Home Care Case Management: Invitational Roundtable, March 3–4, 2005: Summary of Proceedings

Executive Summary

Responding to the growing recognition of the importance of case management nationally, provincially and territorially, the Canadian Home Care Association (CHCA), with the support of Health Canada, hosted an Invitational Roundtable on Case Management. Participants to the discussion included home care leaders from every province and territory. The goal of the meeting was to define case management and in so doing develop a common understanding about case management within the federal /provincial /territorial home care programs.

Participants worked collaboratively to define the principles and elements of case management while recognizing the importance of maintaining a flexible framework which can be applied broadly depending upon each jurisdictional context. The Roundtable dialogue built upon the sharing of experiences and best practices across the country. While each provincial and territorial home and community care program differs in scope, access and content, the single unifying element of all programs is case management.

Throughout the Roundtable discussions there was general agreement that case management is not an independent function or designated to a specific discipline. Rather, it is a strategy or process^{Footnote 1} undertaken by all health care professionals; and indeed a strategy that clients themselves employ to varying degrees depending on their context and position within the health care continuum. Case management is a strategy for maximizing client wellness and autonomy, within their context, through advocacy, communication, education, identification of service resources and service facilitation. Case management is built into all health professionals' scope of practice. The case manager, as part of a team, helps to identify appropriate services and options throughout the health care continuum, while balancing effective resource utilization in order to optimize value for the client and the system.

Roundtable participants identified the principles that guide case management to be:

• Centred around and driven by the client/caregivers of all ages, respecting their choices, culture and values.
• Inclusive of strategies that enhance health promotion, illness prevention and risk mitigation through client education and emphasis on health promoting behaviours directed to the client's capacity for self management, self care.
• Purposeful incorporating evidence-based practice.
• Respectful and collaborative, engaging the family and community resources.
• Creative and innovative and requiring effective communication.
• Guided by an ethical framework.
• Advocating on behalf of clients, and promoting independence.
• Responsive to client characteristics and changes in needs.
• Incorporating of principles of population health and the broad determinants of health.

As a strategy to support health care and effective use of available resources, forum participants identified the following key elements of case management, regardless of the case management model.

• Intake, which includes screening, priorizing and determining eligibility.
• Assessment in order to determine client needs, wants and goals.
• Care and service planning, and coordination of services which requires effective communication and liaising and considers cost-effectiveness.
• Care implementation.
• Monitoring and evaluating outcomes from a patient and population perspective.
• Reassessment/revision of care plan to reflect cycles of care.
• Disengagement, discharge, service completion.

Home care case management plays a role in some transitions; in gate keeping, resource utilization, and resource management. Case management varies in intensity according to client needs and is shared between the health practitioner (which includes the case manager) and the client/caregivers.

The case manager, as part of a team, helps to identify appropriate services and options throughout the health care continuum, while balancing effective resource utilization in order to optimize value for the client and the system. Typical outcomes of case management were reported by participants to include:

• Delivering the appropriate service at the right time.
• Decreased duplication of services.
• Reduction of hospital/emergency utilization.
• Improved client health status.
• Decreased caregiver burden.
• Improved connections across the system.
• Improved disease management.
• Avoidance of institutionalization.
• Increased client participation in care.
• Achievement of client goals.
• Client satisfaction.

However, these outcomes are difficult to quantify and/or prove that they are a result of case management intervention. Participants concurred that there is a risk to suggesting that case management can be accountable for outcomes that in fact are dependent on the rest of the health care team and on the system in which the health care service operates. Indicators specific to case management, need to be carefully selected and implemented in order to avoid wrongly attributing to case management results that are team or system dependent.

As the health care system continues to evolve and adapt to new challenges such as chronic disease management and systems integration, case management will become a vital factor in the effective and efficient functioning of our health care system. In the home care sector, the employment of the case management as a strategy for maximizing client wellness and autonomy will be enhanced through a common understanding of the definition, principles and outcomes of case management.

This report represents the integration and synthesis of the information and discussion shared at the Roundtable. CHCA hopes that it will provide federal, provincial and territorial home care stakeholders with a common definition and will also provide a guide to creating context specific models for case management; stimulate the development of case manager core competencies and influence human resources recruitment and retention strategies.

Building a greater understanding of the role of case management in systems integration will enable the capturing of best practices for the use of case management in home care programs in order to achieve improved delivery of health care services for acute, chronic and palliative clients.

The CHCA as a national voice for home care across Canada can play a key role in informing and influencing change by sharing a common understanding of case management to shape an overarching framework under which the provinces and territories can plan and develop their unique programs.

Situational Context

The achievement of "health and wellness" requires many inter-related services including health prevention, promotion and protection, diagnosis, treatment/cure, rehabilitation, support and maintenance, and social adaptation and integration^{Footnote 2}. Home care is uniquely positioned within our health care system to provide these components and services along the health care continuum and to function as a bridge between the various settings of care, whether they are the acute care hospital, the long term care facility, respite care or the physician's office place.

The Canadian Home Care Association defines home care as an array of services for people of all ages, provided in the home and community setting, that encompasses health promotion and teaching, curative intervention, end-of-life care, rehabilitation, support and maintenance, social adaptation and integration and support for the informal (family) caregiver. Home care programs often integrate the delivery of health care services in the home setting with the broad myriad of community services (i.e. meal delivery services, day programs, respite care facilities, visiting and other volunteer services, transportation services and personal support which in some provinces is considered a community service).

While each provincial and territorial home and community care program differs in scope, access and content, the single unifying element of all programs is case management. Case management addresses the challenge of matching client identified needs and choices with services often offered by multiple agencies, and within increasingly limited health care resources. This process is essential to ensuring the well being of the client while serving as the link between positive health outcomes, community resources and fiscal accountability.^{Footnote 3}

The November 2002 Romanow report, Building on Values: the Future of Health Care in Canada recognized the role and value of case management. The report notes that all provinces and territories offer some assessment and case management as part of home care services and recommends that "coverage for post-acute home care should include case management, health professional services and medication management". Additionally, the report recommended that "case management be included in the coverage as part of home care mental health services".

In 2004, the Federal/ Provincial/ Territorial 10 Year Plan to Strengthen Health Care, identified case management as a core service in the home care baskets to which First Ministers agreed to provide first dollar coverage by 2006.

Responding to the growing recognition of the importance of case management nationally, provincially and territorially, the CHCA with the support of Health Canada undertook a consultation with home care leaders from every province and territory to define case management and in so doing develop a common understanding about case management within the federal /provincial /territorial home care programs and with their respective health care and community partners. The results of the consultation are captured in this report to Health Canada. A description of the undertaking is available at Appendix 1.

This report represents the integration and synthesis of the information and discussion shared at the Roundtable. CHCA hopes that it will provide federal, provincial and territorial home care stakeholders with a common definition and will also provide a guide to creating context specific models for case management; stimulate the development of case manager core competencies and influence human resources recruitment and retention strategies.

Building a greater understanding of the role of case management in systems integration will enable the capturing of best practices for the use of case management in home care programs in order to achieve improved delivery of health care services for acute, chronic and palliative clients.

Roundtable Discussions

Case Management: A Systems Approach

Sholom Globerman, Philosopher in Residence at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care provided an overall commentary on health care systems and the role of case management in a systems structure. Key points from his presentation are described.

• Case management began in the 1970s. The approach was based on traditional health care dynamics which required case managers to define their work as a series of steps or processes and to function in a standardized manner, the assumption being that "cases" would fit into defined niches.

• The function of case management was as gatekeeper to prevent hospital or long-term care admissions and in so doing control costs. Case management has evolved differently across Canada, but generally toward having a stronger advocacy role in order to assist clients to navigate the system. Case management continues to have an emphasis on resource utilization. In many jurisdictions it also has responsibility to ensure service quality resulting in the development and application of service guidelines informed by utilization reports.

• Complex chronic conditions require an approach that is flexible, unique to each individual and to accept that the approach does not assure the same outcome each time. This, he argued, is distinct from acute and complicated diseases that are well served by surgery and hospitalization.

• Case management and indeed home care is about "expecting the unexpected". Case management functions in an unstable system.

• Today health is a dynamic interaction between and individual and many environments. The goal is to keep people healthy at home.

• Case management functions within a complex system. Notwithstanding attempts to integrate our health system, some boundaries are useful and necessary. An important element of case management is the understanding of the boundaries and developing horizontal knowledge, watching the gaps, and understanding how to cross them.

Case Management: A Regional / District Approach

In order to move towards a common understanding of case management, the broad dialogue was enhanced with a series of presentations to showcase diverse approaches to the challenge of regional systems integration and case management. The presentations were from British Columbia^{Footnote 4}, Alberta^{Footnote 5} and the United Kingdom^{Footnote 6}. As information was shared and impressions formed, subsequent questions and group discussions were pursued.

While intuitively understood to be important, there are a number of ways in which case management is understood and operationalized.

The Health Regions of Interior Health and Vancouver Coastal Health, in British Columbia shared their home care case management model impressing upon participants the importance of recognizing that case management operates within the client context and is "client-driven". It uses a population health model framework to describe the health status and characteristics of the clients within the communities served. Case management is described as a process that operates within a continuum of health that spans wellness to complex acute episodes where clients experience an acute unstable health episode and require intensive care management. Along the continuum are an ever-increasing number of individuals with chronic conditions who benefit from case management directed at maximizing independence and preventing deterioration.

Calgary Health Region, having released its Framework for Case Management in June 2004 challenged participants to accept that case management is a "client-centred strategy" that manages "the provision and coordination of care across the [health] continuum" and draws on experience and evidence to achieve client outcomes within available resources.

Participants were reminded of the drivers influencing home care and case management - primary health care, chronic disease, primary care, and home care expectations. While case management strategies vary according to circumstances the framework's key concepts include being "client-centred", driven by "quality" and to achieving specific "outcomes".

From the United Kingdom, we learned about the evolution of case management and of the research that had been undertaken in order to inform their case management and policy development. Case management is aimed toward efficiently and effectively coordinating services in order to "improve quality of life and reduce service utilization". Key to effective case management is participation on a team; and providing "pro-active", "client-centred" care that crosses health and social service boundaries.

While cost containment has been a driver in Britain, Ruth Hutt's research on the various models and approaches to case management around the world challenged Roundtable participants to question whether case management actually impacted health system utilization and cost.

Themes and Trends in Case Management

In the Roundtable discussions a number of themes and trends impacting the thinking of case management emerged. These include:

• Agreement that case management is not an independent function or designated to a specific discipline. Rather, it is a strategy or process^{Footnote 7} undertaken by all health care professionals; and indeed a strategy that clients themselves employ to varying degrees depending on their context and position on the health care continuum.

• Increasing interest to understand the value and contribution of case management with an emphasis on articulating outcomes. As health care activities are interdependent and it is important to clearly understand the role and contribution of all health care team members, isolating a team member and suggesting that they directly and solely influence specific health outcomes is too simplistic. Through algorithm /care pathway development the contributions of team members is best articulated and the health outcomes (clinical and system) are used to hold the team accountable.

• Increasing recognition of the importance of collaboration amongst the health care team and across traditional boundaries.

• Emphasis on the ethical dilemmas facing casing management is increasing as the tension between limited resources and increasing demands for service increases.

• Distinctions between client centred and client driven care reflect the increasing consumer awareness today. Respecting clients' rights and choices in care can be achieved when cultural and linguistic needs are addressed and options are presented in a respectful and accurate manner.

• Advocacy is a key component of every professional's practice and accordingly integrated into an effective case management strategy arising from the commitment to client autonomy.

• The aging population and concomitant chronic diseases is straining the health care system, becoming a priority for governments and requires ever increasing emphasis on resource utilization (ensuring the right service for the right person at the right time) by the case manager.

• Home care case management has a role to play in some transitions; in gate keeping, resource utilization, and resource management; and that case management is built into all health professionals' scope of practice. Case management varies in intensity according to client needs and is shared between the health practitioner (which includes the case manager) and the client/caregivers.

What Is Case Management?

Achieving consensus as to the principles and elements of case management respects the jurisdictional flexibility of home care as a provincial program.

"Case management is not a profession in itself, but an area of practice within one's profession. Its underlying premise is that when an individual reaches the optimum level of wellness and functional capability, everyone benefits: the individuals being served, their support systems, the health care delivery systems and the various reimbursement sources."^{Footnote 8}

Case management can be defined a number of ways based on different models of case management, various target populations, diverse home care organizational structures, and varied program goals.^{Footnote 9} Definitions include:

• "a process that uses the integration of managerial and clinical knowledge and skills by a case manager who interacts within a service network to provide needed services in a supportive, effective, efficient, and cost effective manner."^{Footnote 10}

• "a health care delivery process whose goals are to provide quality health care, decrease fragmentation, enhance clients' quality of life, and contain costs."^{Footnote 11}

• "a process of assisting a client to identify needs, set goals, develop a care plan and access resources, with the objective of facilitating the client's survival, personal growth, community participation and recovery from/adaptation to alterations in health status."^{Footnote 12}

• "a client-centered strategy for the provision of quality health and social services. Case management is used to manage the provision and coordination of care across the continuum and to balance potential client outcomes with effective use of available resources."^{Footnote 13}

• "a collaborative client-centred strategy for the provision of sustainable quality health and social services. Case management is used to manage coordination of care across the continuum, through the activities of intake, assessment, care planning, service delivery, monitoring, reassessment and disengagement to balance potential client outcomes with effective use of available resources."^{Footnote 14}

• "the process of planning, co-ordinating, managing and reviewing the care of an individual. The broad aim is to develop cost-effective and efficient ways of co-ordinating services in order to improve quality of life."^{Footnote 15}

• "a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation and advocacy for options and services to meet an individual's health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality cost-effective outcomes."^{Footnote 16}

The definition for home care case management has arisen from the consultations at the Invitational Roundtable on Case Management. The key words in the definition are highlighted.

A collaborative client-driven strategy for the provision of quality health and support services through the effective and efficient use of available resources in order to support the client's achievement of goals related to healthy life and living in the context of the person and their ability.

Core Principles of Case Management

Roundtable participants concurred that the following principles guide case management. These include:

1. Case management is centred around and driven by the client/caregivers of all ages. Case management strategies are based on clinical reasoning and a partnering relationship in which professionals work collaboratively with clients and their caregivers, respecting their choices, culture and values. This includes the participation of children and youth in their own health care.

2. Case management strategies enhance health promotion, illness prevention and risk mitigation through client education and emphasis on health promoting behaviours directed to the client's capacity for self management, self care.

3. Case management is purposeful incorporating evidence-based practice to ensure quality care and outcomes.

4. Case management is respectful and collaborative, engaging the family and community resources for needed support.

5. Case management is creative and innovative and requires effective communication.

6. Case management is guided by an ethical framework which is primarily embedded in the professional's practice guidelines and considers client rights, beneficence, equity, non-maleficence and autonomy and power imbalances.^{Footnote 17}

7. Case management advocates on behalf of clients, and promotes self advocacy and independence.

8. Intensity and type of care management and monitoring varies based on client characteristics and changes in the client's needs within the context of their world.

9. Case management incorporates principles of population health and the broad determinants of health into its approach.

Key Elements of Case Management

As a strategy to support health care and effective use of available resources, forum participants identified the following key elements of case management, regardless of the case management model.

• Intake, which includes screening, priorizing and determining eligibility.
• Assessment in order to determine client needs, wants and goals.
• Care and service planning, and coordination of services which requires effective communication and liaising and considers cost-effectiveness.
• Care implementation.
• Monitoring and evaluating outcomes from a patient and population perspective..
• Reassessment/revision of care plan to reflect cycles of care.
• Disengagement, discharge, service completion.

Competencies

While not specifically sought, discussion amongst Roundtable participants surfaced a preliminary list of specific competencies embodied by professionals employing effective case management strategies. These were generally thought to be achieved through experience within the health care system and include:

• Clinical knowledge.
• Critical thinking enabling evidence-based practice.
• Awareness of the organizational, legal and professional standards for documentation and reporting.
• Ability to operate flexibly within existing resources, protocols/policies/ legislation.
• Responsible and ethical advocacy involving cultural competence.
• Ability to be jointly accountable to the client and the system.
• Self-awareness.
• Communication skills that enable collaboration.

Outcomes of Case Management

Case management is a process or strategy directed toward achieving defined goals. Assessment of case management outcomes tends to focus on 'process-related' activities as to date there are no scientifically rigorous measurements of outcomes.

Case management is a strategy for maximizing client wellness and autonomy, within their context, through advocacy, communication, education, identification of service resources and service facilitation. The case manager, as part of a team, helps to identify appropriate services and options throughout the health care continuum, while balancing effective resource utilization in order to optimize value for the client and the system.

Typical outcomes of case management were reported by participants to include:

• Delivering the appropriate service at the right time.
• Decreased duplication of services.
• Reduction of hospital/emergency utilization.
• Improved client health status.
• Decreased caregiver burden.
• Improved connections across the system.
• Improved disease management.
• Avoidance of institutionalization.
• Increased client participation in care.
• Achievement of client goals.
• Client satisfaction.

However, these outcomes are difficult to quantify and/or prove that they are a result of case management intervention. Participants concurred that there is a risk to suggesting that case management can be accountable for outcomes that in fact are dependent on the rest of the health care team and on the system in which the health care service operates. Indicators, specific to case management, need to be carefully selected and implemented in order to avoid wrongly attributing to case management results that are team or system dependent.

Effective evaluation of health care services assesses the outcome of the collective health care team. One does not measure system impact by the contribution of the nurse on the hospital ward; but rather recognizes that to reduce length of stay, for example, one assesses the work of the entire health team. Accordingly attempts to assign system wide cost savings to case management are not valid. "The best case-management arrangements may fail to reduce hospitalization if they are not developed in conjunction with social care and other services needed to maintain people in the community."^{Footnote 18}

The outcomes of a case management strategy embedded within the effort of the health care team are:

• the ability of the client/caregiver to make progress toward their goal within limits of available resources; and
• the improvement of the overall effectiveness of health care services through collaboration with the health care team to increase appropriate utilization of services and reduce duplication, gaps and barriers to service.

There is mixed evidence as to the cost-effectiveness and impact on system utilization of early intervention to provide clients with case management of their chronic disease in order to prevent co-morbidities and delay deterioration. Notwithstanding, there is a great deal of interest in providing case management to patients 'upstream' in order to avoid costs later. Intuitively, it makes sense, but more research is needed.

However, the reality of increasing demand is that health costs will remain unchanged as the next neediest patients who are not case managed access care.^{Footnote 19}

Requirements to Support Effective Case Management

Forum participants articulated a series of environmental, system and human resource requirements that must be in place to support the effective implementation of case management as a strategy for maximizing client wellness and autonomy. Limited resources

• Financial - insufficient funds; prescriptive funding (units of specific service).
• Little or poor technology and tools to support data collection and information sharing.
• Shortage of human resources and insufficient supply of skilled and available personnel.
• Absence of formalized knowledge base upon which to build educational programs to help professionals develop case management competencies.

Absence of integration incentives within the health care system

• Health care funding and delivery "stove pipes" area a disincentive to collaborative care and health promotion case management.

• Lack of trust and understanding of scope of practice among different service providers, often resulting in duplication.

• Compromised knowledge of services available.

• Restrictive eligibility requirements especially evident in the preventative elements of health care.

• Lack of understanding and optimization of case management across the health care continuum. Absence of Evidence to support decision making

• Lack of national practice standards and consistent education for case management.

• Absence of formalized processes to share knowledge and access experts on case management (i.e. standards, accepted ethics, best practices).

• Knowledge of population based needs.

• Lack of concrete evidence at the systems level of cost benefits /cost avoidance to case management.

Policy Implications

The expectations from First Ministers; escalating chronic disease in Canada and a commitment by health care stakeholders to undertake continuous quality improvement initiatives are driving greater emphasis within the Canadian health care system. As a constant in home care, the principles of case management need to be understood and commonly defined in order to ensure equity across the country.

The CHCA as a national voice for home care across Canada can play a key role in informing and influencing change by sharing a common understanding of the definition, principles and outcomes of case management to shape an overarching framework under which the provinces and territories can plan and develop their unique programs. In so doing the common principles can be relied upon to develop local community responsive programs.

Roundtable participants proposed a number of recommendations to advance a common and consistent understanding and approach to home care case management in Canada.

They felt that their recommendations would address the key challenges articulated. They suggest that the CHCA:

• Maintain a leadership role in case management dialogue to shape the future direction of this key health care strategy.

• Share case management models and best practices by publishing a 'Portraits of Case Management' that describes the models and related policies for each of the federal / provincial and territorial jurisdictions.

• Develop a Case Management Position Paper to engage the health team beyond home care in understanding and valuing case management (engage representatives from physician groups, public health, consumers, mental health, etc).

• Facilitate and promote Case Management discussions and planning through the National Home Care Conference.

• Support a dissemination strategy to communicate the outcomes of this roundtable in gain further consensus on a definition, functional components and principles of case management.

• Participate in the development of outcome measures - e.g. client satisfaction; clinical outcomes.

References

• Ali, Wasan, Rasmussen Patricia (2004). What is the evidence for the effectiveness of managing the hospital community interface for older people? (PDF Version) A critical appraisal of the literature. New Zealand Health Technology Assessment.

• Canadian Home Care Association (2002). A coordinated home and community care strategy: Essential elements.

• Canadian Home Care Association (2003). Home Care Priorities Strategies and Actions Case Management - A summary of the discussion tables held at the 12th annual Canadian Home Care Association conference.

• Canadian Institute for Health Information (2001). Health Care in Canada 2001.

• Case Management Society of America (2002). Standards of practice for case management. Revised 2002.

• Challis, D. (1993) Case management in social and heatlh care: Lessons from a United Kingdom program. Journal of Case Management,2,79-90.

• Gallagher, Elaine, PhD., Alcock, Denise, PhD., Diem Elizabeth, PhD., Angus Douglas, M.A., Medves Jennifer, PhD. (2002). Ethical Dilemmas in Home Care Case Management, Canadian Health Care Management, December, 115-120.

• Hollander, M.J., and Prince, M.J. (2001). The third way: A framework for organizing health related services for individuals with ongoing care needs and their families. Ottawa: Home Care and Pharmaceuticals Division, Health Policy and Communications Branch, Health Canada.

• Hutt, Ruth, Rosen, Rebecca, McCauley Janet (2004). Case-managing long-term conditions. What impact does it have in the treatment of older people? (PDF Version) King's Fund.

• Institute for Medicare Practice (2001). Making case management work in government programs (PDF Version). (2001). Institute for Medicare Practice.

• Korabek, Barbara, Collister, Barbara (2004). Framework for Case Management, Calgary Health Region.

• Law, Baptiste and Mills (1995). Client Centered Practice: What Does it Mean and Does It Make a Difference? CJOT 60:2, 83-89.

• Martinson, Ida M., Widmer, Ann G., Portillo, Carmen J. (2002). Home Health Care Nursing, Second Edition Philadelphia:W. B. Saunders Company, 15.

• Ontario Case Management Association (2000). Provincial Standards and Guidelines for Case Management.

• Powell, Suzanne K. (2000). Advanced case management: Outcomes and beyond. New York: Lippincott.

• US Dept of Veterans Affairs, Technology Assessment Program (2000).Impacts of case management programs (PDF Version).

• World Health Organization (2005). Preparing a health care workforce for the 21st century: the challenge of chronic conditions.

Appendix 1

Project Description

The CHCA hosted a stakeholder roundtable to develop consensus on the definition, principles and outcomes of case management in the home care sector in Canada and advise the federal government on the challenges, gaps and policy implications to achieving these outcomes. The roundtable included a broad representation of home care programs and service providers across Canada (see Appendix 2).

Goals

• To develop a document including the definition, principles and outcomes of case management within the home care sector and provide policy advice on the challenges and gaps to achieving these outcomes.

• To support the development of the case management role in provincial, territorial and federal home care programs by jointly articulating the definition, core principles and outcomes of case management in home care.

• Build on the achievements of current CHCA projects (Augmentation of the role of Case Management in Primary Health Care, The Canadian Home Care Human Resource Sector Study and the Case Management and System Integration Roundtable proceedings at the 2004 CHCA conference) to promote further dialogue on the evolution of the case management in the home and community care sector nationally.

Objectives

• To hold a two day invitational roundtable of provincial, territorial and federal stakeholders in February or early March 2005. Provincial and territorial participants will be identified by the CHCA Board of Directors who represents CHCA membership across Canada. The CHCA will work collaboratively with Health Canada representatives to identify federal participants for the roundtable.

• The roundtable will include updates and presentations on current home care case management strategies (including the role of the informal / family caregiver in case management) to set the context of the discussion. The group will be tasked to develop common principles and outcomes of case management. Additionally, challenges, gaps and policy implications to achieving these outcomes will be identified and discussed during the second day of the round table.

• To reach an understanding and consensus on the definition, principles and outcomes of case management as they relate to home care in Canada.

The final report will help inform the Provincial / Territorial and Federal activities supporting the 2004 Health Accord and future development of home care programs. The CHCA will disseminate the report to the roundtable participants, CHCA members and home care stakeholders across Canada.

Appendix 2

Glossary of Terms

Advocacy

act of recommending, to plead the cause of another; to speak or write in favor of. (Ref: Case Managements Society of America)

Assessment

a systematic process of data collection and analysis involving multiple elements and sources. (Ref: Case Managements Society of America)

Autonomy

freedom of self-determination (Ref: Webster's Canadian Dictionary)

Beneficence

the principle dictate the need to inflict no harm on clients, to try to inflict benefits, or to ensure that the benefits outweigh the harm. (Ref: Ethical Dilemmas p117)

Canadian Home Care Association

(CHCA) is a national not-for-profit membership Association dedicated to ensuring the availability of accessible, responsive home care and community supports which enable people to stay in their homes with safety, dignity and quality of life. The CHCA represents over 600 organizations involved in home and community care across Canada. Through ongoing dialogue, publications, and position papers we act as a national voice and promote excellence in home care through leadership, awareness and knowledge to shape strategic directions.

Home Care

CHCA defines home care as an array of services, provided in the home and community setting, that encompass health promotion and teaching, curative intervention, end-of-life care, rehabilitation, support and maintenance, social adaptation and integration and support for the informal (family) caregiver. Home care services are for infants, children, adults and seniors. Home care programs often integrate the delivery of health care services in the home setting with community services (e.g. meals on wheels, day programs, respite care facilities, volunteer services, and transportation services).

Client Centred care

planning, treatment and management involves patient, caregivers and advocates at all levels and goals are related to patient outcomes. (Ref: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of managing the hospital/community interface for older people?)

Client Directed service delivery

the need for client choice in making decisions about their requirements, client abilities, and the need to ensure that the service fits the context in which the client lives. (Ref: Client Centered Practice: What Does it Mean and Does It Make a Difference?)

Competency

the skill, ability, knowledge, behaviour and attitude that is instrumental in the delivery of desired results and, consequently, of job performance. (Ref: Pan American Health Organization, 2002.)

Equity

distributive justice (Ref: Ethical Dilemmas p118)

Non-maleficence

doing no harm (Ref: Ethical Dilemmas p118)

Process

intervention taken to achieve the outcome (Ref: Advanced Case Management p 55)

Outcomes

Measurable results of case management interventions, such as client knowledge, adherence, self-care, satisfaction, and attainment of a meaningful lifestyle. (Ref: Case Management Society of America)

Strategy

a unified comprehensive and integrated plan...designed to ensure that the basic objective of the enterprise are achieved. (Ref: Framework for Case Management, p34)

Transitional care

coordinated and continuous planning for health care during transfer of patients between locations or levels of care - e.g., hospitals, acute, post acute and longterm nursing facilities, home, and specialist referral. (Ref: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of managing the hospital/community interface for older people?)

Transition planning

the management of a complex two-way interface between institutions and community-based service providers. The two-way nature of this information exchange implies an on-going and continuous relationship between providers of care, permeable boundaries and the need for enhanced accountability between care providers in different sectors. (Ref: OHCC)

Appendix 3

Roundtable Participants

• Mary Lou Ackerman
  Vice President of Information Management
  Saint Elizabeth Health Care
  CHCA Silver Patron
• Shannon Berg
  Leader, Regional Health Services Projects, Community Care Network
  Vancouver Coastal Health
  British Columbia
• Lucy Barylak
  Coordinator of the Caregiver Support Center, Elder Abuse
  Consultation Center and Mental Health for the Elderly
  CLSC Rene Cassin, Institute of Social Gerontology of Québec
  Quebec
• Joanne Besner
  Social Service Clinical Supervisor Homecare
  CLSC Rene-Cassin
  Quebec
• Nancy Blades
  Supervisor Case Management
  COTA Health
  CHCA Gold Patron
• Cec Charlebois
  Home Care Manager
  Saskatoon Health Region
  Saskatchewan
• Gail Chester
  Home Care Social Worker
  Yukon Home Care Program
  Yukon
• Donna Davis
  National Nursing Officer
  Veterans Affairs Canada
• Linda Doody
  Manager, Seniors Program
  Department of Health and Community Services
  Newfoundland
• Susan Donaldson
  Facilitator
  Susan Donaldson and Associates
• Rheta Fanizza
  Chief of Staff
  CCAC Procurement Review
  Ontario
• Arlene Gallant-Bernard
  Director Patient Services and Community Health
  West Prince Health
  Price Edward Island
• Gogi Greeley
  A/Director Health and Social Services
  Government of Nunavut
  Nunavut
• Jennifer Greene
  A/Manager
  Home and Continuing Care Policy Unit, Health Canada
  National
• Kathy Greenwood
  Director of Continuing Care
  Nova Scotia Department of Health
  Nova Scotia
• Cheryl Hansen
  Director of Extra-Mural Program and Rehabilitation Services
  N.B. Department of Health and Wellness
  New Brunswick
• Nadine Henningsen Executive Director
  Canadian Home Care Association
  National
• Ruth Hutt
  Visiting Fellow in Health Policy
  King's Fund
  England
• Pauline Jackson Territory Manager
  Calea Ltd.
  CHCA Gold Patron
• Ialeen Jones
  Senior Nursing Consultant, Home Care
  Department of Health and Social Services, Government of the Northwest Territories
  NWT
• Sue Kelly
  National Health and Wellness Manager
  We Care Health Services
  CHCA Silver Patron
• Judy Knight
  Director
  Policy and Planning Branch, Manitoba Health
  Manitoba
• Barbara Korabek
  Executive Director of Mental Health
  Calgary Health Region
  Alberta
• Georgia Livadiotakis
  Policy Analyst
  Primary Health Care Policy Unit
  Health Canada
  National (Health Canada)
• Joanne Lucarz-Simpson
  National Coordinator, Home and Community Care, First Nations
  Home and Community Care Program
  Health Canada
  National (FNIB)
• Alice Mah Wren
  Director Health Services - Central Okanagan
  Interior Health
  British Columbia
• Wendy Marlow
  VP Homecare
  Mktg and Business Development
  VitalAire
  CHCA Gold Patron
• Sharon Marsden
  Program Manager, Community Care Access Centres Branch
  Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
  Ontario
• Marg McAlister
  Facilitator
  MMC Consulting
• Kay Morrison
  Director Client Services
  Community Care Access Centre Simcoe County
  Ontario
• Bob Morton
  Executive Director
  Community Care Access Centre of Peel
  Ontario
• Carol Nafziger
  National Clinical Director, Nursing and Home Support
  Comcare Health Services
  Service Provider
• Kathy Nakrayko
  Manager
  Client Patient Access Services, Saskatoon Health
  Saskatchewan
• Judy O'Keefe
  Assistant CEO
  Health and Community Services Eastern Newfoundland
  Newfoundland
• Major Joanne Plemel
  Specialist Services Coordinator Deputy Chief of Staff Health Services Delivery
  Canadian Forces Medical Group Headquarters
  National (DND)
• Sharon Robson
  Manager, Peel SDC
  Saint Elizabeth Health Care
  CHCA Silver Patron
• Corrine Rowswell
  Home Care and Palliative Care Policy Analyst
  Department of Health and Social Services
  Prince Edward Island
• Janet Simm
  Director, System Planning and Liaison
  NS Department of Health, Continuing Care Branch
  Nova Scotia
• Sandra Sims
  Program Consultant
  Dept. of Family and Community Services
  N.B. Department of Health and Wellness
  New Brunswick
• Marilyn Soper
  Home Care Nurse
  Government of Nunavut
  Nunavut
• Lieutenant Francine Tremblay
  Case Management Program/Programme de Gestion des cas
  Canadian Forces Health Services Group HQ
  National (DND)
• Ava Turner
  Manager
  Comcare Health Services
  CHCA Gold Patron
• Sue VanderBent
  Executive Director
  Ontario Home Care Association
  Service Provider
• Debbie Weddell
  Clinical Practice Consultant
  Interior Health
  British Columbia
• Betty Zegarac
  Policy and Planning Analyst
  Policy and Planning Branch
  Manitoba Health
  Manitoba

Footnotes