Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Ammonia

Table of Contents

• Part I. Overview and Application
  • 1.0 Guideline
  • 2.0 Executive summary
    • 2.1 Health effects
    • 2.2 Exposure
    • 2.3 Analysis and treatment
  • 3.0 Application of the guideline
    • 3.1 Monitoring
• Part II. Science and Technical Considerations
  • 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment
    • 4.1 Ammonia and drinking water treatment and distribution
      • 4.1.1 Ammonia in raw water
      • 4.1.2 Use of ammonia for chloramination
    • 4.2 Environmental fate
      • 4.2.1 Water
      • 4.2.2 Air
      • 4.2.3 Soil
  • 5.0 Exposure
    • 5.1 Water
    • 5.2 Food
    • 5.3 Air
    • 5.4 Consumer products
    • 5.5 Soil
  • 6.0 Analytical methods
    • 6.1 U.S. EPA methods and Standard Methods
    • 6.2 Other available methods
  • 7.0 Treatment technology
    • 7.1 Municipal scale
      • 7.1.1 Biological treatment (controlled nitrification)
      • 7.1.2 Breakpoint chlorination
      • 7.1.3 Ion exchange
      • 7.1.4 Membrane filtration
      • 7.1.5 Combination of reverse osmosis and biological treatment
      • 7.1.6 Air stripping
      • 7.1.7 Emerging technologies
      • 7.1.8 Nitrification in the distribution system
    • 7.2 Residential scale
  • 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism
    • 8.1 Absorption
    • 8.2 Distribution and metabolism
    • 8.3 Excretion
  • 9.0 Health effects
    • 9.1 Effects in humans
      • 9.1.1 Acute toxicity
      • 9.1.2 Subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity
      • 9.1.3 Neurotoxicity
      • 9.1.4 Genotoxicity
    • 9.2 Effects on experimental animals
      • 9.2.1 Acute toxicity
      • 9.2.2 Short-term exposure
      • 9.2.3 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity
      • 9.2.4 Genotoxicity
      • 9.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
      • 9.2.6 Neurotoxicity
    • 9.3 Mode of action
  • 10.0 Classification and assessment
    • 10.1 International considerations
  • 11.0 Rationale
  • 12.0 References
• Appendix A: List of acronyms
• Appendix B: Analytical methods for the determination of ammonia-nitrogen in drinking water