Archived: Air Pollutant Emission Inventory report: annex 2 - inventory development: part 5

A2.2 In-house estimates: continued

Table A2-7: estimation methodologies for commercial/residential/institutional by sector/subsector

Cigarette smoking

Description

Two sources of emissions are included under Cigarette Smoking:

1. Mainstream cigarette smoke, which is directly exhaled by the smoker
2. Sidestream smoke, which is directly released from burning cigarettes

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f

The average number of cigarettes smoked per year by the smoking population by province/territory is calculated and then multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Tobacco use/smoking prevalence: Health Canada (2017)

Population data: Statistics Canada 1991-2016

Since Health Canada’s Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS) is a biennial publication with 2015 being the most recently surveyed year, emission estimates for 2016 were calculated using the 2015 CTADS survey data and 2016 population data.

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5: Ott et al. (1996)
VOCs: Wallace et al. (1987)
CO: Ott et al. (1992)

NH₃: Roe et al. (2004)
Hg, Cd, Pb: Gray and Boyle (2002)
Dioxins/furans: U.S. EPA (2004b)
B(a)p, B(b)f, B(b)k: Ding et al. (2005)

Commercial and institutional fuel combustion, construction fuel combustion and residential fuel combustion

Description

Commercial and Institutional Fuel Combustion, Construction Fuel Combustion and Residential Fuel Combustion include emissions resulting primarily from external combustion sources used for space/water heating and material heating. Commercial establishments, health and educational institutions, government/public administration facilities, and residences all fall under these categories, in addition to construction sites.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Emissions are calculated for 10 types of fuel: natural gas, natural gas liquids, kerosene and stove oils, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, Canadian bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite coal, anthracite coal and imported coal.

Total usage by fuel type and province/territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Statistics Canada (1991-2016)

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO: U.S. EPA (1998)
(Emission factors are chosen to represent the typical type of combustion equipment for each fuel type.)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO for natural gas fuel: U.S. EPA (2004a)
Sulphur contents of liquid fuels: EC (2010)  
Sulphur contents of coal: CEA (2002)  

NH₃: Battye et al. (1994) ; Coe et al. (1996)  

Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f: CARB (2005); U.S. EPA (1998, 2003, 2004a)  
(Emission factors are selected to represent the typical type of combustion equipment for each fuel type.)

Commercial cooking

Description

Commercial Cooking includes emissions from cooking meat and french fries in commercial operations that are classified under five foodservice types: ethnic, fast food, family, seafood, and steak & BBQ.

The types of meat considered include beef steak, hamburger, poultry with skin, poultry without skin, pork, seafood and other. Five types of commercial cooking equipment are taken into account including: chain driven charbroilers, underfired charbroilers, deep-fat fryers, flat griddles and clamshell griddles. The commercial operations inventoried are defined as all commercial foodservice points of distribution that are open to the public, offer prepared meals and snacks for consumption on/off-premises, and operate in a fixed location.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOCs, CO, B(a)p

Commercial Meat Cooking (1999 to 2016):

1. Determined the number of restaurants in each province/territory that were classified as ethnic, fast food, family, seafood, steak & BBQ.
2. Determined the fraction of restaurants with commercial cooking equipment (i.e. chain driven charbroilers, underfired charbroilers, deep-fat fryers, flat griddles and clamshell griddles), the average number of units of each type of equipment per restaurant, and the average amount of food cooked (i.e. steak, hamburger, poultry with skin, poultry without skin, pork, seafood and other) on each type of equipment.
3. Applied pollutant-specific emission factors to each type of food for each type of commercial cooking equipment to get the final emission estimates.

Commercial Meat Cooking (1990 to 1998):

Emission estimates for 1999 were back-casted to 1990 using the gross domestic product (GDP) for NAICS [72]: Accommodation and Food Services (Statistics Canada o).

Commercial Cooking of French Fries (1990 to 2016):

The annual national consumption rate of frozen fries was multiplied by the annual provincial/territorial population and by a VOC-specific emission factor.

Activity data

Commercial Meat Cooking (1999 to 2016):

Activity data were estimated using:

• Annual restaurant census for Canada: ReCount Database (The NPD Group 2017)
• Statistics on the prevalence of commercial cooking equipment, for the five restaurant types (E.H. Pechan & Associates 2003)
• Statistics on the average number of pounds of meat cooked on each type of equipment per week for the seven types of meat (E.H. Pechan & Associates 2003)

Commercial Cooking of French Fries (1990 to 2016):

Activity data were estimated using:

• Provincial/territorial population data Statistics Canada a
• Annual Canadian consumption rates of frozen fries (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2015)
• Assumed 80% of French fries were purchased in restaurants (E.H. Pechan & Associates 2003)

Emission factors (EF)

Commercial Meat Cooking:

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOCs, CO, B(a)p: E.H. Pechan & Associates (2003)

Commercial Cooking of French Fries:

VOCs: (E.H. Pechan & Associates 2003)

Home firewood burning

Description

Home Firewood Burning encompasses emissions from wood burned in urban and rural homes for primary and supplementary heating, as well as for aesthetics and hot water, in both main and secondary residences. This covers household wood-burning devices such as wood-burning fireplaces, wood stoves, pellet stoves, outdoor boilers and a variety of other devices used in limited quantities, such as wood-fired cooking stoves.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

The quantity of wood burned by device type and province is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors by device type.

Activity data

Activity data from Canadian Facts (1997, 2006) and TNS Canada (2012) are converted from volume to mass utilizing the reported wood species burnt. Wood consumption is interpolated and extrapolated from the three points (1996, 2006 and 2012) to the time series using statistical information on household wood-burning devices from Statistics Canada (1997, 2010) and Tracey (2016).

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃: Gulland (2000)

Pb, Cd, Hg, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f: U.S. EPA (1995b)

Dioxins/furans: EC (2000)

Human

Description

Sources of ammonia emissions in the Human sector include respiration and perspiration and infant-diapered waste.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
NH₃

Respiration and perspiration:
Annual population data by province/territory are multiplied by an NH₃ emission factor.

Infant-diapered waste:
An annual estimate of the population aged 0-3 years by province/territory is multiplied by an NH₃ emission factor.

Activity data

Respiration and perspiration:
Population data:  Statistics Canada a

Infant-diapered waste:
Number of children aged 0-3 years by province/territory: Statistics Canada a

Emission factors (EF)

Respiration and perspiration and Infant-diapered waste:
NH₃: Roe et al. (2004)

Service Stations

Description

Service Station estimates covers fugitive VOC emissions from fuel transfers and storage from refined petroleum products retail, as well as fugitive emissions from the refuelling of on- and off-road vehicles.

Off-road refuelling emissions include all non-vehicle gasoline usage (lawn mowers, snow blowers, etc.).

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
VOCs

Refined petroleum products retail

Emissions are calculated using gasoline usage data multiplied by emission factors for underground tank filling and breathing.

For British Columbia and Ontario, emissions from service stations are broken down into regulated versus unregulated areas. An emission control efficiency of 50% is applied to the filling of underground storage tanks in regulated areas in British Columbia and Ontario. The rest of the country is assumed to have no control efficiency.

Off-road refuelling

Off-road refuelling emissions are calculated using off-road gasoline usage data multiplied by an emission factor for uncontrolled vehicle refuelling.

On-road refuelling

On-road refuelling estimates are produced using the MOVES model. This year’s estimates were made using MOVES2014. Vehicle-specific activity (vehicle kilometres travelled) is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Refined petroleum products retail: Gross sales of gasoline for motor vehicles: (Statistics Canada u)

Off-road refuelling: Off-road gasoline usage data (ECCC 2017b)

On-road refuelling: Data on the vehicle fleet (counts), defined by fuel type, model-year and gross vehicle weight rating, originate from DesRosiers Automotive Consultants (DAC 2014) and R. L. Polk & Co. (Polk & Co. 2013) for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, respectively.

Motorcycle populations originate from the Road Motor Vehicle, Trailer and Snowmobile Registration database (Statistics Canada k). The Annual Industry Statistics report (MMIC 2013) is used to estimate the age distribution of motorcycles by model year which is applied to motorcycle populations obtained from Statistics Canada. The actual activity level is vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). To arrive at estimates of VKT, vehicle counts are multiplied by mileage accumulation rates from Stewart-Brown Associates (Stewart-Brown 2012).

Emission factors (EF)

Refined petroleum products retail and off-road refuelling:
Evaporative emissions from gasoline service station operations (U.S. EPA 2008)

On-road refuelling: Emission factors for on-road vehicles are embedded in the MOVES model. More information on MOVES is available online, in the U.S. EPA user guides (U.S. EPA 2012b, 2014b) and in the U.S. EPA technical guidance document (U.S. EPA 2010b).

Table A2-8: estimation methodologies for incineration and waste by sector/subsector

Crematoriums

Description

Crematoriums cover emissions from the combustion of caskets and human bodies.

The combustion of fuel associated with the operation of a crematorium furnace or crematory fire is excluded from the sector. Fuel combustion emissions from cremations are captured under the Commercial Fuel Combustion sector. In-house estimates do not cover animal cremation, as these emissions are reported through the NPRI.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p, HCB

Number of human cremations per year by province/territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

Activity data for the years 2002-2016 is obtained from annual reports produced by the Cremation Association of North America (CANA): the Annual CANA Statistics Report 2012: Executive Summary (CANA 2013) covers 2002-2007 and the draft Annual CANA Statistics Report (CANA 2017) includes data from 2008-2016. Due to the unavailability of data for some years, emission estimates are calculated using linear interpolation for all provinces/territories for the year 2001-2002, and as well as Quebec for the years 2002–2007.

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5: U.S. EPA (2014a)
VOCs, HCB: EMEP/EEA (2013)
SO_x, NO_x, CO: EMEP/EEA (2009)
Hg, Cd, Pb: U.S. EPA (2014a)
Dioxins/furans:  U.S. EPA (2014a)
B(a)p, B(b)f, B(b)k, I(cd)p: U.S. EPA (2014a)

An average weight per body and casing of approximately 150 lbs. is assumed.

Industrial and commercial incineration (under Waste incineration)

Description

Industrial and Commercial Incineration involves the incineration of waste from industrial, commercial and institutional facilities.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg,

Methodology under review.

The in-house estimates were last calculated for 2011 and were carried forward to 2016

Activity data

Methodology under review.

Emission Factors (EF)

Methodology under review.

Municipal incineration (under Waste incineration)

Description

The Municipal Incineration sector involves the incineration of domestic waste, as well as non-hazardous and industrial waste.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, dioxins/furans

Methodology under review.

The in-house estimates were last calculated for 2011 and were carried forward to 2016.

Activity data

Methodology under review.

Emission factors (EF)

Methodology under review.

Landfills (under Waste Treatment and Disposal)

Description

Landfills include emissions from bulk non-hazardous waste disposed of in landfills across Canada. Materials deposited into landfills are covered daily with soil to prevent scattering of litter by wind, scavenging by animals, and odours. As a result, PM emissions are due to wind erosion, the movement of heavy vehicles and the dumping of waste.

VOC emissions are emitted as a small component of landfill gas (LFG) generated by the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste within the landfill.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOCs

The quantity of waste landfilled for each province/territory is applied to PM emission factors.

VOC emissions are calculated as a concentration of the total fugitive landfill gas released, derived from CH₄ emissions.

Activity data

The tonnage of waste landfilled is calculated based on the total amount of waste disposed by province as reported by Statistics Canada (Statistics Canada p), the amount of waste exported out of the province, and the amount of waste incinerated. Landfilled waste is assumed to be any disposed waste that was not exported or incinerated. Where landfill data is available directly from provincial sources, it is integrated into the activity data set.

The provincial CH₄ emissions calculated for Canada’s National Inventory Report (NIR) are used to estimate VOC emissions for the APEI. CH₄ emissions are calculated using a First Order Decay model, as described in the NIR.

Emission factors (EF)

TPM: BCMELP (1997)

PM₁₀, PM_2.5: GVRD and FVRD (2003). The EF_PM10 is calculated using a distribution percentage of 8% of the EF_TPM. The EF_PM2.5 is calculated using a distribution percentage of 2% of the EF_TPM.

VOCs: U.S. EPA (1995a). The default concentration of VOC in landfill gas is 835 ppmv.

Residential Waste Burning (under Waste Incineration)

Description

Emissions from Residential Waste Burning are related to on-site burning of residential waste materials in backyard barrels or to open-pit burning in rural areas.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p, HCB

Methodology under review.

Activity data

Methodology under review.

Emission factors (EF)

Methodology under review.

Other Incineration and Utilities

Description

Other Incineration and Utilities applies to emissions from sewage sludge incineration and other small incinerators. This sector includes only area sources emissions.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO_x, NO_x, VOCs, CO, NH₃, Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxins/furans

Methodology under review.

The in-house estimates were last calculated for 2011 and were carried forward to 2016.

Activity data

Methodology under review.

Emission factors (EF)

Methodology under review.