barn Owls (3%) (Albert et al. 2010). However, more recent residue data from 2006 to 2011 showed the exposure rate in Barn Owls had increased to 75% (n = 16), and three failed Barn Owl clutches were confirmed to have died outright from rodenticide poisoning (J. Elliott et al., unpubl. data, 2013). The high presence of residues in Barn Owls warrants more research to determine the risk of sub-lethal effects on the population, such as reduced productivity and/or foraging capabilities.

As farmers are required by mandatory food safety programs to control rats and other rodents, and anticoagulant rodenticides are currently the most effective tool at their disposal (K. Zimmermann, pers. comm., 2013), this will likely remain an issue until better alternatives are developed.

4.2.2 Other threats considered

The following threats have a negligible Threat Impact or could not be scored as the threat was unlikely to occur within the timeframe for assessment (Table 2 of part 2). They are mentioned here for completeness.

IUCN-CMP Threat 1. Residential and commercial development

1.3 Tourism and recreation areas

The short monoculture grass associated with golf courses is unsuitable for most species of wildlife. In 1988, Agricultural Land Commission (ALC) lost its authority to allow or refuse golf courses on ALR land. Consequently, a major spike in golf course developments took place between 1988 and 1991. In total 89 proposals, primarily on farmland close to urban areas, were allowed to proceed before a moratorium on golf course development in the ALR land took effect in 1991 (Quayle 1998).

Golf courses are still being built within the Barn Owl’s range in B.C. (e.g., the Tsawwassen Golf and Country Club housing development has been approved and is currently being built; Corporation of Delta 2008), but these conversions are occurring at a much slower rate.

IUCN-CMP Threat 4. Transportation and service corridors

4.4 Flight paths

Since 2009, Vancouver International Airport (YVR) has reported an average of nine Barn Owls struck by aircraft per year. Bird strike data before 2009 are less reliable, as it was not until then that YVR adopted Transport Canada’s more rigorous definition of a bird strike; however, data from 2003 to 2008 still indicate an average of 6 strikes per year with a peak of 14 recorded in 2005 (D. Bradbeer, pers. comm., 2013). The Airport Authority is trying to reduce strikes by relocating raptors and managing the airfield habitats to reduce vole abundance (D. Bradbeer, pers. comm., 2013).

IUCN-CMP Threat 5. Biological resource use

5.3 Logging and wood harvesting

As trees in urban areas (including parks) get older, they begin to decay and can acquire various types of disease that can cause them to become unstable and in danger of falling. When this happens they present a potential danger to humans and/or structures, and when assessed and deemed dangerous by an arborist, they have to be selectively removed as a precautionary measure. Unfortunately, such trees are also more likely to provide potential nesting cavities for Barn Owl than younger healthier trees, so removing them can unintentionally result in reduced nesting opportunities.

IUCN-CMP Threat 6. Recreation activities

6.1 Recreational activities

The Barn Owl habituates easily to most routine human disturbances. However, unpredictable disturbance by people during the day at quieter roost/nest sites might surprise and flush the Barn Owl, which puts it at risk of being harassed by crows and day-time raptors. Continued disturbance by humans (e.g., wildlife viewing, nest inspections, pellet collection) during the early phases of breeding (eggs or young chicks) can lead to nest abandonment (COSEWIC 2010).

IUCN-CMP Threat 7. Natural system modifications

7.3 Other ecosystem modifications

Grassy habitats in parks and along greenways are often intensively managed and kept short at all times to accommodate sport activities and reduce littering. As intensively mowed grass habitat is unable to support vole populations (Edge et al. 1995; Tattersall et al. 2000), it is of little value as foraging habitat for Barn Owls. In Terra Nova Park, Richmond, B.C., park managers have tried to offset this trend by purposely leaving areas of the park unmowed, mimicking old field habitat, in conjunction with installing three Barn Owl nest boxes. Combined with public outreach, the program has been very successful: two out of three boxes were occupied by Barn Owls and had successful breeding within a year. To try to offset the loss of valuable grassy habitats in the city, Richmond Parks is trying to implement the same concept in smaller parks and green spaces (R. Kenny, pers. comm., 2013). As urban development becomes increasingly dense, adopting a more ecologically friendly aesthetic in urban park zones and along roadsides, etc., may help mitigate negative impacts towards Barn Owls.

IUCN-CMP Threat 8. Invasive and other problematic species and genes

8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species

In many areas, especially along the south coast, grassy habitats will eventually, become covered with a dense cover of blackberry bushes (Rubus fruticosus) if not actively managed, which will impede the Barn Owl’s ability to hunt.

Further, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)has the ability to invade grass and marshlands and outcompete native grass species. Reed canarygrass is of little value for field voles, and hence reduces the quality of the grassland as foraging habitat for Barn Owls (Taitt 2006).

IUCN-CMP Threat 11. Climate change and severe weather

11.2 Droughts; 11.4 Storms and flooding

It is unknown how climate change could potentially impact the Barn Owl’s range and abundance in B.C. over the next 10–20 years. Historical climate data suggest that southern B.C. is already experiencing the impacts of climate change, with an average annual temperature increase of 0.6°C and an increase in precipitation of 2–4% per year. Predictions for the 21st century estimate an annual average temperature increase of 1–4°C for B.C. (B.C. Ministry of Environment 2002). Milder winters with less snow cover would be beneficial to Barn Owls, and might even lead to range expansion. Conversely, more winter precipitation and extreme weather would negatively impact Barn Owls. Increased rainfall would impair the owl’s hunting efficiency, especially as heavy rains are often associated with strong winds, which would make it harder for the owls to detect prey using auditory cues. In addition, rainfall during winter, when temperatures are close to zero, has been shown to reduce vole activity (Baumler 1975; Lehmann and Sommersberg 1980). Increased precipitation would also increase the risk of flooding, especially in lowland areas of the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley, thereby reducing available foraging habitat.

At the other extreme, prolonged summer droughts will affect the growth of the vegetation and hence the voles’ food supply, which can result in reduced summer and autumn vole densities (Ostfeld and Canham 1995). The late summer/early fall is a critical time period for newly fledged, dispersing Barn Owls to learn how to hunt efficiently and to find new territories, thus a smaller food supply might reduce the recruitment of individuals to the population.

5. Recovery goal and objectives

5.1 Recovery (population and distribution) goal

The following is the recovery (population and distribution) goal for Barn Owl:

To arrest the decline of the Barn Owl population and distribution, such that population size does not fall below current levels, and such that the species persists throughout its existing range in B.C.

5.2 Rationale for the recovery (population and distribution) goal

Historical records suggest that Barn Owls have been present in B.C. at some level from at least the beginning of the 20th century, and the species may have occurred in low numbers in suitable habitat before that. It is generally accepted that Barn Owls became more common following European settlement as forests were cleared and replaced with pastures and hay fields; barns and other structures augmented the availability of nest and roost sites (Solymár and McCracken 2002). This is a logical assumption as the first Barn Owl record occurred in 1909 (Brooks 1909) and nesting was not documented until 1941 (Cowan 1942). However, the population is now inferred to be declining based on documented habitat loss (COSEWIC 2010); current numbers appear to be less than in recent decades.

There is uncertainty around the actual current number of mature individuals, as well as the number of mature individuals required for the persistence of the population. The current population estimate ranges from at least 250 individuals, up to 1000 mature individuals (COSEWIC 2010). More recent surveys and studies suggest that the actual figure is likely closer to the lower to mid-range of this estimate; however, a great amount of uncertainty still remains. Further, there is uncertainty around the current distribution of the species. Survey information is mainly from the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley of southwestern B.C. To date, very few surveys have been conducted on Vancouver Island or in the Gulf Islands, Maple Ridge, Mission, Pitt Meadows, the Thompson-Okanagan, or the Kootenays (i.e., additional areas where Barn Owl has been found and/or may be expected to occur in higher numbers than currently known).

Owing to the above-mentioned uncertainty in both historic and current population size and distribution, the population and distribution goal is not explicitly quantified and/or qualified at this time. As these knowledge gaps are filled, the population and distribution goal should be quantified and revised if required. In the interim, a goal of arresting any further declines and maintaining the current population size and distribution (based on best available estimates as described above) should ensure that the Barn Owl does not become designated as Endangered by COSEWIC.

The Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley of southwestern B.C. are currently understood to be the geographical strongholds of the provincial population (COSEWIC 2010; B.C. Breeding Bird Atlas 2013). A diverse array of developments are either underway or being proposed in both the Lower Mainland and parts of the Fraser Valley. With very few exceptions, the known breeding population is restricted to this area, therefore any habitat loss and subsequent range contraction within the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley could have significant impacts on the entire B.C. population. It is crucial to limit further habitat loss, and to augment remaining habitat both in semi-urban and agricultural landscapes to maintain existing levels of occupancy.

5.3 Recovery objectives

The suggested timeframe to accomplish the following objectives towards meeting the population and distribution goal is 5 years. The recovery objectives should be re-evaluated and updated as new information becomes available.

  1. Prevent additional habitat degradation and/or loss by either protectingFootnote18 or enhancing available habitat within the Barn Owl’s range in B.C
  2. Assess and mitigate current threats within the Barn Owl’s range in B.C. (e.g., road mortality and risk of rodenticide poisoning, nest site loss)
  3. Determine trends in occupancy and habitat availability throughout the Barn Owl’s range
  4. Address knowledge gaps to further understand impacts of threats in B.C. (e.g., minimum habitat requirements, evaluate effects of secondary rodenticide exposure)

6. Approaches to meet recovery objectives

6.1 Actions already completed or underway

The following actions have been categorized by the action groups of the B.C. Conservation Framework (B.C. Ministry of Environment 2010). Status of the action group for this species is given in parentheses.

Compile status report (complete)
Send to COSEWIC (complete)
Planning (in progress)
Monitor trends (in progress)
Habitat protection and private land stewardship (in progress)
Table 2 of part 2. Parks, protected areas, and wildlife areas/sanctuaries that afford some level of habitat protection for the Barn Owl
Location Area name Approximate area of habitat supported (ha)
National Parks Gulf Islands National Park 28.0
National Parks Pacific Rim National Park 30.0
Provincial Parks, Protected Areas, and Ecological Reserves Ruckle Provincial Park 12.4
Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBSs) George C. Reifel MBS 203.2
Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBSs) Shoal Harbour MBS 2.5
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Alaksen NWA 283.2
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Alaksen NWA (Albion Island) 11.0
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Coast Guard Transmitter Property 17.9
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Ewen Slough 6.6
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Harlock Island 1.9
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Robertson Farm 30.4
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Robertson Slough 13.7
National Wildlife Areas (NWAs) / CWS Protected Areas Sea Island Conservation Area 107.3
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs Boundary Bay WMA 592.1
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs Coquitlam River WMA 8.0
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs South Arm Marshes WMA 173.4
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs Sturgeon Bank WMA 127.0
Regional Parks Aldergrove Lake 28.9
Regional Parks Boundary Bay - Boundary Bay Dyke 29.9
Regional Parks Boundary Bay - Centennial Beach 43.6
Regional Parks Boundary Bay - Delta Heritage AirPark 5.6
Regional Parks Brae Island 33.5
Regional Parks Burns Bog 2.5
Regional Parks Campbell Valley 354.6
Regional Parks Colony Farm 158.8
Regional Parks Deas Island 91.2
Regional Parks Derby Reach 225.9
Regional Parks Dyke Road 0.6
Regional Parks Elk/Beaver Lake Regional Park 3.4
Regional Parks Glen Valley 13.5
Regional Parks Glen Valley - West Creek 3.1
Regional Parks Iona Beach 15.1
Regional Parks Kanaka Creek 15.0
Regional Parks Matsqui Trail 3.1
Regional Parks Minnekhada 117.7

Note: Assessment based on known occurrences and species needs as described in Section 3.3; note that current survey information is mainly restricted to the Lower Mainland and Fraser Valley of southwestern B.C.

Habitat restoration and private land stewardship (in progress)

Species and population management (in progress)

6.2 Recovery planning table

Table 3 of part 2. Recovery planning table for the Barn Owl
Objective CF action groupa Actions to meet objectives Performance measures Threatb or concern addressed Priorityc
1 HP, PLS Determine land use zoning and ownership within suitable habitat
  • Land ownership determined
Knowledge Gap Essential
1 HP, PLS Identify and protect important breeding habitat throughout the Barn Owl’s range. Prioritize the Lower Mainland and the Fraser Valley (Barn Owl population stronghold) and high urban development pressure in these regions
  • Important habitat identified and mapped
  • Conservation options explored (e.g., set-asides, private land stewardship, Development Permit Area, ALR)

Knowledge Gap;
1.1, 1.2, 2.1

Essential
1 HP, HR, PLS Restore or enhance habitat on private land, in parks, and in urban settings to increase suitable habitat and promote connectivity in highly fragmented landscapes
  • Identify habitat that can be enhanced
  • Outreach to farmers, private landowners, and municipalities on optimal grassland management

Knowledge Gap;
1.1, 1.2, 2.1

Necessary
1 HP, PLS Identify and describe surrounding habitat of nest site
  • Nest sites identified and habitat described

Knowledge Gap;
1.1, 1.2, 2.1

Necessary
1 HP, PLS Promote habitat stewardship of nest site and surrounding habitat and protect nests sites throughout the Barn Owl’s range (including: private and Crown land, recreational parks, and urban settings)
  • Outreach material developed and distributed to landowners
  • Location data distributed to municipalities, which can use environmental protection tools (e.g., B.C. Wildlife Act, Riparian Areas Regulation, and Development Permit Area) to protect nest/roost sites

Knowledge Gap;
1.1, 1.2, 2.1

Essential
2 HP, HR, PLS Nest box installation throughout the Barn Owl’s range
  • Nest box program initiated
1.1, 1.2, 2.1 Beneficial
2 SPM Monitor and compile existing data on road mortality to identify high risk areas and present options for mitigation. Avoid nest box installation in high risk areas
  • Implement monitoring program
  • Existing data compiled and high risk areas identified
  • Implement mitigation measures in high risk areas
Knowledge Gap Necessary
2 SPM, PLS Increase awareness among farmers and private landowners about the benefits of having a predator of rodents, and increase the awareness about the risks of secondary rodenticide poisoning of wildlife
  • Outreach material developed and presented
  • Reduced usage and misusage of chemical rodent control
  • Project pilots initiated with commodity groups (e.g., blueberry growers), aimed at increasing Barn Owls and reducing rodent populations for farmers
9.3 Necessary
3 MT, SPM Establish and implement a province-wide, long-term monitoring program, prioritizing regions that have very little to no inventory data
  • Current occupancy and distribution mapped
  • Improved understanding of occupancy at potential sites, nest site turn-over, reproductive success, and local threats
Knowledge Gap Necessary
3 MT Based on inventories, create habitat suitability models to further describe available habitat within the Barn Owl’s range
  • Population and habitat trends estimated and mapped for the entire range
Knowledge Gap Essential
4 HP, SPM Assess habitat requirements and home range sizes for Barn Owls with differing degrees of urbanization and habitat fragmentation surrounding their nest/roost sites
  • Home range size and suitable habitat analysis used to determine minimum habitat requirements needed
  • Increased understanding of how habitat degradation and loss can affect population abundance, survival, productivity, and foraging behaviour
Knowledge Gap Necessary
4 SPM Monitor and quantify rodenticide residues in the livers of deceased Barn Owls and combine these data with Barn Owl productivity, mortality, and rodenticide usage data
  • Increased understanding of the potential sub-lethal effects of carrying a low-level body burden of rodenticides
  • Identification of rodenticide products and user-group(s) that pose the greatest threat to the Barn Owl population
  • Effectiveness of the new rodenticide regulations (Pesticide and Management Regulatory Agency 2013) evaluated
Knowledge Gap;
9.3
Necessary

a CF = Conservation Framework Action Group; HP = Habitat Protection; HR = Habitat Restoration; PLS = Private Land Stewardship; SPM = Species and Population Management; MT = Monitoring Trends.

b Threat numbers according to the IUCN-CMP classification (see Table 1 of part 2 for details).

c Essential (urgent and important, needs to start immediately); Necessary (important but not urgent, action can start in 2–5 years); or Beneficial (action is beneficial and could start at any time that was feasible).

6.3 Narrative to support recovery planning table

Recommended actions have been categorized by the action groups of the B.C. Conservation Framework.

If appropriate, recovery implementations should be considered on a landscape scale and should, wherever possible, incorporate objectives from other species at risk using the same area. In the case of the Barn Owl, this may include Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Great Blue Heron, and the Georgia Depression population of the Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta pop. 1).

However, certain recovery objectives are very specific to the ecological and biological needs of the Barn Owl; even though the recovery actions might benefit other species, a single-species approach needs to be the focus when implementing such recovery actions. Where possible, all recovery activities should be conducted as experiments using an adaptive management model to determine their effect and efficacy in reaching the desired recovery objectives and to improve subsequent recovery actions.

6.3.1 Monitor trends

There is currently a limited amount of long-term monitoring data for the Barn Owl in B.C. Search-intensive locally focused studies have been conducted in the past, and are on-going in parts of the Fraser Valley and the Lower Mainland (e.g., Andrusiak 1994; Hindmarch 2010; D. Clegg, pers. comm., 2013; G. Powers, pers. comm., 2013). Local population sizes and trends can be gleaned from these data. However, to accurately assess the population size and corresponding trends for the entire B.C. population, it would be necessary to implement systematic long-term surveys on Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands; at Pitt Meadows, Maple Ridge, and Mission; and in the Thompson-Okanagan and Kootenay.

6.3.2 Habitat protection, restoration, and private land stewardship

Stewardship involves the voluntary cooperation of landowners and managers to protect species at risk and the ecosystems they rely on. Private land stewardship is a priority for Barn Owls, as close to 95% of known nests are situated on private properties.

The stewardship approach could cover many different kinds of activities, including where feasible: following guidelines or best management practices to protect and support species at risk; voluntarily protecting important areas of habitat; establishing conservation covenants on property titles; eco-gifting of property (in whole or in part) to protect certain ecosystems or species at risk; and/or selling of property for conservation.

Making nest site location information available to municipalities would facilitate “case by case” discretion when assessing demolition permit applications from landowners.

7. Information on habitat needed to meet recovery goal

Threats to Barn Owl habitat have been identified. Currently there is enough suitable habitat to meet the species’ population and distribution goal; however, this habitat is under intense pressure and is likely to become limiting in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to describe and model the key habitat attributes needed for survival and recovery. In addition, landscape-level habitat mapping will further help identify areas where habitat protection and/or restoration would be beneficial to increase connectivity and help mitigate current and future habitat threats.

7.1 Description of survival/recovery habitat

The biophysical attributes of survival/recovery habitat that are needed by Barn Owl to successfully complete its life history stages (i.e., breeding, roosting, and foraging) are described in Section 3.3, “Needs of the Barn Owl.” Studies that are required for a more complete understanding of survival/recovery habitat are included in the Recovery Planning Table (Section 6.2).

8. Measuring progress

Performance indicators provide a way to define and measure progress toward achieving the recovery (population and distribution) goal. This will be determined primarily through monitoring the provincial population and habitat trends. If monitoring indicates that the known population is stable or increasing, the amount of known suitable habitat is likely stable. Individual recovery actions will be evaluated using performance measures (see Table 3 of part 2).

9. Effects on other species

The protection and enhancement of open grassy habitats would greatly benefit several species that depend on such habitat for nesting/and or foraging (e.g., Short-eared Owl, Great Blue Heron, Western Meadowlark, Northern Harrier [Circus cyaneus], Red-tailed Hawk [Buteo jamaicensis], and Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus).

Barn Owls have the highest rate of road mortality among raptors in southern B.C. (Preston and Powers 2006). Any mitigative measures that reduce road mortality for Barn Owls would likely also benefit other species that forage along grassy verges.

In addition, reducing the use and misuse of rodenticides would help mitigate the overall risk of non-target poisoning of any wildlife, particularly other raptors and generalist scavengers.

It is unlikely that recovery activities will have any adverse effects on other species at risk. However, it is unknown what effect an increase in Barn Owls and other predatory bird species may have on local prey species including species at risk such Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi), Townsend’s Mole (Scapanus townsendii), Pacific Water Shrew (Sorex bendirii), Olympic Shrew (Sorex rohweri), Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgii), bats, and amphibians.

References

Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2010. Tsawwassen Final Agreement: Tsawwassen lands. <http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022787/1100100022789> [Accessed February 1, 2013]

Agricultural Land Commission (ALC). 2009. Agricultural land reserve, ALR statistics. Table 2: Area included/excluded from the ALR by regional district, 1974–2007. <http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/stats/Statistics_TOC.htm> [Accessed February 5, 2013]

Albert, C.A., L.K. Wilson, P. Mineau, S. Trudeau, and J.E. Elliott. 2010. Anticoagulant rodenticides in three owl species from western Canada, 1988–2003. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58:451–459.

Andrusiak, L.A. 1994. Nesting and roosting habitat and breeding biology of the Barn Owl, Tyto alba, in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Baudvin, H. 1997. Barn owl (Tyto alba) and long-eared owl (Asio otus) mortality along motorways in Bourgogne-Champagne: reports and suggestions. Pages 58–61 in 2nd International Symposium for Biology and Conservation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere. Winnipeg, MB.

Baumler, W. 1975. Activity of some mammals in the field. Acta Theriol. 20:365–379.

Boves, T.J. and J.R. Belthoff. 2012. Road mortality of Barn Owls in Idaho, USA. J. Wildl. Manage. 76(7):1381–1392.

B.C. Breeding Bird Atlas. 2013. <http://www.birdatlas.bc.ca/english/index.jsp> [Accessed February 1, 2013]

B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2013. BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer. B.C. Min. Environ., Victoria, BC. <http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/> [Accessed February 1, 2013]

B.C. Ministry of Agriculture. 2011. 2011 British Columbia agrifood industry. Year in review. <http://www.al.gov.bc.ca/stats/> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

B.C. Ministry of Environment. 2002. Indicators of climate change for British Columbia 2002. <http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/pdfs/indcc.pdf> [Accessed February 20, 2014]

B.C. Ministry of Environment. 2010. Conservation framework. B.C. Min. Environ., Victoria, BC. <http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/conservationframework/index.html> [Accessed March 10, 2013]

B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. 2013. Transportation and infrastructure projects. <http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/highwayprojects/highwayprojects.htm> [Accessed February 5, 2013]

B.C. Stats. 2011. Overview of the BC and regional population projections 2011 to 2036. 8pp.

Brooks, A. 1909. Three records for British Columbia. Auk 26:313–314.

Byrd, C.L. 1982. Home range, habitat and prey utilization of the barn owl in South Texas. M.Sc. thesis. Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville, TX.

Campbell, E.C. and R.W. Campbell. 1984. COSEWIC status report on the Barn Owl Tyto alba in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 77 pp.

Campbell, R.W., D.A. Manuwal, and A.S. Harestad. 1987. Food habits of the Common Barn Owl in British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 65:578–586.

Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McT.-Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser and M.C.E. McNall. 1990. The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 2. Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria, BC.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2010. Animals. General producer guide- National avian on-farm biosecurity standard. <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/biosec/stdnore.shtml#ab> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

Caughley, G. and A. Gunn. 1995. Conservation biology in theory and practice. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, MA. 459 pp.

Chandler, D. 2011. Barn Owl. New Holland Publishers, London, UK. 128 pp.

Chutter, M.J., I. Blackburn, D. Bonin, J.B. Buchanan, D. Cunnington, L. Feldes, A. Harestad, D. Heppner, L. Kiss, S. Leech, J. Smith, J. Surgenor, W. Wall, L. Waterhouse, and L. Williams. 2004. Recovery strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) in British Columbia. Prepared for the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 74 pp. <http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=918>

Colvin, B. 1985. Common Barn-Owl population decline in Ohio and the relationship to agricultural trends. J. Field Ornithol. 56:224–235.

Colvin, B.A. 1984. Barn Owl foraging behavior and secondary poisoning hazard from rodenticide use on farms. Ph.D. dissertation. Bowling Green State Univ., Bowling Green, OH.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Barn Owl Tyto alba (eastern population and western population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON. xiv + 34 pp.

Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP). 2010. Threats taxonomy. <http://www.conservationmeasures.org/initiatives/threats-actions-taxonomies/threats-taxonomy> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

Corporation of Delta. 2008. Community planning projects: Tsawwassen Golf and Country Club redevelopment. <http://www.corp.delta.bc.ca/EN/main/municipal/323/27003/tsawwassen_golf.html> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

Cowan, I. McT. 1942. Food habits of the barn owl in British Columbia. Murrelet 23(2):48–53.

Dawe, N.K., C.S. Runyan, and R. McKelvey. 1978. Seasonal food habits of the barn owl (Tyto alba) on the Alaksen national wildlife area, British Columbia. Can. Field Nat. 92:151–155.

Doerkson, G.P. 1969. An analysis of Barn Owl pellets from Pitt Meadows, British Columbia. Murrelet 50(1):4–8.

Eason, C.T., E. Murphy, G.R. Wright, and E.B. Spurr. 2002. Assessment of risks of brodifacoum to non-target birds and mammals in New Zealand. Ecotoxicology 11:35–48.

Edge, D.W., J.O. Wolff, and R.L. Carey. 1995. Density-dependent responses of gray-tailed voles to mowing. J. Wildl. Manage. 59:245–251.

Edwards, T.C. 1987. Standard rate of metabolism in the Common Barn Owl (Tyto alba). Wilson Bull. 99:704–706.

Fajardo, I. 2001. Monitoring non-natural mortality in the barn owl (Tyto alba) as an indicator of land use and social awareness in Spain. Biol. Conserv. 97:143–149.

Government of Canada. 2009. Species at Risk Act policies, overarching policy framework – draft. Min. Environ., Ottawa, ON. 38 pp. <http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2009/ec/En4-113-2009-eng.pdf> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

Gubanyi, J.A., R.M. Case, and G. Wingfield. 1992. Diet and nesting success of barn owls breeding in western Nebraska. Am. Midl. Nat. 127(2):224–232.

Hegdal, P.L. and R.W. Blaskiewicz. 1984. Evaluation of the potential hazard to Barn Owls of talon (brodifacoum bait) used to control rats and house mice. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:167–179.

Hemmera. 2013. <http://hemmera.com/protecting-delta%E2%80%99s-barn-owl-population-using-nest-site-data-mitigate-highway-collisions> [Accessed March 24, 2013]

Hindmarch, S. 2010. The effects of landscape composition and configuration on Barn Owl (Tyto alba) distribution, diet and productivity in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis. Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC.

Hindmarch, S., E.A. Krebs, J.E. Elliott, and D.J. Green. 2012. Do landscape features predict the presence of barn owls in a rapidly changing agricultural landscape? Landscape Urban Plan. 107:255–262.

Knight, R.L. and R.E. Jackman. 1984. Food-niche relationships between great horned owls and common barn-owls in Eastern Washington. Auk 101:175–179.

Ip, F. and W. Grundlingh. 2013. People 2013: BC sub-provincial population projections. <http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/Files/dba35f79-cf42-45cb-bb3a-64b542bdd0bb/OverviewoftheBCandRegionalPopulationProjections2013-2036.pdf> [Accessed February 19, 2014]

Lehmann, U. and C.W. Sommersberg. 1980. Activity patterns of the common vole, Microtus arvalis - automatic recording of behaviour in an enclosure. Oecologica 47:61–75.

Lodé, T. 2000. Effect of a motorway on mortality and isolation of wildlife populations. Ambrio 29(3):163–166.

Marti, C.D. 1992. Barn Owl. In The Birds of North America, No. 1. A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC.

Marti, C.D. 1994. Barn Owl reproduction: patterns and variation near the limit of the species’ distribution. Condor 96:468–484.

Marti, C.D., A.F. Poole, and L.R. Bevier. 2005. Barn Owl (Tyto alba). The Birds of North America Online. A. Bird, ed. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. <http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/account/Barn_Owl/> [Accessed February 5, 2013]

Marti, C.D. and P.W. Wagner. 1985. Winter mortality in Common Barn-owls and its effect on population density and reproduction. Condor 87:111–115.

Marti, C.D., P.W. Wagner, and K.W. Denne. 1979. Nest boxes for the management of Barn Owls. Wildl. Soc. B. 7:145–148.

Master, L., D. Faber-Langendoen, R. Bittman, G.A. Hammerson, B. Heidel, J. Nichols, L. Ramsay, and A. Tomaino. 2009. NatureServe conservation status assessments: factors for assessing extinction risk. NatureServe, Arlington, VA. <http://www.natureserve.org/publications/ConsStatusAssess_StatusFactors.pdf> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

Merkens, M. 2004. Value of grassland set-asides in increasing farmland habitat capacity for wintering raptors in the Lower Fraser River Delta. In Proc. Species at Risk 2004: Pathways to recovery conference. T.D. Hooper, ed. March 2–6, 2004, Victoria, BC.

Millsap, B.A. and P.A. Millsap. 1987. Burrow nesting by common barn-owls in north central Colorado. Condor 89:668–670.

NatureServe. 2012. NatureServe explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. Arlington, VA. <http://www.natureserve.org/explorer> [Accessed February 13, 2013]

Newton, I., I. Wyllie, and A. Asher. 1991. Mortality causes in British barn owls, Tyto alba, with a discussion of aldrin-dieldrin poisoning. Ibis 133:162–169.

Newton, I., I. Wyllie, and P. Freestone. 1990. Rodenticides in British barn owls. Environ. Pollut. 68:101–117.

North, M.E.A. and J.M. Teversham. 1984. The vegetation of the floodplains of the Lower Fraser, Serpentine and Nicomekl Rivers, 1859–1890. Syesis 17:47–66.

Ostfeld, R.S. and C.D. Canham. 1995. Density dependent processes in meadow voles: an experimental approach. Ecology 76(2):521–532.

Otteni, L.C., E.G. Bolen, and C. Cottam. 1972. Predator-prey relationship and reproduction of the barn owl in southern Texas. Wilson Bull. 48(4):434–448.

Partners in Flight. 2007. Landbird population estimates database. <http://www.rmbo.org/pif_db/laped/PED4.aspx> [Accessed March 15, 2013]

Pesticide and Management Regulatory Agency. 2013. Decisions and updates: re-evaluation note REV2010-17, Risk mitigation measures for eight rodenticides (revised). <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rev2010-17/index-eng.php> [Accessed March 10, 2013]

Piechocki, R. 1960. A study of the winter losses of Tyto alba. Vogelwarte 20:274–280.

Preston, M. and G. Powers. 2006. High incidence of vehicle-induced owl mortality in the Lower Mainland and central Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Wildl. Afield 3(1 Suppl.):15–23.

Province of British Columbia. 1982. Wildlife Act [RSBC 1996] c. 488. Queen’s Printer, Victoria, BC. <http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_96488_01> [Accessed March 15, 2013]

Province of British Columbia. 2002. Forest and Range Practices Act [RSBC 2002] c. 69. Queen’s Printer, Victoria, BC. <http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_02069_01> [Accessed March 17, 2013]

Province of British Columbia. 2008. Oil and Gas Activities Act [SBC 2008] c. 36. Queen’s Printer, Victoria, BC. <http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_08036_01> [Accessed March 17, 2013]

Quayle, M. 1998. “Stakes in the ground”: provincial interest in the Agricultural Land Commission Act. B.C. Min. Agric., Victoria, BC. <http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/polleg/quayle/stakes.htm> [Accessed March 6, 2013]

Ramsden, D.J. 1998. Effects of barn conversions on local populations of barn owl (Tyto alba). Bird Study 45:68–76.

Rudolph, S.G. 1978. Predation ecology of coexisting Great Horned and Barn Owls. Wilson Bull. 90(1):134–137.

Salafsky, N., D. Salzer, A.J. Stattersfield, C. Hilton-Taylor, R. Neugarten, S.H.M. Butchart, B. Collen, N. Cox, L.L. Master, S. O’Connor, and D. Wilkie. 2008. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conserv. Biol. 22:897–911.

Smith, D.G., C.R. Wilson, and H.H. Frost. 1974. History and ecology of a colony of Barn Owls in Utah. Condor 76:131–136.

Solymár, B. and J.D. McCracken. 2002. Draft National Recovery Plan for the Barn Owl and its habitat – Tyto alba, Ontario population. Unpubl. rep. to Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife (RENEW) Committee, Ontario.

South Fraser Perimeter Road. 2013. Partnerships British Columbia. <http://www.partnershipsbc.ca/files-4/project-sfpr.php> [Accessed February 5, 2013]

Spotted Owl Enhancement Team (SOPET). 1997. Northern Spotted Owl population enhancement and recovery in British Columbia. Unpubl. rep. to Government of British Columbia. 48 pp.

Statistics Canada. 2011. Agriculture. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/ind01/l3_920_2024-eng.htm?hili_agrc31> [Accessed March 25, 2013]

Stewart, P.A. 1952. Dispersal, breeding behaviour, and longevity of banded barn owls in North America. Auk 69:227–245.

Stone, W.B., J.C. Okoniewski, and J.R. Stedelin. 2003. Anticoagulant rodenticides and raptors: recent findings from New York, 1998–2001. B Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 70:34–40.

Taitt, M.J. 2006. Small mammal study in Colony Farm regional park habitats January to March 2006. GVRD, Burnaby, BC. Unpublished report.

Tattersall, F.H., A.E. Avundo, W.J. Manley, B.J. Hart, and D.W. Macdonald. 2000. Managing set asides for field voles (Microtus agrestis). Biol. Conserv. 96:123–128.

Taylor, I.R. 1994. Barn Owls. Predator–prey relationships and conservation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

Personal communications

D. Bradbeer, Wildlife Program Specialist, Vancouver Airport Authority, Richmond, BC

D. Cannings, Bird Studies Canada

D. Clegg, Greenbelt Veterinary Services, Chilliwack, BC

J. Hatfield, AGRI Regional Agrologist – Vancouver Island, BC

S. Hindmarch, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC

R. Kenny, City of Richmond Parks Division, Richmond, BC

P. Levesque, Biologist – WildResearch

G. Powers, Abbotsford, BC

K. Sutherland, Regional Agrologist, Fraser Valley East, BC

C. Terpsma, Delta Farmland and Wildlife Trust, Delta, BC

K. Zimmermann, AGRI Regional Agrologist – Metro Vancouver/Fraser Valley, BC

Page details

Date modified: