Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Chlorine

Table of Contents

• Part I. Overview and Application
• 1.0 Guideline
• 2.0 Executive summary
  • 2.1 Health effects
  • 2.2 Exposure
  • 2.3 Treatment
• 3.0 Application of the guideline
  • 3.1 Monitoring
• Part II. Science and Technical Considerations
• 4.0 Identity, properties, and uses
  • 4.1 Occurrence and physical properties
  • 4.2 Uses
  • 4.3 Terminology
  • 4.4 Chemistry in aqueous media
  • 4.5 Application to drinking water treatment
    • 4.5.1 Chlorine in water treatment
    • 4.5.2 Primary disinfection
    • 4.5.3 Secondary disinfection
    • 4.5.4 Formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products
    • 4.5.5 Taste and odour considerations
• 5.0 Exposure
  • 5.1 Air
  • 5.2 Drinking water
  • 5.3 Food
  • 5.4 Swimming pools and hot tubs
• 6.0 Analytical methods
• 7.0 Treatment technology
  • 7.1 Municipal scale
  • 7.2 Residential scale
• 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism
  • 8.1 Absorption
  • 8.2 Metabolism
  • 8.3 Distribution and excretion
• 9.0 Health effects
  • 9.1 Effects in humans
  • 9.2 Effects on laboratory animals and in vitro test systems
    • 9.2.1 Acute toxicity
    • 9.2.2 Short-term exposure
    • 9.2.3 Dermal effects
    • 9.2.4 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity
    • 9.2.5 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity
    • 9.2.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
    • 9.2.7 Mode of action
• 10.0 Classification and assessment
  • 10.1 Aesthetic considerations
• 11.0 Rationale
• 12.0 References
• Appendix A: List of acronyms