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White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): amended recovery strategy [sect. 8.3 to 8.3.2]

8.3 Upper Fraser River population

Knowledge of habitat use for the Upper Fraser white sturgeon population is more limited than for other populations. A variety of studies have been completed showing habitat associations based on capture rates, but no spawning sites have been confirmed at this time. Recent, but limited, telemetry data exists for mature sturgeon (Cory Williamson, B.C. Ministry of Environment, personal communication). High use habitats have been identified for juvenile rearing and feeding, adult holding and feeding, and adult overwintering life stages. This information is summarized in Table 6.

Two of the locations identified (Red Rock and Cottonwood Canyon) are downstream of the Nechako-Fraser confluence: therefore are in an area of overlap between the Upper Fraser population and the mid-Fraser population. These areas are identified as critical habitat based solely on their influence on the Upper Fraser population.

Table 6. Summary of information base for white sturgeon critical habitats in the Upper Fraser River. A blank cell means that present data indicate the life stage does not consistently use the habitat.
Confirmed (√), Suspected (S), or Possible (?) Use by Life Stage and Degree of Use (H=High, M=Moderate, L=Low)
Location
(see Figure 14 for basin overview)		 Spawn Yolk sac larvae and feeding larvae Early juvenile Late juvenile and adult Overwintering Staging Overall assessment
Penny ? ? - (√) H (√) H - Critical
Longworth Grand Canyon (S)M ? - (√) H (√) H ? Critical
Bowron River Confluence (S)H ? (√) ? (√) H (S)H ? Critical
McGregor River to Limestone Creek ? ? - (√) H (√) H ? Critical
Giscome at Tay Creek ? ? - (√) H (S)H - Critical
Willow River Confluence (S)M ? - (√) H (√) H - Critical
Salmon River Confluence ? ? - (√) H (√) H - Critical
Nechako River Confluence (S)M ? - (√) H (S)H - Critical
Red Rock (S)H ? - (√) H (S)H - Critical

8.3.1 Biophysical functions, features and attributes of critical habitat – Upper Fraser River population

Table 7 summarizes the critical habitat function(s), features and attributes, to the extent possible, for the Upper Fraser population of white sturgeon.

Table 7. Summary of the biophysical functions, features, attributes and locations of critical habitat for Upper Fraser White Sturgeon.
Geographic location Life stage Function Feature(s) Attribute(s) Notes

Penny

McGregor River to Limestone Creek

Longworth Grand Canyon

Salmon River Confluence

 Late Juvenile and Adult Feeding

Food availability often associated with:

  • Deep pools
  • Confluence with tributary that provides spawning habitat for salmon
  • Depth 2.3 – 16m (Penny 3.6 – 7m, McGregor 2.3 – 9m, Grand Canyon 2.5 – 16m)
  • Source of fish and invertebrates, preferably salmonids
  • Difference in temperature (gradient) at confluence between river and tributaries Correlation with increased prey to decreased turbidity

Juveniles (45-55cm) were disproportionately captured in some specific areas within the Longworth Canyon.

Feeding areas are used all year.

Overwintering potential from McGregor River to Limestone Creek is high: fish were captured in mid-October when it is likely that they would have moved to overwintering areas. In addition, telemetry records show fish in the area in mid-November/December. Spring (pre-freshet) sampling has confirmed concentration/use until freshet.

Capture records at Grand Canyon from October and telemetry records from November and May suggest overwintering.

Overwintering areas used from Oct – May.
Overwintering

Hydraulic conditions particular to this location ,see attributes

Includes creation of deep pools
  • Depth profiles vary between the sites. Substantial (canyon) to moderate (McGregor confluence) depths present (see ranges above).
  • Flow velocities are low at late-fall/winter, although higher velocity conditions are available in proximity to both locations
  • McGregor confluence has a unique morphology, widening of the channel, slow moving (winter flows), variable depth
  • Strong temperature gradient between McGregor and Fraser creates unique hydraulics that benefit sturgeon

Bowron River Confluence

Willow River Confluence

 Early Juvenile (specific to Bowron) Rearing Feature(s) not yet observed
  • Attribute(s) not yet observed

Feeding areas are used all year.

Overwintering use possible for juveniles though unknown. Adult overwintering use at these sites is unknown.

Overwintering areas used from Oct – May.

At Bowron, spawning potential is thought to be high due to many capture records from July which is the time when staging and spawning are likely to occur. Timing of the captures suggests the site could be a staging area prior to spawning. Use of the lower 1.5km of the Bowron River is extensive during higher Fraser discharges (backwatering effect).

At Willow River confluence spawning potential is considered moderate. Two adult sized fish were captured on July 1, 2001, which is the approximate time that spawning occurs.
Late Juvenile and Adult Feeding

Food availability often associated with:

  • Deep pools
  • Confluence with tributary that provides spawning habitat for salmon
  • Depth 2.1 – 10m (Bowron 2.1 – 5.5m, Willow 3 – 10m)
  • Source of fish and invertebrates, preferably salmonids
  • Difference in temperature (gradient) at confluence between river and tributaries Correlation with increased prey to decreased turbidity
Overwintering

Hydraulic conditions particular to this location ,see attributes

Includes creation of deep pools
  • Suspected deep pools, depth unknown
  • Low velocity areas
  • Difference in temperature (gradient) at confluence between river and tributaries
Adult Potential Spawning and incubation

Feature(s) not confirmed
  • Spawning hasn’t been observed in upper Fraser, so location not known for sure
  • Based on what is observed in Nechako system: Spawning begins mid-summer (June - July) when daily mean temperature is 10-16ºC
  • Suspected high velocity areas
  • Flow conditions - descending limb of freshet
  • Hydrograph / temperature differential

Based on other locations:

  • Coarse substrates, gravel to cobble providing interstitial spaces
  • Mean water column velocities at most spawning sites typically range from 0.5 to 2.5 m/sec-1
Giscome at Tay Creek Late Juvenile and Adult Feeding

Food availability often associated with:

Deep pools

Confluence with tributary that provides spawning habitat for salmon
  • Depth 4 – 7.4m
  • Source of fish and invertebrates, preferably salmonids
  • Difference in temperature (gradient) at confluence between river and tributaries Correlation with increased prey to decreased turbidity

Feeding areas are used all year.

Overwintering areas used from Oct – May.

Only late juveniles have been caught at this location.  One fish that was not aged, but assumed to be an adult based on size, was also captured.

Overwintering potential is high, but the site has not been sampled later than September 11.  The consistent presence of late juveniles in early fall suggests that this location provides overwintering habitat.
Overwintering

Deep pools
  • Depth 4 – 7.4m

Nechako River Confluence

Red Rock

 Late Juvenile and Adult Feeding

Food availability often associated with:

Deep pools

Confluence with tributary that provides spawning habitat for salmon
  • Salmon migration area lower 2km of Nechako River (within critical habitat area)
  • Holding, low velocity, areas for salmon
  • Depth 2 – 18m (Nechako 2.6 – 5m, Red Rock 2 – 18m)
  • Source of fish and invertebrates, preferably salmonids
  • Difference in temperature (gradient) at confluence between river and tributaries (Nechako R.)
  • Correlation with increased prey to decreased turbidity

Adult holding well documented annually at Hwy 16 bridge (Yellowhead) – primarily June-Sep.

Feeding areas are used all year.

Overwintering areas used from Oct – May.

Nechako River at the confluence is broad and shallow and unlikely to provide overwintering habitat. Spawning potential is moderate. The Nechako population likely spawns in the Nechako earlier in the summer (mid-May – early June) due to warmer water temperatures in that system. Use of the lower 1km of the Nechako River is extensive.

Spawning potential at Red Rock is high: telemetry records show potentially ripe female fish in the area during May and July, which is the period when fish could be staging and/or spawning.
Overwintering
(Red Rock only)

Deep pools

Eddies
  • Depositional areasa for food
  • Depth 2 – 18m (Nechako 2.6 – 5m, Red Rock 2 – 18m)
  • Hwy 16 habitat area consists of a deep pool downstream of the Nechako R. confluence (holding area for migrating salmon)
Adult Spawning and incubation Feature(s) not yet confirmed
  • Nechako spawning begins mid-May – early July when daily mean temperature is 10-16ºC
  • Red Rock spawning begins (July) when daily mean temperature is 10-16ºC
  • Suspected high velocity areas
  • Flow conditions - descending limb of freshet

Based on other locations:

  • Coarse substrates, gravel to cobble providing interstitial spaces
  • Mean water column velocities at most spawning sites typically range from 0.5 to 2.5 m/sec-1

a. Depositional Area - typically lower velocity areas where fish can rest and prey species may congregate; often in close proximity to confluences with other water bodies providing further access to food sources.

8.3.2 Geographic identification of critical habitat – Upper Fraser River population

The following locations of the critical habitat’s functions, features and attributes have been identified using the critical habitat parcel approach.

map
Figure 4.  Reference map for locations of Upper Fraser River white sturgeon critical habitats.
Long description

Figure 4.  This is a map of the Upper Fraser River system showing an overview of critical habitat locations. Critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions.  Nine locations within the vicinity of Prince George are labelled on a map of British Columbia as follows: Red Rock, Nechako River Confluence, Salmon River Confluence, Willow River Confluence, Giscome Tay Creek, McGregor River to Limestone Creek, Bowron River Confluence, Grand Canyon Longworth and Penny. A scale and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 5.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Penny.
Long description

Figure 5. Figure 5 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location of Penny. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Penny map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:15,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 6.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Longworth Grand Canyon.
Long description

Figure 6. Figure 6 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location of Longworth Grand Canyon. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Longworth Grand Canyon map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:36,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 7.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Bowron River confluence with the Fraser River.
Long description

Figure 7. Figure 7 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location Bowron River confluence with the Fraser River. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Bowron River confluence with the Fraser River map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:18,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 8.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: McGregor River confluence with the Fraser River to Limestone Creek confluence.
Long description

Figure 8. Figure 8 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location McGregor River confluence with the Fraser River to Limestone Creek confluence. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the McGregor River confluence with the Fraser River to Limestone Creek confluence map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:107,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 9.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Giscome at Tay Creek.
Long description

Figure 9. Figure 9 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location Giscome at Tay Creek. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Giscome at Tay Creek map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:16,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 10.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Willow River confluence with the Fraser River.
Long description

Figure 10. Figure 10 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location Willow River confluence with the Fraser River. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Willow River confluence with the Fraser River map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:30,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 11.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Salmon River confluence with the Fraser River.
Long description

Figure 11. Figure 11 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location Salmon River confluence with the Fraser River. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Salmon River confluence with the Fraser River map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:15,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 12.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Nechako River confluence with the Fraser River.
Long description

Figure 12. Figure 12 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location Nechako River confluence with the Fraser River. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Nechako River confluence with the Fraser River map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:24,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

map
Figure 13.  Map of critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon: Red Rock.
Long description

Figure 13. Figure 13 is a map of a section of the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, showing the critical habitat location Red Rock. The map depicts a polygon that has been identified as critical habitat for Upper Fraser River white sturgeon. In the identified polygon, critical habitat includes aquatic habitat features and attributes that Upper Fraser River white sturgeon use to carry out life functions. The coordinates denoting various points of the polygon’s boundary are listed in Table 8. The critical habitat polygon in the Red Rock map is also labeled with codes that correspond to codes used to identify the polygon in Table 8. A scale of 1:70,000 and legend are provided along with an inset map showing locations are primarily in the Omineca zone of British Columbia. The map is oriented in a “north is up” direction.

Table 8. Geographic coordinatesa of critical habitat areas for Upper Fraser River White Sturgeon.
Critical habitat name Coordinate marker Waterbody River kilometer Latitude (DD) Longitude (DD) Latitude (DMS) Longitude (DMS)
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr-BRC1 Fraser River 922.7 54.070 -121.816 54° 4' 11" N 121° 48' 57" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr-BRC2 Fraser River 922.7 54.069 -121.813 54° 4' 10" N 121° 48' 48" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr-BRC3 Bowron River 0.1 54.058 -121.823 54° 3' 28" N 121° 49' 24" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr- BRC4 Bowron River 3.8 54.051 -121.855 54° 3' 3" N 121° 51' 17" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr- BRC5 Bowron River 3.8 54.051 -121.854 54° 3' 5" N 121° 51' 15" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr-BRC6 Bowron River 0.1 54.059 -121.828 54° 3' 31" N 121° 49' 42" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr- BRC7 Fraser River 919.1 54.070 -121.848 54° 4' 12" N 121° 50' 52" W
Fraser - Bowron River Confluence Fr- BRC8 Fraser River 919.1 54.072 -121.844 54° 4' 18" N 121° 50' 38" W
Fraser - Giscome at Tay Creek Fr-GTC1 Fraser River 868.7 54.248 -122.412 54° 14' 53" N 122° 24' 42" W
Fraser - Giscome at Tay Creek Fr-GTC2 Fraser River 868.7 54.246 -122.410 54° 14' 45" N 122° 24' 36" W
Fraser - Giscome at Tay Creek Fr-GTC3 Fraser River 866.7 54.238 -122.436 54° 14' 15" N 122° 26' 10" W
Fraser - Giscome at Tay Creek Fr-GTC4 Fraser River 866.7 54.240 -122.438 54° 14' 24" N 122° 26' 17" W
Fraser - Longworth Grand Canyon Fr-LGC1 Fraser River 963.7 53.918 -121.600 53° 55' 5" N 121° 35' 58" W
Fraser - Longworth Grand Canyon Fr-LGC2 Fraser River 963.7 53.916 -121.600 53° 54' 59" N 121° 36' 2" W
Fraser - Longworth Grand Canyon Fr-LGC3 Fraser River 952.3 53.958 -121.673 53° 57' 29" N 121° 40' 23" W
Fraser - Longworth Grand Canyon Fr-LGC4 Fraser River 952.3 53.958 -121.671 53° 57' 30" N 121° 40' 15" W
Fraser - McGregor River Confluence to Limestone Creek Fr-MRLC1 Fraser River 902.2 54.173 -122.000 54° 10' 22" N 122° 0' 1" W
Fraser - McGregor River Confluence to Limestone Creek Fr-MRLC2 Fraser River 902.2 54.169 -122.002 54° 10' 9" N 122° 0' 7" W
Fraser - McGregor River Confluence to Limestone Creek Fr-MRLC3 Fraser River 883.7 54.202 -122.229 54° 12' 7" N 122° 13' 45" W
Fraser - McGregor River Confluence to Limestone Creek Fr-MRLC4 Fraser River 883.7 54.206 -122.229 54° 12' 23" N 122° 13' 43" W
Fraser - McGregor River Confluence to Limestone Creek Fr-MRLC5 McGregor River 0.3 54.180 -122.035 54° 10' 47" N 122° 2' 7" W
Fraser - McGregor River Confluence to Limestone Creek Fr-MRLC6 McGregor River 0.3 54.179 -122.033 54° 10' 45" N 122° 1' 59" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr-NRC1 Fraser River 799.0 53.918 -122.698 53° 55' 3" N 122° 41' 53" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr-NRC2 Fraser River 799.0 53.915 -122.701 53° 54' 56" N 122° 42' 3" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr-NRC3 Fraser River 797.0 53.909 -122.723 53° 54' 32" N 122° 43' 23" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr-NRC4 Fraser River 797.0 53.911 -122.726 53° 54' 40" N 122° 43' 35" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr-NRC5 Nechako River 0.3 53.916 -122.720 53° 54' 59" N 122° 43' 12" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr- NRC6 Nechako River 2.9 53.927 -122.748 53° 55' 36" N 122° 44' 54" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr- NRC7 Nechako River 2.9 53.928 -122.749 53° 55' 41" N 122° 44' 55" W
Fraser - Nechako River Confluence Fr-NRC8 Nechako River 0.3 53.919 -122.710 53° 55' 8" N 122° 42' 35" W
Fraser - Penny Fr-PNY1 Fraser River 998.6 53.827 -121.290 53° 49' 37" N 121° 17' 25" W
Fraser - Penny Fr-PNY2 Fraser River 998.6 53.827 -121.294 53° 49' 36" N 121° 17' 37" W
Fraser - Penny Fr-PNY3 Fraser River 995.5 53.839 -121.320 53° 50' 20" N 121° 19' 12" W
Fraser - Penny Fr-PNY4 Fraser River 995.5 53.840 -121.317 53° 50' 23" N 121° 19' 1" W
Fraser - Red Rock Fr-RR1 Fraser River 759.1 53.622 -122.679 53° 37' 19" N 122° 40' 43" W
Fraser - Red Rock Fr-RR2 Fraser River 759.1 53.622 -122.682 53° 37' 20" N 122° 40' 55" W
Fraser - Red Rock Fr-RR3 Fraser River 774.2 53.726 -122.710 53° 43' 34" N 122° 42' 36" W
Fraser - Red Rock Fr-RR4 Fraser River 774.2 53.726 -122.708 53° 43' 34" N 122° 42' 27" W
Fraser - Salmon River Confluence Fr-SRC1 Fraser River 832.2 54.068 -122.558 54° 4' 5" N 122° 33' 30" W
Fraser - Salmon River Confluence Fr-SRC2 Fraser River 832.2 54.066 -122.555 54° 3' 57" N 122° 33' 18" W
Fraser - Salmon River Confluence Fr-SRC3 Fraser River 830.8 54.055 -122.564 54° 3' 17" N 122° 33' 52" W
Fraser - Salmon River Confluence Fr-SRC4 Fraser River 830.8 54.057 -122.567 54° 3' 25" N 122° 34' 3" W
Fraser - Salmon River Confluence Fr-SRC5 Salmon River - 54.066 -122.561 54° 3' 56" N 122° 33' 38" W
Fraser - Salmon River Confluence Fr-SRC6 Salmon River - 54.067 -122.560 54° 4' 3" N 122° 33' 38" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr-WRC1 Fraser River 837.5 54.097 -122.519 54° 5' 48" N 122° 31' 7" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr-WRC2 Fraser River 837.5 54.099 -122.514 54° 5' 57" N 122° 30' 52" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr-WRC3 Willow River 0.2 54.087 -122.508 54° 5' 13" N 122° 30' 28" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr- WRC4 Willow River 2.3 54.080 -122.492 54° 4' 47" N 122° 29' 32" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr- WRC5 Willow River 2.3 54.080 -122.493 54° 4' 47" N 122° 29' 34" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr-WRC6 Willow River 0.2 54.086 -122.508 54° 5' 10" N 122° 30' 30" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr- WRC7 Fraser River 832.2 54.066 -122.555 54° 3' 57" N 122° 33' 18" W
Fraser - Willow River Confluence Fr- WRC8 Fraser River 832.2 54.068 -122.558 54° 4' 5" N 122° 33' 30" W

a. Coordinate points were digitized using various orthophotos provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The resolution of the various orthophotos varied significantly - ranging from 0.2 m cell size to 24 m cell size. This should be taken into consideration when evaluating the accuracy of the coordinates associated with these points. For geographic coordinate points, their boundary represents the annual high water mark (Hatfield et al. 2012).

Note: For the Fraser River, relative locations are measured as “river kilometers”, which increase from the river mouth (Rkm 0) upstream to the farthest extent possible.

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2014-03-20