Page 8: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Colour

References

Footnote 1

Black, A.P. and Christman, R.F. Characteristics of colored surface waters. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 55: 753 (1963).

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Footnote 2

Black, A.P. and Hannah, S.A. Measurement of low turbidities. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 57: 901 (1965).

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Footnote 3

Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. Chemistry for sanitary engineers. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto. p. 299 (1967).

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Footnote 4

American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 14th edition. Washington, DC (1976).

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Footnote 5

Wilson, A.L. Determination of organic matter in water by oxidation with potassium chromate. J. Appl. Chem., 9: 510 (1959).

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Footnote 6

Wilson, A.L. Determination of fulvic acids in water. J. Appl. Chem., 9: 501 (1959).

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Footnote 7

Martin, D.F. and Pierce, R.H., Jr. A convenient method of analysis of humic acid in fresh water. Environ. Lett., 1: 49 (1971).

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Footnote 8

Mrkva, M. Automatic u.v.-control system for relative evaluation of organic water pollution. Water Res., 9: 587 (1975).

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Footnote 9

Kawamura, S. Removal of color by alum coagulation. Water Sewage Works, 114: 282 (1967).

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Footnote 10

Christman, R.F. and Ghassemi, M. Chemical nature of organic color in water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 58: 723 (1966).

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Footnote 11

Bean, E.L. Progress report on water quality criteria. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 54: 1313 (1962).

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Footnote 12

Singley, J.E., Harris, R.H. and Maulding, J.S. Correlation of colour measurements to standard conditions. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 58: 455 (1966).

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Footnote 13

Research Committee on Color Problems. Report for 1966. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 59: 1023 (1967).

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Footnote 14

American Water Works Association. Water quality and treatment. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto (1971).

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Footnote 15

Department of Fisheries and the Environment. National inventory of municipal waterworks and wastewater systems in Canada 1975. Ottawa. p. 15 (1977).

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Footnote 16

Black, A.P. and Willems, D.G. Electrophoretic studies of coagulation for removal of organic color. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 53: 589 (1961).

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Footnote 17

Saville, T. On the nature of color in water. J. New Engl. Water Works Assoc., 31 (1917).

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Footnote 18

AWWA Research Committee on Coagulation and Research Committee on Color Problems. Joint report. Coagulation and color problems. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 62: 311 (1970).

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Footnote 19

Midwood, R.B. and Felbeck, G.T., Jr. Analysis of yellow organic matter from fresh waters. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 60: 357 (1968).

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Footnote 20

Lamar, W.A. and Goerlitz, D.F. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1817A, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1966).

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Footnote 21

Shapiro, J. Yellow acid-cation complexes in lake water. Science, 127: 702 (1958).

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Footnote 22

Packham, R.F. Studies of organic colour in natural waters. Proc. Soc. Water Treat. Exam., 13: 316 (1964).

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Footnote 23

Chalupa, J. Humic acids in water. II. Treatment of analytical data. Technol. Water (Czech), 1: 57 (1963).

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Footnote 24

Felbeck, G.T., Jr. In: Soil biochemistry. Vol. 2. A.D. McLaren and J. Skujins (eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. p. 54 (1971).

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Footnote 25

Novak, J.T., Goodman, A.S. and King, D.L. Aquatic-weed decay and color production. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 67: 134 (1975).

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Footnote 26

Day, H.R. and Felbeck, G.T., Jr. Production and analysis of a humic-acid-like exudate from the aquatic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 66: 484 (1974).

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Footnote 27

Ishiwatari, R. Chemical nature of sedimentary humic acids. In: Humic substances, their structure and function in the biosphere. Proceedings of an international meeting held at Nieuwersluis, Netherlands, May 29-31, 1972. D. Povoledo and H.L. Golterman (eds.). Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen. p. 87 (1975).

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Footnote 28

Schnitzer, M. and Khan, S.U. Humic substances in the environment. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY (1972).

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Footnote 29

Flaig, W., Beutelspacher, H. and Rietz, E. In: Soil components. Vol. 1. J.E. Gieseking (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY (1975).

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Footnote 30

Chen, Y. and Schnitzer, M. Scanning electron microscopy of a humic acid and of a fulvic acid and its metal and clay complexes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40: 682 (1976).

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Footnote 31

Khan, S.U. and Schnitzer, M. The retention of hydrophobic organic compounds by humic acid. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 36: 745 (1972).

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Footnote 32

Hague, R. and Schmedding, D. Studies on the adsorption of selected poly-chlorinated biphenyl isomers on several surfaces. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B11: 129 (1976).

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Footnote 33

Shapiro, J. Effect of yellow organic acids on iron and other metals in water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 56: 1062 (1964).

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Footnote 34

Lévesque, M.P. Fluorescence and gel filtration of humic compounds. Soil Sci., 113: 346 (1972).

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Footnote 35

Manning, P.G. and Ramamoorthy, S. Equilibrium studies of metal-ion complexes of interest to natural waters -- VII. Mixed ligand complexes of Cu(II) involving fulvic acid as primary ligand. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35: 1577 (1973).

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Footnote 36

Sieburth, J.B. and McNab, A.D. U.S. National Technical Information Service, Rep. No. PB-205777 (1971).

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Footnote 37

Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J. Chemical aspects of coagulation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 54: 971 (1962).

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Footnote 38

National Academy of Sciences. Water quality criteria 1972. Committee on Water Quality Criteria Rep. EPA-R-73-033, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. p. 51 (1973).

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Footnote 39

Zemansky, G.M. Removal of trace metals during conventional water treatment. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 66: 606 (1974).

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Footnote 40

McKee, J.E. and Wolf, H.W. (eds.). Water quality criteria. 2nd edition. Publ. No. 3-A, State Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, CA. p. 198 (1963).

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Footnote 41

Prakash, A., Jensen, A. and Rashid, M.A. Humic substances and aquatic productivity. In: Humic substances, their structure and function in the biosphere. Proceedings of an international meeting held at Nieuwersluis, Netherlands, May 29-31, 1972. D. Povoledo and H.L. Golterman (eds.). Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen. p. 259 (1975).

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Footnote 42

Hall, E.S. and Packham, R.F. Coagulation of organic color with hydrolyzing coagulants. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 57: 1149 (1965).

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Footnote 43

Narkis, N. and Rebhun, M. The mechanism of flocculation processes in the presence of humic substances. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 67: 101 (1975).

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Footnote 44

Shapiro, J. Chemical and biological studies on the yellow organic acids of lake water. Limnol. Oceanogr., 2: 161 (1957).

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Footnote 45

deHaan, H. The biological transformation of soluble humic substances in Tjeukemeer, The Netherlands: a preliminary report. In: Humic substances, their structure and function in the biosphere. Proceedings of an international meeting held at Nieuwersluis, Netherlands, May 29-31, 1972. D. Povoledo and H.L. Golterman (eds.). Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen. p. 63 (1975).

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Footnote 46

Mathur, S.P. and Paul, E.A. Microbial utilization of soil humic acids. Can. J. Microbiol., 13: 573 (1967).

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Footnote 47

Prakash, A. and Rashid, M.A. Influence of humic substances on the growth of marine phytoplankton dinoflagellates. Limnol. Oceanogr., 13: 598 (1968).

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Footnote 48

Bhardwaj, K.K.R. and Gaur, A.C. Indian J. Microbiol., 12: 19 (1972).

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Footnote 49

McLoughlin, A.J. and Kuster, E. Plant Soil, 37: 17 (1972).

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Footnote 50

Rook, J.J. Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters. J. Water Treat. Exam., 23: 234 (1974).

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Footnote 51

Bellar, T.A., Lichtenberg, J.J. and Kroner, R.C. The occurrence of organo-halides in chlorinated drinking waters. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 66: 703 (1974).

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Footnote 52

Stevens, A.A., Slocum, C.J., Seeger, D.R. and Robeck, G.G. Chlorination of organics in drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 68: 615 (1976).

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Footnote 53

Stevens, A.A. and Symons, J.M. Measurement of trihalomethane and precursor concentration changes. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 69: 546 (1977).

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Footnote 54

Menke, C.G. Removal of natural color-causing substances in laboratory analyses. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 54: 303 (1962).

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Footnote 55

Environment Canada. Analytical methods manual. Inland Waters Directorate, Ottawa (1974).

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Footnote 56

Pakalns, P. and Farrar, Y.J. The effect of surfactants on the extraction-atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of copper, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, zinc, cadmium and cobalt. Water Res., 11: 145 (1977).

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Footnote 57

King, D.L. The role of carbon in eutrophication. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 42: 2035 (1970).

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Footnote 58

Ramamoorthy, S. and Manning, P.G. Equilibrium studies of metal-ion complexes of interest to natural waters -- VIII. Fulvate-phosphate, fulvate-NTA, and NTA-phosphate complexes of Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺.
J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36: 695 (1974).

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Footnote 59

Gamble, D.S., Langford, C.H. and Tong, J.P.K. Cu²⁺-fulvic acid chelation equilibrium in 0.1 M KCl at 25.0°C. Can. J. Chem., 54: 1239 (1976).

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Footnote 60

Steelink, C. Humates and other natural organic substances in the aquatic environment. J. Chem. Ed., 54: 599 (1977).

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Footnote 61

Gjessing, E.T. Physical and chemical characteristics of aquatic humus. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI (1976).

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Footnote 62

van Beneden, G. and Leclerc, E. Les matières humiques. Leur comportement dans les eaux ou général, leur rôle dans la corrosion des métaux. Technol. Water (Czech), 8: 225 (1964).

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Footnote 63

Moore, M.R. Plumbosolvency of waters. Nature (London), 243: 223 (1973).

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Footnote 64

Kuhn, W., Sontheimer, H. and Kurz, R. Use of ozone and chlorine in water-works in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Ozone/ chlorine dioxide: oxidation products of organic materials. J.A. Cotruvo and R.G. Rice (eds.). Ozone Press International, Cleveland, OH. p. 426 (1978).

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Footnote 65

Public Health Service. Drinking water standards. Public Health Service Publ. No. 956, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Rockville, MD. p. 21 (1962).

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Footnote 66

Janecek, J. and Chalupa, J. Biological effects of peat water humic acids on warm-blooded organisms. Arch. Hydrobiol., 65: 515 (1969).

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Footnote 67

Hiller, E. Action of certain humic acids from bogs in the treatment of rheumatic fever. Med. Monatsschr., 6: 302 (1952); Chem. Abstr., 46: 8765 (1952).

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Footnote 68

Biber, V.A. and Bogolyubov, N.S. Biological activity of soil and peat humic acids. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR, 76: 313 (1951); Chem. Abstr., 45: 3974 (1951).

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Footnote 69

Biber, V.A. and Bogolyubov, N.S. Humic acid of estuary mud and its biological value. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR, 82: 939 (1952); Chem. Abstr., 46: 8162 (1952).

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Footnote 70

van Beneden, G. Les matières organiques dans les eaux et dans les agents de balnéothérapie. Presse Therm. Clim., 108: 195 (1971).

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Footnote 71

Klocking, R., Friemel, H. and Mucke, D. Acta Biol. Med. Ger., 18: 9 (1967); Biol. Abstr., 49: 65800 (1968).

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Footnote 72

Becking, G.C. and Yagminas, A.P. Unpublished observations.

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Footnote 73

Brown, V.M., Shaw, T.L. and Shurben, D.G. Aspects of water quality and the toxicity of copper to rainbow trout. Water Res., 8: 797 (1974).

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Footnote 74

Klocking, R. Influence of humic acids on the toxicity of lead. Proc. Eur. Soc. Toxicol., 16: 258 (1975).

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Footnote 75

Visser, S.A. Some biological effects of humic acid in the rat. Acta Biol. Med. Ger., 31: 569 (1973).

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