Safe food handling for children ages 5 and under

What is food poisoning?

Food poisoning (also known as foodborne illness or food-related illness) is caused by eating food that has been contaminated by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Food can become contaminated by these microorganisms at any time before you eat it, including at home during:

• handling
• storing
• cooking

There are many signs of food poisoning, but most types cause one or more of the following:

• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• stomach pain and cramps
• fever and chills

Symptoms can start within hours after eating the contaminated food, or sometimes not until days or even weeks later. Usually, people recover quickly and completely.

However, food poisoning sometimes causes serious complications, including death. This may be the case for people who are more at risk for both food poisoning and related health complications, like children aged 5 and under.

Food poisoning and young children

Children ages 5 and under are at increased risk for food poisoning and related health complications. This is because their immune system is still developing and they cannot fight off infection as well as adults can. Young children also produce less of the stomach acid that kills harmful bacteria. This makes it easier for them to get food poisoning.

Food poisoning can also lead to complications that result in serious illnesses requiring hospitalization. Some of these complications are:

• Dehydration: children's bodies are small and they can quickly lose a lot of body fluid
• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): a type of kidney failure and blood disorder that can be fatal. To prevent this illness, it is important to cook ground beef to 71°C and to serve them pasteurized juice.
• Infant botulism: a condition which can cause temporary paralysis in babies. To prevent this illness, do not give honey to a baby who is under 1 year old.

This guide offers helpful advice on how to reduce your child's risk of food poisoning.

Safe food alternatives for children ages 5 and under

Some types of food can be a higher risk for children ages 5 and under. This is because of how they are produced and stored.

To lower the chances of your child getting food poisoning, you should be aware of what foods to avoid. The following chart can help you make safer food choices for your child.

What do I need to know when shopping for food?

You should:

• buy cold or frozen food at the end of your shopping trip
• check the "best before" date on your food
• check fruits and vegetables to avoid buying items that are bruised or damaged
• avoid spreading bacteria from raw food to ready-to-eat food by:
  • putting raw food in individual plastic bags (which can be found in the produce section and at some meat counters)
  • keeping your raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood away from other food in your grocery cart
  • labeling and using the same bag or bin for raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood
• refrigerate or freeze raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood as soon as you get home from the grocery store; perishable food should not be left out for more than:
  • 1 hour during summer outdoor activities
  • 2 hours at room temperature
• wash your reusable grocery bags often, especially if you are carrying raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood

What do I need to know when storing food?

It is important to keep cold food cold, and hot food hot. Perishable food should never reach temperatures between 4 °C to 60 °C (40 °F to 140 °F). This is because this temperature range is where bacteria can grow quickly and cause food poisoning.

You can reduce your chances of getting food poisoning if you:

• set your fridge at 4 °C (40 °F) or lower
• set your freezer at -18 °C (0 °F) or lower
• put raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood in sealed containers or plastic bags on the bottom shelf of your fridge—this prevents raw juices from dripping onto other food
• store cut fruits and vegetables in the fridge
• refrigerate or freeze raw meat, poultry, fish, seafood and leftovers immediately; dangerous bacteria can grow if left out for more than:
  • 1 hour during summer outdoor activities
  • 2 hours at room temperature
• cook raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood by the "best before" date, or no more than 2 to 4 days after buying it
• freeze raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood if you do not plan on cooking by the "best before" date

Fridge and freezer storage

If you freeze food that is well-wrapped, it can last longer. Here are the recommended refrigeration and freezing times for different foods.

What do I need to know about defrosting food?

You should:

• defrost your raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood in
  • the fridge
  • the microwave
  • a sealed bag or container submerged in cold water
• if you use the microwave, cook it immediately after thawing it
• defrost larger pieces of meat (such as a whole turkey) in its original wrapping and submerge it in cold water
  • change the water often to make sure that it stays cold (approximately every 30 minutes)
• do not refreeze thawed food

You cannot always tell if food is safe by its look, smell or taste. When in doubt, throw it out!

What do I need to know about food and cleanliness?

Reduce the risk of bacteria growth and food poisoning by properly cleaning your:

• hands (and your child's hands)
• kitchen surfaces
• utensils
• fruits and vegetables
• reusable grocery bags and bins

Hands

You should always wash your hands and your child's hands:

• before and after touching raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood
• after using the washroom
• after touching pets
• after changing diapers

Wash your hands with warm, soapy water for at least 20 seconds. A hand-rub sanitizer can be used if soap and water are not available.

Fresh fruits and vegetables

Before you or your child eat or cook fresh fruits and vegetables:

• gently wash them under cool, running, drinkable water
  • you do not need to use anything other than water to wash fruits and vegetables
• use a scrub brush on fruits and vegetables that have a firm skin, such as:
  • carrots
  • potatoes
  • melons
  • squash
• avoid soaking fresh fruits and vegetables in a sink full of water. Sinks can contain bacteria that can be transferred to your food

Kitchen surfaces and utensils

You can prevent the spread of bacteria in the kitchen if you:

• clean sinks, kitchen surfaces or containers immediately after they have been in contact with raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood
• do not reuse plates or utensils that have touched raw food
  • wash them in the dishwasher or in warm, soapy water
  • use only clean plates and utensils for your ready-to-eat foods
• use one cutting board for ready-to-eat foods, and a different one for raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood
• use paper towels to wipe kitchen surfaces, and change dishcloths daily
• avoid using sponges because they are hard to keep bacteria-free
• clean your countertops, cutting boards and utensils before and after preparing food using a kitchen sanitizer (follow the directions on the container) or prepare a bleach solution in a labelled spray bottle (you can use a ratio of 5 ml of household bleach to 750 ml of water) and rinse with water

What do I need to know when cooking food?

It is not always possible to tell if food is safe by its colour or how long it has been cooked. Cooking food according to the proper internal cooking temperature can help you make sure your food is safe to eat. Always cook raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood to a safe internal temperature. Follow these tips to avoid eating undercooked meat:

• Use an instant read digital food thermometer for a more accurate reading. Meat can turn brown before all the bacteria in your food are killed.
• Remove your food from the heat and insert the digital food thermometer into the thickest part of the meat. Make sure it is inserted all the way to the middle and does not touch any bones.
  • For hamburgers, insert the digital food thermometer into the side of the patty, all the way to the middle.
• When cooking several pieces of meat, make sure to check the internal temperature of the thickest pieces. Food can cook unevenly.
• Keep hot foods at or above 60 °C (140 °F). Bacteria can grow quickly in the temperatures between 4 °C to 60 °C (40 °F to 140 °F).
• Use only clean plates and utensils for cooked meat to avoid contamination with raw meat juices.
• Clean your digital food thermometer in warm, soapy water between each temperature reading.
• Keep raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood away from children.

Safe internal cooking temperatures chart

Leftovers

Even leftovers can cause food poisoning if not properly stored or reheated. Follow these tips to help prevent your child from getting sick.

• You can quickly cool leftovers by putting them in shallow containers. To lower the chances of bacteria growing in your food, you should refrigerate or freeze leftovers as soon as possible.
• Perishable food should not be left out for more than:
  • 1 hour during summer outdoor activities.
  • 2 hours at room temperature.
• Store leftovers safely by cutting and deboning the meat from large cooked birds, such as turkey.
• Avoid overstocking your fridge, so that cool air can circulate better.
• Eat refrigerated leftovers as soon as possible (within 2 to 4 days).
• When reheating food, make sure it is cooked to an internal temperature of at least 74 °C (165 °F). Bring gravies, soups and sauces to a full, rolling boil and stir during the process.
• You should avoid reheating the same leftovers more than once.

How does the Government of Canada protect you from food poisoning?

The Government of Canada is committed to food safety. Health Canada has rules and standards to make sure that food sold in Canada is safe and nutritious. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency enforces Health Canada's requirements.

For more information: Canada.ca/FoodSafety