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Archived: Air Pollutant Emission Inventory report: annex 2 - inventory development: part 6

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A2.2 In-house estimates: continued

Table A2-9: estimation methodologies for paints and solvents by sector/subsector

Dry cleaning, general solvent use, printing and surface coatings

Description

Dry Cleaning includes emissions from companies that provide dry cleaning of fabric and leather items.

General Solvent Use consists of emissions from a broad range of applications occurring in residential, commercial, industrial and institutional settings. Industrial applications include uses such as degreasing, adhesives and sealants, aerosols, blowing agents and resin manufacturing. The use of consumer and commercial products, pesticides and personal care products is also included under General Solvent Use.

Printing covers emissions from the manufacturing or use of printing inks. The sector consists of flexographic, gravure, letterpress, lithographic and other printing.

Surface Coatings encompasses emissions from a broad range of applications and industries, including individuals and companies engaged in the manufacturing or use of paints and coatings.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
VOCs

The analysis methodology used is largely a “top-down” national mass balance approach that involves gathering statistical activity data on the production, distribution, end-use patterns and disposal of VOC-containing products, and then building relationships between stages. More detailed data on solvent quantities and practices are collected from a subset of solvent and formulated product users, producers and distributors in Canada.

Activity data

Solvent use quantities (1990 to 2004): Cheminfo (2007)

Solvent use quantities (2005 to 2014): Cheminfo (2016a)

Domestic consumption is determined using a national mass balance approach. Information on production, trade and inventory changes is obtained from various literature sources, Statistics Canada and interviews with a subset of solvent producers and distributors.

Projected estimates of national total solvent use for the years 2015 and 2016 were developed based on historical base year national total solvent use and macroeconomic growth and solvent growth ratios (Cheminfo 2016b).

Macroeconomic growth data (GDP by NAICS): Statistics Canada  q

Emission factors (EF)

The estimated use of emission control technologies is applied in each solvent application area. More specifically, emissions are calculated by taking the estimated quantity of solvent used in an application area multiplied by the estimated percentage of uncontrolled VOCs or:

EVOCs = Quantitysolventused  × (100% - % ControlledVOCs)

where EVOCs is the emission estimate of VOCs.
Emission controls (1990 to 2004): Cheminfo (2007)

Emission controls (2005 to 2014): Cheminfo (2016a)

If there is no estimated use of control technologies, then 100% of the solvent VOCs is assumed to evaporate.

Only a small portion of the estimated VOC emissions is reduced by the application of control technologies. Control efficiencies are applied (as percentages) in the following applications: flexographic, rotogravure and lithographic printing, aircraft coatings, automotive original equipment manufacture (OEM) coatings, metal can manufacturing, metal coil coating, metal furniture manufacturing, adhesives and sealants, and resin manufacturing (Cheminfo 2016a).

Table A2-10: estimation methodologies for dust by sector/subsector

Coal transportation

Description

Coal Transportation includes PM emissions resulting from the transportation of coal by rail or truck.
l. Most of the coal mined in Canada is carried to trans-shipment or export terminals by unit trains. Coal imported into Canada is shipped in lake and ocean vessels. Some imported coal is landed directly at the end users facility; some is transported by rail or truck inland from import terminals to end users. Coal is shipped by truck to rail load-out,  end-user and trans-shipment terminals by truck over shorter distances compared to rail (Cope and Bhattacharyya 2001).

Load-in and load-out losses are estimated and reported by mine facilities to the NPRI as part of fugitive emissions. Emissions from fuel combustion during coal transport (diesel, gasoline or oil) are inventoried separately as part of the Mobile Sources category.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5

Emissions are estimated for each source-destination rail or truck transportation route and summed by province.

Emission factors, for each rail or truck transportation route (source-destination) are derived from the distance travelled, the emission control/dust-mitigation effectiveness, and moisture (precipitation) along the route. For each province that a route crosses, the route emissions attributed to that province are determined from the proportion of the province-segment of the route to total route length.

The mass of coal transported along each route is determined based on the mine production (for mine to port or mine to end-user), or based on the coal demand by end-user (for imported coal to end-users) (Statistics Canada r, s, 1991-2017). Coal mine production sent to multiple destinations is proportioned based on documented coal shipping volumes to each destination, reported coal demand for coal-users, or proportioned based on estimates from Cope and Bhattacharyya (2001). Where no information was available, the coal production was proportioned to the various destinations based on the proximity between the mine and the destination.

The PM10 and PM2.5 emissions are calculated from the total particulate matter emissions based on a scaling factor.

Activity data

Coal mine production and coal-user demand: Statistics Canada  r, s, 1991-2017, 2015); Cope and Bhattacharyya (2001)
Monthly climate summaries: ECCC (2017a)
Rail Transportation Network: NRCan CANVEC (1:1M scale used)
Mine Locations: BC Minefile (Accessed 2017), Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) Coal Mine Locator (2015, Accessed 2017), environmental assessment reports, and in-house remote-sensing.

Emission factors (EF)

Cope and Bhattacharyya (2001)

Construction operations

Description

Construction Operations include PM emissions primarily resulting from soil disturbance on construction sites. The amount of soil disturbance is related to the surface area and duration of a construction project. The geographic region, type of construction (residential, industrial-commercial-institutional [ICI], engineering) and soil characteristics are all considered.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5

Residential Construction:
Emission factors (SNC Lavalin Environment, 2005) are applied to the number of housing starts, the average lengths of construction (duration) and buildings-to-hectares conversion factors, by province/territory and dwelling type. The number of houses with basements, average basement area and depth (volume of earth moved) are also considered. Emission factors are corrected for soil texture using average provincial soil silt contents weighted by the areas of highest residential construction or average territorial level soil silt contents. Thornthwaite’s precipitation-evaporation (PE) index by province/territory is used to correct the emission factors for soil moisture.

ICI and Engineering Construction:
Methodology under review.

The in-house estimates for ICI were last calculated for 2012 and are carried forward to 2016.

Activity data

Residential Construction:
Dwelling starts: Statistics Canada t CMHC (2017)

Average lengths of construction: CMHC (2017)

Buildings to hectares conversion factors: SNC Lavalin Environment (2005)

Average basement area and depth: SNC Lavalin Environment (2005)

Number of homes with basements: SNC Lavalin Environment (2005)

ICI and Engineering Construction:
Methodology under review.

Emission factors (EF)

Residential Construction:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5: SNC Lavalin Environment (2005)

Correction factors:
% Silt ContentFootnote 1

Precipitation-Evaporation (PE) Index: SNC Lavalin Environment (2005)

ICI and Engineering Construction:
Methodology under review.

Mine tailings

Description

Mine Tailings covers emissions of particulates resulting primarily from wind erosion at mine tailings ponds located on active and inactive mine sites.

Concentrators used for mining produce both a finely-milled concentrate rich in the desired metal(s) and a solids-laden mine tailings stream. This slurry is sent to a tailings pond where the solids settle out of suspension and the supernatant solution is either recycled back in the process or discharged as effluent. It is common practice to keep the solids in the tailings pond submerged, even when the mine is inactive or closed. If the solids in the pond are no longer submerged, fugitive particulate emissions occur through wind dispersion.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5

Methodology under review.

The in-house estimates were last calculated for 2005 and are carried forward to 2015.

Activity data

Methodology under review.

Emission factors (EF)

Methodology under review.

Paved roads

Description

Emissions from the Paved Road Dust sector originate from primary (road abrasion) and secondary (re-suspended) PM emissions.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5

Road Abrasion, or primary paved road emissions, are produced by multiplying the total vehicle kilometers travelled for each province/territory by pollutant-specific emissions factors.

The methodology for secondary (re-suspended) emissions is currently under review. The emissions were last estimated for 2002 and have been carried forward to 2016. The method used up to 2002 was based on an empirical equation from the US EPA AP-42 Section 13.2.1 (1995a).

Activity data

The same method used to calculate VKT for Mobile Sources was used to estimate VKT for the primary and secondary emissions.

Methodology under review for secondary emissions.
The former method, based on the US EPA AP-42 (1995a) calculation required information on silt loading, average vehicle weights, road types, precipitation and distance travelled by vehicles (VKT) on the road.

Emission factors (EF)

Primary - EMEP/EEA (2013)
Secondary - Methodology under review.

Unpaved roads

Description

Emissions from the Unpaved Road Dust sector originate from suspension and re-suspension PM emissions

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5

Methodology under review.

The estimates were last calculated for 2002 and have been carried forward to 2016.

Activity data

Methodology under review.

The former method, based on the US EPA AP-42 (1995a) calculation required information on road surface material silt content, average vehicle weights, road surface material moisture content, and distance travelled by vehicles (VKT) on the road. The same method used to calculate VKT for Mobile Sources was used to estimate VKT for the Dust from Unpaved Roads.

Emission factors (EF)

Methodology under review.

Table A2-11: estimation methodologies for fires by sector/subsector

Prescribed Forest Burning

Description

Prescribed Forest Burning includes emissions from controlled fires used for land management treatments. Prescribed burning is used to reduce logging residues, manage forest production, control insects and minimize potential for destructive wildfires. The practice of prescribed burning is carried out by the logging industry and forestry officials to manage Crown lands. This sector excludes the burning of agricultural residues.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, VOCs, CO, NH3, dioxins/furans, B(a)p, B(b)f, B(k)f, I(cd)p

Total annual mass of forest debris burned by fire and by province/territory is multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

The total number of hectares burned in each province/territory per year (CIFFC 2016; PCA 2016; NFD 2016) is multiplied by a conversion factor for each province/territory (EC 1992) to convert the area burned into the mass of forest debris burned. Pollutant and province-specific emission factors are then applied to the mass of forest debris to determine the release of pollutants from the burn.

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, VOCs, CO, NH3:

All provinces/territories (except British Columbia):  U.S. EPA (1995a)

British Columbia:
GVRD and FVRD (2003), BCMWLAP (2004).

Dioxins/furans, B(b)f, B(k)f: Lemieux et al. (2004)
B(a)p, I(cd)p: Johnson et al. (1992)

Structural fires

Description

Structural Fires cover emissions from vehicle fires (such as fires from cars, trains and airplanes) and buildings fires. Structural fires emit large quantities of pollutants due to rapid but incomplete combustion. This sector includes only area sources emissions.

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
TPM, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, VOCs, CO, NH3

Tonnes of structures burned per year, by province/territory, are multiplied by pollutant-specific emission factors.

Activity data

The Secretary/Treasurer of the Council of Canadian Fire Marshals and Fire CommissionersFootnote 2   (CCMFC) and the following members of the CCMFC are contacted to obtain the number of annual structural fires in their jurisdictions:

Number of structure fires in each province/territory is multiplied by a loading factor to convert the number of fires into tonnes of structure burned (EIIP 2001). 

Loading factor = 1.04 t of structure burned/fire

Due to the unavailability of activity data, emission estimates for 2001, 2002 and 2004 are calculated using linear interpolation.

Emission factors (EF)

TPM, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, VOCs, CO: GVRD and FVRD (2003)

NH3: Battye et al. (1994)

Table A2-12: estimation methodology for mercury in products by sector/subsector

Mercury in products

Description

Mercury in Products covers emissions from Hg contained in products throughout their life cycle from manufacture to final disposition. The following products are included:

Emissions from the above devices impact the following sectors/subsectors:

General inventory method

Pollutant(s) Estimated:
Hg

Methodology under review.

The in house estimates  were last calculated  for 2008 and have been carried forward to 2016.

Activity data

Methodology under review.

Emission factors (EF)

Methodology under review.

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