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This historical page is being kept for research or reference
purposes and will not be updated.

This historical page is being kept for research or reference
purposes and will not be updated.

Appendix A: Tables 1 to 13

Table 1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Ethylene Glycol
Property Parameter Reference Fugacity Model
Input Parameters
(Mackay et al. 1995)
Molecular formula C2H6O2
Molecular weight (g/mol) 62.07 62.07
CAS registry number 107-21-1
Common synonyms glycol, glycol alcohol, ethylene alcohol, ethylene dihydrate, monoethylene glycol, 1,2-dihydroxyethane, 1,2-ethanediol
Physical state (25°C) colourless liquid
Melting point (°C) -13
-11.5		 Budavari et al. 1989
Howard 1990
Weast 1982-1983
IPCS 1993
HSDB 1999		 -13
Boiling point (°C) 197.6 Budavari et al. 1989
Howard 1990
IPCS 1993
HSDB 1999
Density (g/mL) at 20°C 1.1135
1.1
1.1088
1.1130		 Budavari et al. 1989
IPCS 1993
HSDB 1999
Verschueren 1983
Vapour pressure (Pa) 6.7 (20°C)
7 (20°C)
12.27 (5°C)
11.7 (25°C)
 Verschueren 1983
IPCS 1993
Howard 1990
HSDB 1999		 12
Henry's Law constant (Pa·m3/mol) 6.08 × 10-3
5.81 × 10-6 (calculated)
2.37 × 10-5 (calculated)
6.0 × 10-3 (experimental)		 Howard 1990
Hine and Mookerjee 1975
Hine and Mookerjee 1975
Hine and Mookerjee 1975		 7.5 × 10-3 (calculated based on fictitious water solubility of 1.0 × 105)
Log Kow -1.36
-1.93
-2.02		 Howard 1990
Verschueren 1983
Iwase et al. 1985
 -1.36
Solubility in water miscible Budavari et al. 1989
IPCS 1993		 1.0 × 1011 mg/L
Conversion factor multiply by 1.11 g/mL to convert µL/L to mg/L
Half-life -- air 0.35-3.5 days 0.24-2.4
hours		 Howard et al. 1991
Darnall et al. 1976		 55 hours
Half-life -- water 2-12 days (aerobic)
8-48 days (anaerobic)		 Howard et al. 1991
Howard et al. 1991		 55 hours
Half-life -- groundwater 4-24 days Howard et al. 1991
Half-life -- soil 2-12 days Howard et al. 1991 55 hours
Half-life -- sediment - - 170 hours
Table 2: Ethylene Glycol Releases from all Reporting Sources (NPRI 1994 - 2005)
Report Year Number of
Reporting
Facilities		 Total
Disposal		 Total
Recycled		 Untreated
Releases		 Total Glycol
Releases
1994 237 2073 821 2931 5825
1995 237 3523 359 3857 7739
1996 275 3775 353 3765 7893
1997 289 3997 913 4569 9479
1998 294 2874 2748 2986 8608
1999 327 3198 1632 2207 7037
2000 333 4390 7230 2570 14 190
2001 337 5597 3358 2346 11 301
2002 358 5985 2202 1571 9759
2003 345 5215 2953 2331 10 500
2004 345 4573 2702 2358 9633
2005 353 5270 2675 2175 10 119

Notes: All releases in tonnes. "Untreated Releases" does not include underground injection.

Table 3: Untreated Ethylene Glycol Releases, by Compartment, All Sources (NPRI 1994-2005)
Year Reporting
Facilities		 Compartment Total
Releases
Air Water Land Underground
Injection
1994 178 377 91 2453 77 2998
1995 165 533 72 3247 220 4072
1996 188 504 69 3188 233 3994
1997 192 378 26 4161 133 4698
1998 175 256 33 2691 139 3119
1999 203 284 28 1890 245 2447
2000 190 317 68 2179 422 2986
2001 223 247 58 2037 123 2465
2002 188 312 51 1206 173 1742
2003 185 352 444 1532 173 2501
2004 184 343 545 1465 126 2479
2005 177 297 572 1301 93 2263
Table 4: Ethylene Glycol Releases from Airports
Reporting
Year		 Untreated
Releases		 Disposal Recycling Total
1998 2450 1418 709 4577
1999 1797 1874 466 4137
2000 2163 3090 346 5599
2001 2019 4322 347 6688
2002 1165 4364 654 6183
2003 1445 4030 844 6319
2004 1405 3536 988 5929
2005 1232 4236 1277 6745

Source: NPRI 2005. All releases are in tonnes.

Table 5: Summary Statistics of Concentrations of Ethylene Glycol in Stormwater Released from Canadian Airports in Selected Years
Deicing season Number of samples Summary statistics and percentiles of
distribution of measured concentrations
(mg/L)
Mean Median 75th 90th 95th 99th Maximum
1997-98 1606 22 4 10 38 80 256 3700
1998-99 1676 23 5 12 45 65 180 4700
1997-99 combined 3282 23 5 10 42 72 200 4700
2003-04 1508 27 5 12 46 82 478 1860
2004-05 1728 19 4 11 51 76 136 2560
2003-05 combined 3236 23 5 12 49 78 224 2560
Table 6: Direct Toxicity Risk Quotients for Exposure of Algae to Ethylene Glycol
Effluent
concentration
(mg/L)		 Descriptor EEV in
receiving water
(mg/L)		 Quotient1
4700 Highest maximum, 1997-1999 seasons 470 0.719
200 99th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons 20 0.031
72 95th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons 7 0.012
2560 Highest maximum, 2003-2005 seasons 256 0.391
224 99th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons 22 0.034
78 95th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons 8 0.012

1 Quotient is derived by dividing the EEV by the ENEV (654 mg/L).

Table 7: Direct Toxicity Risk Quotients for Exposure of Amphibians to Ethylene Glycol
Effluent
concentration
(mg/L)		 Descriptor EEV in
receiving water
(mg/L)		 Quotient1
4700 Highest maximum, 1997-1999 seasons 470 0.993
200 99th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons 20 0.042
72 95th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons 7 0.015
2560 Highest maximum, 2003-2005 seasons 256 0.541
224 99th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons 22 0.047
78 95th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons 8 0.017

1 Quotient is derived by dividing the EEV by the ENEV (473 mg/L).

Table 8: Indirect Toxicity Risk Quotients for Exposure of Aquatic Biota to Ethylene Glycol
Effluent
concentration
(mg/L)		 Descriptor EEV in
receiving
water
(mg/L)		 Oxygen
deficit1
(mg/L)		 Quotient2
4700 Highest maximum, 1997-1999 seasons 470 57.9 16.1
200 99th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons 20 3.1 0.86
72 95th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons 7 1,3 0.37
2560 Highest maximum, 2003-2005 seasons 256 32.9 9.13
224 99th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons 22 3.4 0.95
78 95th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons 8 1.6 0.44

1 Oxygen deficit is the application of the Streeter and Phelps (1925) oxygen sag model to provide the number of mg O2/L below the saturation point of 13.1 mg O2/L and resulting from the assumed EEV in the receiving water.
2 The quotient represents the ratio between the calculated oxygen deficit and the minimal oxygen deficit of 3.6 mg/L needed to meet the cold-water CCME freshwater guideline of 9.5 mg/L, assuming a water temperature of 4°C.

Table 9: Upper-bounding Estimates of Daily Intake of Ethylene Glycol by the General Population of Canada
(μg/kg-bw per day)
Route of Exposure 0 - 6 Months 1 0.5 - 4
Years2		 5 - 11
Years3		 12 - 19
Years4		 20 - 59
Years5		 60 +
Years6
Formula
Fed		 Not
Formula
Fed
Ambient air7 2.6 2.6 5.6 4.4 2.5 2.1 1.9
Indoor air8 54.6 54.6 117.1 91.3 51.9 44.6 38.8
Food and beverages9 2.4 2.4 34.4 41.1 31.9 16.8 12.2
Drinking water10 - - - - - - -
Soil11 - - - - - - -
Total intake 60 60 157 137 86 64 53

1 Assumed to weigh 7.5 kg, to breathe 2.1 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
2 Assumed to weigh 15.5 kg, to breathe 9.3 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
3 Assumed to weigh 31.0 kg, to breathe 14.5 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
4 Assumed to weigh 59.4 kg, to breathe 15.8 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
5 Assumed to weigh 70.9 kg, to breathe 16.2 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
6 Assumed to weigh 72.0 kg, to breathe 14.3 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
7 The Ontario Ministry of Environment (formerly the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy) measured levels of ethylene glycol at 12 different public areas located in Windsor, Ontario in 1992 (OMEE 1994b). The maximum concentration (75 µg/m3) was used to calculate the upper-bounding estimate of exposure for ambient air. Canadians are assumed to spend 3 hours outdoors each day (EHD 1998).
8 Zhu et al. (2004) measured levels of ethylene glycol in nine residential homes (two apartments and seven single detached houses), one attached residential garage, one office and two laboratories. The maximum concentration observed in a residential home (223 µg/m3) was used to calculate the upper-bounding estimate of exposure. Canadians are assumed to spend 21 hours indoors each day (EHD 1998).
9 Refer to the State of the Science Report on ethylene glycol (Environment Canada and Health Canada 2000) for more details on the values of ethylene glycol that may be found in food and beverages.
10 Concentrations of ethylene glycol in Canadian drinking water or elsewhere were not identified.
11 Background concentrations of ethylene glycol in Canadian soils or elsewhere were not identified.

Table 10: Upper-bounding Estimates of Daily Intake of Ethylene Glycol by a Highly Exposed Population in the Immediate Vicinity of an Industrial Point Source
(µg/kg-bw per day)
Route of Exposure 0 - 6 months 1 0.5 - 4
Years2		 5 - 11
Years3		 12 - 19
Years4		 20 - 59
Years5		 60 +
Years6
Formula
Fed		 Not
Formula
Fed
Ambient air7 5.39 5.39 11.55 9.01 5.12 4.40 3.82
Indoor air8 54.6 54.6 117.1 91.3 51.9 44.6 38.8
Food and beverages9 2.4 2.4 34.4 41.1 31.9 16.8 12.2
Soil11 17 17 28 9 2 2 2
Total intake 79 79 191 150 91 68 57

1 Assumed to weigh 7.5 kg, to breathe 2.1 m3 of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
2 Assumed to weigh 15.5 kg, to breathe 9.3 m3 of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 100 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
3 Assumed to weigh 31.0 kg, to breathe 14.5 m3 of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 65 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
4 Assumed to weigh 59.4 kg, to breathe 15.8 m3 of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
5 Assumed to weigh 70.9 kg, to breathe 16.2 m3 of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
6 Assumed to weigh 72.0 kg, to breathe 14.3 m3 of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day.(EHD 1998).
7 Based on the maximum 24-hr average concentration (154 *g/m3) predicted in ambient air in a nearby residences located outside of outer property boundary of an ethylene glycol manufacturing facility in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada (Sciences International, 2003). Canadians are assumed to spend 3 hours outdoors each day (EHD 1998). These values are likely underestimated as they do not take into account the higher levels of ethylene glycol expected to be found in indoor air of residences located near the vicinity of an industrial point source.
8 Zhu et al. (2004) measured levels of ethylene glycol in nine residential homes (two apartments and seven single detached houses), one attached residential garage, one office and two laboratories. The maximum concentration observed in a residential home (223 µg/m3) was used to calculate the upper-bounding estimate of exposure. Canadians are assumed to spend 21 hours indoors each day (EHD 1998).
9 Refer to the State of the Science Report For Ethylene Glycol from 2000 for more details on the values of ethylene glycol that may be found in food and beverages.
10 Based on the maximum reported concentration (4290 mg/kg) in soil near an industrial point source of discharge (AEP 1996).

Table 11: Upper-bounding Estimates of Exposure to Ethylene Glycol from Use of Consumer Products
Consumer Product Type Assumptions Estimated Concentrations and Intakes
Latex wall paint

Inhalation (do-it-yourself painter)

  • Use Wall Paint Exposure Assessment Model (WPEM), version 3.2 2001 (US EPA 2001) and its default values (unless otherwise stated) for a do-it-yourself adult painter (RESDIY) in a painted area.
  • Assume paint is 1 coat of primer and 2 coats of paint.
  • Select ethylene glycol as the chemical of interest.
  • Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in both the primer and the paint to be 5.0% (NLM 2007; ICI 2007).
  • Assume that teenagers, adults and seniors may be painters.
 Highest 8-hour concentration = 22 mg/m3
Highest instantaneous concentration = 31 mg/m3

Inhalation adult/child occupant)

  • Use Wall Paint Exposure Assessment Model (WPEM), version 3.2 2001 (US EPA 2001) and its default values (unless otherwise stated) for a child residing in house being painted (RESCHILD) located in the building but not in the painted area.
  • Assume paint is 1 coat of primer and 2 coats of paint
  • Select ethylene glycol as chemical of interest.
  • Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in both the primer and the paint to be 5.0% (NLM 2007; ICI 2007).
  • Assume all age groups may be occupants
 Highest 8-hour concentration = 9.63 mg/m3
Highest instantaneous concentration = 10.3 mg/m3

Dermal (do-it-yourself painter)

  • Assume a paint density of 1.24 g/cm3, surface area exposed to be 220 cm2 (10% of the surface area of the face, hands and forearms), a film thickness of 0.0098 cm (US EPA 1986)
  • Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in both the primer and the paint to be 5.0% (NLM 2007; ICI 2007)
  • Assume 100% absorption through skin.
  • Assume adult body weight of 70.9 kg (EHD 1998).

Intake equation

 Intake = 1.9 2 mg/kg bw per day
Floor Polish/Wax

Inhalation (adult/child occupant)

  • Use ConsExpo, version 4.1 (RIVM, 2006) and its default values (unless otherwise stated) for adult applying floor polish to living room floor (22m2) using a cloth and manually rubbing floor, twice/ yr, undiluted product, leave the room after polishing.
  • Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in floor polish to be 3.5 based on value referenced in SoS Report (2000). Note: CCSPA (2007) indicated a typical range of 1-3%.
 Mean event concentration = 2.09 mg/m3
Auto wax/paste1

Dermal contact by applicator

  • Assume a maximum concentration of 3.0%, an exposed surface area equal to 400 cm2 (palm and fingers of average adult), product density of 1.022 g/cm3, a film thickness of 0.00325 cm (US EPA 1986).
  • Assume adult body weight of 70.9 kg (EHD 1998).

Intake equation

 Intake = 0.56 mg/kg-bw per day

1 Assume this activity would be done outdoors and therefore inhalation exposure to ethylene glycol would be negligible (US EPA, 1986).

Table 12: Benchmark Dose (BMD) Values for Key Toxicity Studies: Gaunt et al. (1974), Depass et al. (1976), Neeper-Bradley et al. (1995), Cruzan et al. (2004) and ACC (2005)
End Point BMD05
(mg/kg/day)		 BMDL05
 (mg/kg/day)		 Lack of fit
(P-Value)
Gaunt et al. (1974)*
Kidney tubule damage 39.3 18.6 0.87
Individual nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration 83.8 45.1 0.86
Individual nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration and occasional oxalate 217.6 75.4 0.75
Several nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration and frequent crystals 553.9 180.1 1.00
Nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration and oxalate crystals 173.4 67.3 0.90
Generalized tubular damage with heavy crystals 456.5 158.1 1.00
Depass et al. (1986)
Tubular dilation 726.5 476.1 0.70
Tubular dilation 726.5 476.1 0.70
Hydronephrosis 367.0 230.0 0.11
Oxalate nephrosis 313.2 272.5 0.41
Calcium oxalate crystalluria 704.0 521.6 0.93
Neeper-Bradley et al. (1995)
Extra 14th rib per litter 141.3 23.1 0.91
Extra 14th rib per fetus 103.6 87.9 0.01
Cruzan et al. (2004)
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy severity ≥1 vs. severity 0 160.7 71.5 0.92
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥2 vs. severity ≤1 194.7 73.0 0.98
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥3 vs. severity ≤2 158.2 52.9 0.68
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥4 vs. severity ≤3 326.4 95.1 0.98
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity 5 vs. severity ≤4 398.5 106.6 0.96
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥1 vs. severity 0 348.0 164.3 0.82
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥2 vs. severity ≤1 367.1 214.8 0.46
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥3 vs. severity ≤2 437.8 226.7 0.79
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥4 vs. severity ≤3 704.3 241.6 0.99
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥5 vs. severity ≤4 704.3 241.6 0.99

* These data were originally modeled in 1999 using a multistage model with a threshold term (d0), which was standard practice at the time. The current practice is to omit the threshold term since the resulting BMDs are more conservative.

Table 13: Maternal and Developmental Effects in CD-1 Mice from Nose-only Exposure to Ethylene Glycol During Gestation Days 6-15 (Tyl, et al. 1995)
Target Concentration
(mg/m3)		 Average
Measured Concentration
(mg/m3)		 Maternal
Effects
Observed		 Developmental
Effects
Observed
0 0 No effects No effects
500 360 No significant effects observed No significant effects observed
1000 779 Increased absolute kidney weight No significant effects observed
2500 2505 Increased absolute and relative (~7%; p<0.05) kidney weights Reduced fetal body weights per litter, increase incidence of skeletal variations and fused ribs

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2022-11-15