MANCLIM Manual of Climatological Observations: image descriptions
Figure 2-1
This image shows a collecting funnel, a graduated inner container, and an outer container. The funnel is white, cone-shaped, and fits into the graduatd inner container. The graduated inner container is a long, tube-shaped container with a millimetre scale etched on the outer side to aid the observer's when taking measurements (for details, refer to Figure 2-2). The outer container is a larger, white plastic cylindrical casing.
Figure 2-2
This image shows a depiction of the graduated cylinder and how to read the meniscus at three positions: when the meniscus is closest to a number (example in image: Meniscus is closest to 19.2 mm), when the meniscus is exactly halfway between two numbers (example in image: Meniscus is exactly half way between graduations 13.4 and 16.3 at 13.5 mm), when the meniscus is directly on the number (example in image: Meniscus coincides with graduation 6.6 mm), and bottom of graduate is not completely covered. Surface tension holds water against sides unevenly and may cause water globules to form on bottom. Average amount is less than 0.2 mm and is reported as TRACE.
Figure 3-1
This image shows a depiction of a thermometer and various temperatures of interest: the boiling point of water (100°C), an automobile thermostat (80°C), body temperature (37°C), room temperature (20°C), freezing point of water (0°C), and freezing point of mercury (-39°C).
Figure 3-2
TThis image shows a Stevenson Screen as a wooden box with louvered walls and door mounted on a square stand. The door is opened to illustrate the positioning of the maximum and minimum thermometers along the back wall of the box with the maximum thermometer below the minimum thermometer.
Figure 3-3
This image shows a square, wooden stand made from cross-braced timbres on three sides with no cross-brace on the fourth side. Dotted lines represent an extended portion of the stand that is underground.
Figure 3-8
This image shows a portion of a thermometer and how to read the temperature accurately, depicting the line of sight as being perpendicular to the thermometer.
Figure 3-9
This image shows a magnified graduate scale from a maximum thermometer to illustrate a 24°C reading.
Figure 3-10
This image shows a minimum thermometer reading 18.5°C on a magnified graduate scale.
Figure 3-11
This image shows a magnified graduate scale from a minimum thermometer showing the temperature of approximately 22.5 degrees.
Figure 3-12
This image shows the steps for resetting a maximum thermometer. It shows a person holding a thermometer in three steps with arrows indicating the direction of movement. Step 1: pointing down, parallel to the body with the arrow ahead of the body in a curved, upward direction. Step 2: straight out, perpendicular to the body with the arrow curved down towards the body. Step 3: in between these two positions at approximately 45° wth the arrow continuing to curve downward towards the body.
Figure 3-13
This image shows a depictions of a graduate scale with arrows indicating breaks or bubbles along the alcohol column of a minimum thermometer.
Figure 3-14
This image shows a depiction of the methods used to reunite a broken alcohol column in a minimum thermometer. Shown on the left is the "tapping on hand" method. A hand is outstretched with the palm facing upwards and the other hand is holding the thermometer on the bulb end while striking the other end of the thermometer on the palm of the outstretched hand. Shown on the right side is the "tapping on book" method. A hand is shown grasping the middle of the thermometer while striking the bulb end on the pages of an open book.