Archived: Air Pollutant Emission Inventory report: annex 2 - inventory development: part 3

A2.2 In-house estimates: continued

Table A2-3: estimation methodologies for Oil and gas industry by sector/subsector

Refined petroleum products bulk storage and distribution (under downstream oil and gas industry)

Description

Refined Petroleum Products Bulk Storage and Distribution covers fugitive VOC emissions from bulk distribution terminals and bulk plants. It includes volatile components of fuels that are emitted as fuel moves from the refinery to the end user whenever tanks are filled or emptied or while tanks are open to the atmosphere, be they large above-ground tanks, tank trucks, or railcars. In addition, the subsector includes emissions that occur from the evaporation of fuels spilled during transfer operations.

Only fugitive VOC emissions from bulk plants are estimated in-house.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
VOCs

Emissions are calculated using the gross sales of gasoline for on-road motor vehicles multiplied by emission factors developed by Tecsult (2006)

Activity data

Gross sales of gasoline for motor vehicles: Statistics Canada 1990-2017

Emission factors (EF)

Study on gasoline vapour recovery in Stage 1 distribution networks in Canada: Tecsult (2006)

Natural gas distribution (under downstream oil and gas industry)

Description

Natural Gas Distribution includes emissions from all infrastructure used to receive high-pressure natural gas from transmission pipelines and then reduce the pressure for distribution to end-users.  This sector consists of distribution pipelines (distribution mains and service lines), measurement and regulation stations, up to and including customer meters.

Emissions from related construction activities, ancillary structures and operations (buildings, offices, etc.), and mobile sources are included under the Construction Operations, Commercial Fuel Combustion and Mobile Sources (respectively) of the APEI.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃

Emission estimates are generated using data from comprehensive inventories (EC 2014, CAPP 2005a)  and extrapolated (CAPP 2005b) from 2012 onwards based on pipeline length.

Activity data

Gas Pipeline Distance, by province

Statistics Canada 2017c

Emission factors (EF)

EC 2014

Natural gas transmission and storage (under upstream oil and gas industry)

Description

Natural Gas Transmission includes emissions from all infrastructure used to transport pipeline quality natural gas to local distribution companies.  This sector consists of large diameter pipelines, compressor stations and metering facilities. Natural Gas Storage includes emissions from all infrastructure used to store natural gas produced during off-peak times (i.e. summer) for delivery during peak demand periods (i.e. winter).  Gas is stored in spent production fields, aquifers or salt caverns with facilities consisting of piping, meters, compressor stations and dehydrators.

Emissions from midstream services (e.g. straddle plants) and gas plants are included under Natural Gas Production and Processing.  Emissions from related construction activities, ancillary structures and operations (buildings, offices, etc.) and mobile sources are included under the Construction Operations, Commercial Fuel Combustion and Mobile Sources (respectively) of the APEI.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃

Emission estimates are generated using data from comprehensive inventories (EC 2014, CAPP 2005a), and extrapolated (CAPP 2005b) from 2012 onwards.  Natural gas transmission emissions are extrapolated based on pipeline length while natural gas storage emissions are extrapolated based on annual volumes of gas injected and withdrawn.

Activity data

Gas Pipeline Distance, by province (Statistics Canada 2017c)

Natural gas injections to storage and withdrawals from storage (Statistics Canada b)

Emission factors (EF)

EC 2014

Upstream oil and gas industry

Description

The Upstream Oil and Gas Industry includes emissions from all infrastructure used to locate, extract, produce, process/treat and transport natural gas, crude oil (light/medium oil, heavy oil, crude bitumen), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and condensate to market. It also includes emissions from onshore and offshore facilities, as well as drilling and exploration, conventional oil and gas production, open pit mining and in situ oil sands production, natural gas processing and oil transmission.  Specifically, this includes the following subsectors:

• Accidents and Equipment Failures
• Disposal and Waste Treatment
• Heavy Crude Oil Cold Production
• Light Medium Crude Oil Production
• Natural Gas Production and Processing
• Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction and Processing
• Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading
• Petroleum Liquids Transportation
• Well Drilling/Servicing/Testing

Emissions from related construction activities, ancillary structures and operations (buildings, offices, etc.), and mobile sources are included under the Construction Operations, Commercial and Institutional Fuel Combustion, and Transportation and Mobile Sources (respectively) of the APEI.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃

Emission estimates are generated using data from  comprehensive inventories (EC 2014, CAPP 2005a)  and are extrapolated (CAPP 2005b) from 2012 onwards using various provincial-level activity data. 

Activity data

EC (2014), AER (2017a,b,c,d,e), BC (2017), BCOGC (2017), CAPP (2017), CNLOPB (2017a,b,c,d,e), MB (2017), NBERD (2017), SK MOE (2017a,b,c,d), Statistics Canada (c, d). In addition to the extrapolated estimates, the SO_x estimates for Alberta Natural Gas Processing are adjusted to account for regulations that were developed after the model was originally created. The adjustments are made with both historical provincial data and NPRI data up to 2005. From 2006 onwards, NPRI data for Alberta SO_x emissions from gas plants are used due to the complete facility coverage. NPRI data for the Atlantic provinces are used in place of the model estimates due to the complete facility coverage for the region.  Additionally, extrapolated estimates for the Oil Sands In-Situ Extraction and Processing facilities are reconciled with NPRI data to eliminate double-counting.  NPRI data for Oil Sands Mining, Extraction and Upgrading are used due to the complete facility coverage of the subsector.

Emission factors (EF)

EC 2014

Table A2-4: estimation methodologies for manufacturing by sector/subsector

Bakeries

Description

Bakeries release VOCs during the leavening process of industrial baking. Emissions from products leavened by baking powder (used mainly for pastries) are negligible; however, VOCs are released when yeast is used for leavening. Yeast is used nearly exclusively in the production of bread and bread-like pastries.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
VOCs

Total quantity of bread produced by province/territory is multiplied by an emission factor for VOCs.

Activity data

Bread production values are estimated using:

• National bread/bakery product shipment values: Statistics Canada e
• Provincial bread/bakery product shipment values: Statistics Canada f 
• Monthly Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Bread/Rolls and Flatbreads: Statistics Canada g

Emission factors (EF)

Cheminfo (2005)

EF_VOC = 2.35 kg per tonne of baked goods

Grain industries

Description

Grain Industries covers emissions from grain elevators. Grain elevators are divided into four groups in the APEI:

Primary elevators receive grain by truck from producers for either storage or forwarding. These elevators sometimes clean or dry grain before it is transported to terminal or process elevators (U.S. EPA 1985).

Process elevators are grain processing plants or mills. While the elevator operations of unloading, conveying and storing are performed at these locations, direct manufacturing or processing of grain for use in other products are also carried out (U.S. EPA 1985).

Terminal elevators dry, clean, blend and store grain for shipment.

Transfer elevators generally perform the same function as terminal elevators.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5

Total grain production by province/territory is multiplied by process-specific emission factors through primary elevators, process elevators, transfer elevators and terminal elevators. Calculated emissions are reconciled with emissions reported through the National Pollutant Release Inventory.

Activity data

Annual grain production data by regions: CGC (2016)

Grain data: annual field crop production data by province (Statistics Canada v.)

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5: Pinchin Environmental Ltd (2007)

Sawmills, panel board mills and other wood products (under wood products)

Description

Sawmills cover emissions from facilities that typically produce hardwood and softwood lumber from logs. The process of converting wet logs into dry lumber includes debarking, sawing, drying and planing steps, which all release air emissions. 

Panel Board Mills include emissions from several types of mills, all producing hardwood and softwood-based materials. These include:

• Veneer and plywood mills
• Waferboard mills, consisting primarily of oriented strand board (OSB) mills 
• Particle board and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) mills

Other Wood Products encompass emissions from furniture and cabinet manufacturers, wood treating plants, wood pellet mills and Masonite manufacturers.

The combustion of various fuels for energy production or waste disposal, notably wood residues, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and fuel oil, is a common practice at wood products facilities. Significant amounts of air pollutant emissions result from combustion in this sector.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Sawmills and Panel Board Mills:

• TPM, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5: Estimation methodology makes use of the NPRI facility-reported data in addition to a number of production indicators to estimate the PM of the facilities not reporting to the NPRI (Natural Resources Canada, Forest Products Association of Canada and the Composite Panel Association, corporate website information, annual reports, Resource Information Systems Inc. publications, Madison publications and occasional discussion with industry representatives);
• All other pollutants: Production rate estimates, hog fuel combustion data, and other fuel use data are used to estimate emissions of the remaining pollutants (Meil et al. 2009; U.S. EPA 2014a).

The in-house estimates were last calculated for 2014 and have been carried forward to 2016.

Other Wood Products:
All pollutants: In-house estimates are not calculated for this subsector. Since 2005, emissions are from data reported to the NPRI by the facilities.

Activity data

NPRI 2016 data (ECCC 2018 ) and data sources for facilities not reporting to the NPRI, including:

• Natural Resources Canada: Status of Energy Use in the Canadian Wood Products Sector (Meil et al. 2009)
• Forest Products Association of Canada annual reports (proprietary reports)
• Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Forestry Products Group
• RISI North American Wood Panels and Engineered Wood Products Capacity Report (RISI 2013)
• Madison’s 2014 Online Lumber Directory (Madison 2014)
• Verbal communications with industry representatives (unpublished)

Emission factors (EF)

Sawmills: U.S. EPA (2012a)

Plywood manufacturing, particle board, oriented strand board: U.S. EPA (1995b)

Fuel combustion: Meil et al. (2009); U.S. EPA (1992, 1995b, 2014a)

Table A2-5: estimation methodologies for transportation and mobile equipment by sector/subsector

Air transportation

Description

Air transportation covers emissions from aircraft but not airport support equipment (captured as off-road applications).

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Aircraft-specific activity (landing/take-offs) by province/territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

The emission estimates from Air Transportation are calculated using Aircraft Movement Statistics (Statistics Canada i), a database developed by Statistics Canada based on flight-by-flight data, recorded at airport towers operated by NAV Canada post-1996 and Transport Canada pre-1996. The data are of the highest resolution available and are the only known such aircraft movement data within Canada.

Emission factors (EF)

For aircraft using turbo aviation fuel, hydrocarbon (HC), CO and NO_x emission factors are taken from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) databank (2009) databank for landing/take-offs (LTO), and from EMEP/CORINAIR (2006) for the cruise stage. Emission factors are mapped to representative aircraft, based on engine characteristics. SO₂ is estimated as a sulphur balance, using data from the Sulphur In Liquid Fuels reports (EC 2013). The NH₃ emission factor is taken from Coe et al. (1996). Emissions of PM during LTO are based on a paper by Wayson et al. (2009), which relates the smoke number from the ICAO databank to an emission factor in g/kg fuel consumed.

For aircraft using aviation gasoline, VOC, CO, PM₁₀ and NO_x emission factors are taken from the Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA 2007). No quantification of these emissions is performed at the cruise stage, due to a lack of emission factors. SO₂ is estimated as a sulphur balance, using data from the Sulphur In Liquid Fuels reports (EC 2013). The NH₃ emission factor is taken from Coe et al. (1996). PM_2.5 is calculated as 69% of PM₁₀ as per U.S. EPA (2005a). Lead is estimated as a lead balance, using the U.S. EPA’s 5% retention (U.S. EPA 2013). TPM is equal to PM₁₀ (U.S. EPA 2005a). Emissions of non-standard CACs are estimated as a ratio to PM₁₀ or HC/VOCs based on speciation profiles from the U.S. EPA (U.S. EPA 2005a).

Marine transportation

Description

Marine transportation covers emissions from commercial marine vessels, but not recreational marine engines (captured as off-road applications).

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Vessel-specific activity (movements) is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Vessel-specific movements:
1999-2010 - SNC-Lavalin Environment (2012)

2015 - INNAV (Coast Guard) data and data from the AIS (Automated Identification Systems) from ships

Due to the unavailability of activity data, emission estimates are calculated using interpolations for the years 2011 through 2014.

Emission factors (EF)

Emission factors originate from a variety of sources and are distinct per vessel type and dead weight tonnage, engine size and type, fuel type, and movement component (underway, anchor or berth). For this iteration of the APEI, the Marine Emission Inventory Tool (MEIT 2015) was used.

Emission factor sources, application and summaries are provided in Environment and Climate Change Canada’s “National Marine Emission Inventory – 2015 – Final Report” (in progress). MEIT natively outputs hydrocarbon (HC), but not VOCs. An HC-to-VOC conversion rate is taken from U.S. EPA (2010c). Emissions of non-standard CACs are estimated as a ratio to PM₁₀ or HC/VOC, based on speciation profiles from the U.S. EPA (2005a).

On-road vehicles

Description

On-road Vehicles include: Heavy-duty diesel vehicles, Heavy-duty gasoline trucks, Light-duty diesel trucks, Light-duty diesel vehicles, Light-duty gasoline trucks, Light-duty gasoline vehicles, Propane and natural gas vehicles, Motorcycles, and Tire Wear & Brake Lining.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Vehicle-specific activity (vehicle kilometres travelled) is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors in the MOVES model (version MOVES2014 was used for this submission).

Refuelling VOC emissions are included in under Service Stations.

Activity data

Data on the vehicle fleet (counts), defined by fuel type, model-year and gross vehicle weight rating, originate from DesRosiers Automotive Consultants (DAC 2014) and R. L. Polk & Co. (Polk & Co. 2013) for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, respectively. Motorcycle populations originate from the publication Road Motor Vehicle, Trailer and Snowmobile Registration (registrations) (Statistics Canada j, k ). The Annual Industry Statistics report (MMIC 2013) is used to estimate the age distribution of motorcycles by model year which is applied to motorcycle populations obtained from Statistics Canada. The actual activity level is vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). To arrive at estimates of VKT, vehicle counts are multiplied by mileage accumulation rates from Stewart-Brown Associates (Stewart-Brown 2012).

Emission factors (EF)

Emission factors for on-road vehicles are embedded in the MOVES model. More information on MOVES is available online, in the U.S. EPA user guides (U.S. EPA 2012b, 2014b) and in U.S. EPA technical guidance document (U.S. EPA 2010b).

Off-road vehicules and equipement

Description

Off-road Vehicles and Equipment consists of Off-road diesel vehicles and equipment and Off-road gasoline/LPG/CNG vehicles and equipment.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Application-specific activity (hours-of-use, load factor) is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors in the NONROAD model.

Activity data

Data on the applications (vehicle/engine counts, load factor, hours-of-use), defined by fuel type, model year and source classification code, originate from EC (2011).  The hours-of-use parameter was updated in 2017 for select equipment types.

Emission factors (EF)

Emission factors for off-road applications are embedded in the NONROAD model. For this iteration of the APEI, NONROAD version 2012C was used. This version is based on the U.S. EPA’s NONROAD2008, and modified by Environment and Climate Change Canada to exploit detailed activity data. Model operation is conducted following the user guide for NONROAD2005/2008 (U.S. EPA 2005b), given that the functionality of the models is the same.

Emissions of non-standard CACs are estimated as a ratio to PM10 or HC/VOC, based on speciation profiles in the SPECIATE4.2 database (U.S. EPA 2008). More information on the NONROAD model is available online.

Rail transportation

Description

Rail transportation covers emissions from the fuel consumed by locomotive engines.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Railway activity (fuel consumption) is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Fuel consumption data: Statistics Canada (1991-2017)

Emission factors (EF)

In 2013, the Rail Association of Canada (RAC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on locomotive emissions with Transport Canada for the period 2011–2015. Under the terms of the MOU, the RAC provides multiple datasets on the industry, including emission factors.

HC, CO, SO₂, PM₁₀ and NO_x emission factors are taken from RAC (2013). HC emissions are converted to VOCs using the method in U.S. EPA (2011). Ratios of PM₁₀ to PM_2.5 and TPM are taken from the U.S. EPA (U.S. EPA 2005a). The emission factor for NH₃ is taken from Coe et al. (1996). With the exception of dioxins/furans, emissions of non-standard CACs are estimated as a ratio to PM₁₀ or HC/VOCs, based on speciation profiles from U.S. EPA (2011). The dioxin/furan emission factor (0.54 ng/L) is taken from U.S. EPA (2006).