References

Abdallah MAE, Harrad S, Covaci A. 2008a. Hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in indoor air and dust in Birmingham U.K. : Implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 42:6855–6861.

Abdallah MAE, Harrad S, Ibarra C, Diamond M, Melmymuk L, Robson M, Covaci A. 2008b. Hexabromocyclododecanes in indoor dust from Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Environ Sci Technol. 42:459–464.

[ACC] American Chemistry Council. 2002. Robust summaries and test plans: Cyclododecane. HPV test plan. Submitted by American Chemistry Council (ACC) Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (BFRIP). Washington (DC): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [cited 2007 August 23] . Available from: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/cyclodod/c13459tc.htm

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2002. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A toxicity test to determine the effects of the test substance on seedling emergence of six species of plants. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439-103. 126 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2003a. Effect of hexabromocyclododecane on the survival and reproduction of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Columbia (MO) ABC Laboratories, Inc.; Easton (MD) : Wildlife International, Ltd. ABC Study No. 47222. 94 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2003b. Evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic transformation of hexabromocyclododecane in aquatic sediment systems. Midland (MI): The Dow Chemical Company, Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting. Laboratory Project Study ID 021081. 61 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2003c. Evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic transformation of hexabromocyclododecane in soil. Midland (MI): The Dow Chemical Company, Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting. Laboratory Project Study ID 021082. 87 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2003d. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A prolonged sediment toxicity test with Hyalella azteca using spiked sediment with 2% total organic carbon. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439A-119B. 103 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2003e. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A prolonged sediment toxicity test with Hyalella azteca using spiked sediment with 5% total organic carbon. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439A-120. 102 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2003f. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): An activated sludge respiration inhibition test. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439E-108A. 32 pp.

[ACCBFRIP] American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2005. HPV data summary and test plan for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CAS No. 3194556. December 20, 2001. Updated September 2003 and March 2005. Arlington (VA): American Chemistry Council Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 52 pp.

Ackers JT, Johnston MF, Haasch ML. 2000. Immunodetection of hepatic peroxisomal PMP70 as an indicator of peroxisomal proliferation in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Marine Environ Res 50:361–365 [cited in Ronisz et al. 2004].

Alaee M, Muir D, Cannon C, Helm P, Harner T, Bidleman T. 2003. Sources, occurrences, trends and pathways in the physical environment. In Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II. Ottawa (ON): Indian and Northern Affairs Canada . p. 116–124.

Alaee M, Tomy GT, Budakowski W, Halldorson T, Whittle DM, Keir MJ, Marvin C, MacInnis G. 2004. Biomagnification of α - and γ-hexabromocyclododecane isomers in a Lake Ontario food web. Environ Sci Technol 38(8):2298–2303.

Albemarle Corporation. 2000a. Saytex 9006L Flame Retardant. Baton Rouge (LA): Albemarle Corporation. 2 pp.

Albemarle Corporation. 2000b. Saytex HP-900 Flame Retardant. Baton Rouge (LA): Albemarle Corporation. 2 pp.

Allchin CR, Morris S. 2003. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers and brominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE) residues in edible fish from the rivers Skerne and Tees, U.K. 2003. Organohalogen Compd 61:41–44.

Antignac JR, Cariou R, Maume D, Marchand P, Monteau F, Zalko D, Berrebi A, Cravedi JP, Andre F, Le Bizec B. 2008. Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in France: preliminary data. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:258–265.

[AOPWIN] Atmospheric Oxidation Program for Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 1.92. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation.

Arnot JA, Gobas FAPC. 2003. A generic QSAR for assessing the bioaccumulation potential of organic chemicals in aquatic food webs. QSAR Comb Sci 22(3):337–345.

Arnot JA, Mackay D, Parkerton T, Bonnell M. 2008. A database of fish transformation rate constants. Environ Toxicol Chem 27(11):2263–70.

Asplund L, Bignert A, Nylund K. 2004. Comparison of spatial and temporal trends of methoxylated PBDEs, PBDEs, and hexabromocyclododecane in herring along the Swedish coast. Organohalogen Compd 66:3988–3993.

[ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials. 1991. Standard guide for conducting renewal life-cycle toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. Standard E1193-87. In Annual book of ASTM standards. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials.

[ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials. 1995. Standard test methods for measuring the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants with fresh water invertebrates. Standard E1706-95b. In Annual book of ASTM standards. Philadelphia (PA): American Society of Testing and Materials.

Backus S, Batchelor S, Alaee M, Ueno D, Hewitt LM. 2005. Isomer-specific determination of hexabromocyclododecane in abiotic and biotic samples by high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry. Abstract from Dioxin 2005, August 21–26, Toronto (ON). pp. 240–243.

Baskin A, Phillips B. 1977. Mutagenicity of two lots of FM-100, lot 53 and residue of lot in 3322 in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. Sponsored by Velsicol Chemical Corporation (not published). Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

[BCFWIN] BioConcentration Factor Program for Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 2.15. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Bergander L, Kierkegaard A, Sellström U, Wideqvist U, de Wit C. 1995. Are brominated flame retardants present in ambient air? Poster presentation, 6th Nordic Symposium on Organic Pollutants, Smygehuk, September 17–20 [cited in de Wit 2002].

Bethune C, Nielsen J, Lundebye AK, Julshamn K. 2005. Current levels (2003–2004) of brominated flame retardants in feed and selected Norwegian seafood. Abstract from Dioxin 2005, August 21–26, Toronto (ON). pp. 619–621.

[BIOWIN] Biodegradation Probability Program for Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 4.02. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Boethling RS, Howard PH, Beauman JA, Larosche ME. 1995. Factors for intermedia extrapolations in biodegradability assessment. Chemosphere 30(4):741-752.

Boivin D. 2005. Méthode d’estimation des différentes variables hydrauliques dans un cours d’eau à l’aide de données de stations hydrométriques. Unpublished report. Gatineau (QC): Environment Canada. October 2005. 14 pp.

Bonnell Environmental Consulting. 2001. Conducting the multi-media exposure assessment of new substances in Canada. Hull (QC): Environment Canada, New Substances Division. 112 pp.

Bouma S, Vethaak D, Meininger P, Holland A. 2000. De visdiefkolonie (Sterna hirundo) bij Terneuzen: blijven er problemen? De resultaten van een vervolgonderzoek in 2000. Middelburg, Netherlands: Rijksinstitut voor Kust en Zee/RIKZ [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Braune BM, Mallory ML, Gilchrist HG, Letcher RJ, Drouillard KG. 2007. Levels and trends of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in ivory gull eggs from the Canadian Arctic, 1976 to 2004. Sci Total Environ 378:403–417.

Bridié AL, Wolff CJM, Winter M. 1979a. BOD and COD of some petrochemicals. Water Res 13:627–630.

Bridié AL, Wolff CJM, Winter M. 1979b. The acute toxicity of some petrochemicals to goldfish. Water Res 13:623–626.

Broman D, Zebühr Y, Hobbie J, Rolff C, Fry B, Näf C. 1992. Using ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes to estimate bioaccumulation and flux estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two food chains from the northern Baltic. Environ Toxicol Chem 11:331–345.

Brown TN, Wania F. 2008. Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: A case study of Arctic contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 42(14):5202–5209.

[BSEF] Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. 2003. Factsheet. HBCD. Hexabromocyclododecane. Edition 2003. Brussels (BE): Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. 4 pp.

[BSEF] Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. 2005. Major brominated flame retardants volume estimates. Brussels: Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. Available from: http://www.bsef-site.com/bromine/our_industry.php

Buckingham J. 1982. Dictionary of Organic Compounds. 5th edition. Volume 3. Toronto (ON): Penelope Grows Methuen Publications. 738 pp.

Bustnes JO, Yoccoz NG, Bangjord G, Polder A, Skaare JU. 2007. Temporal trends (1986–2004) of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in tawny owl eggs from northern Europe. Environ Sci Technol 41:8491–8497.

Bytingsvik J, Gaustad H, Pettersvik Salmer M, Soermo EG, Baek K, F?reid S, Ruus A, Utne Skaare J, Munro Jenssen B. 2004. Spatial and temporal trends of BFRs in Atlantic cod and Polar cod in the North-East Atlantic. Organohalogen Compd 66:3918–3922.

Cahill TM, Cousins I, Mackay D. 2003. General fugacity-based model to predict the environmental fate of multiple chemical species. Environ Toxicol Chem 22(3):483–493.

Canada. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. S.C., 1999, c. 33, Canada Gazette. Part III, vol. 22, no. 3 (PDF Format, 1.61MB).

Canada. 2000. Canadian Environmental Protection Act: Persistence and Bioaccumulation Regulations. P.C. 2000-348, 23 March 2000, SOR/2000-107, Canada Gazette. Part II, vol. 134, no. 7, p. 607–612. Available from: http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2000/2000-03-29/pdf/g2-13407.pdf

Cantón RF, Peijnenberg AACM, Hoogenboom RLAP, Piersma AH, van der Ven LTM, van den Berg M, Heneweer M. 2008. Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 231:267–272.

[CCME] Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 1998. Protocol for the derivation of Canadian tissue residue guidelines for the protection of wildlife that consume aquatic biota. Winnipeg (MB): Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 18 pp.

Chapra S. 1997. Surface water quality modelling. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill. 784 pp.

Chengelis C. 1997. A 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study of HBCD in rats. Ashland (OH): WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. 925 pp. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Chengelis C. 2001. A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of HBCD in rats. Ashland (OH): WIL Research Laboratories, Inc., WIL-186012. 1527 pp. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1996. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): Closed bottle test. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439C-102. 28 pp.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997a. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): Determination of n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439C-104. 68 pp.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997b. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): Determination of the vapour pressure using a spinning rotor gauge. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439C-117. 44 pp.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1997c. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): Determination of the water solubility. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439C-105. 55 pp.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 1998. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A flow-through life-cycle toxicity test with the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439A-108. 78 pp.

[CMABFRIP] Chemical Manufacturers Association Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2001. A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of HBCD in rats. Ashland (OH): WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. Study No. WIL-186012. 1527 pp.

Colles A, Koppen G, Hanot V, Nelen V, Dewolf MC, Noël E, Malisch R, Kotz A, Kypke K, Biot P, Vinkx C, Schoeters G. 2008. Fourth WHO-coordinated survey of human milk for persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Belgian results. Chemosphere 73(6):907–14.

Covaci A, Gerecke AC, Law RJ, Voorspoels S, Kohler M, Heeb NV, Leslie H, Allchin CR, de Boer J. 2006. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review. Environ Sci Technol 40(12):3679–3688.

[CPOPs] Canadian POPs Model. 2008. Gatineau (QC): Environment Canada, Ecological Assessment Division; Bourgas (BG): Bourgas Prof. Assen Zlatarov University, Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry. [Model developed based on Mekenyan et al. 2005]. Available upon request.

Crump D, Chiu S, Egloff C, Kennedy SW. 2008. Effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers on mRNA expression in chicken (Gallus domesticus) hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 106(2):479–487.

Dames and Moore. 2000a. Environmental assessment of a European flame retardant coating manufacturing facility (formulator/compounder). Manchester (UK): Dames and Moore. Report 10531-009-420/PAH-2 [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Dames and Moore. 2000b. Environmental assessment of a HBCD European manufacturing plant. Manchester (UK): Dames and Moore. Report 10531-009-420/PAH-1 [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Davis JW. 2006. The aerobic biodegradability of trans, trans, trans-1,5,9-[14C]Cyclododecatriene in a modified ready biodegradation test. [No other publication information available]. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Davis JW, Gonsior S, Marty G, Ariano J. 2005. The transformation of hexabromocyclododecane in aerobic and anaerobic soils and aquatic sediments. Water Res 39:1075–1084.

Davis JW, Gonsior SJ, Markham DA, Friederich U, Hunziker RW, Ariano JM. 2006. Biodegradation and product identification of [14C] hexabromocyclododecane in wastewater sludge and freshwater aquatic sediment. Environ Sci Technol 40:5395–5401.

de Boer J, Allchin C, Zegers B, Boon JP, Brandsma SH, Morris S, Kruijt AW, van der Veen I, van Hesselingen JM, Haftka JJH. 2002. HBCD and TBBP-A in sewage sludge, sediments and biota, including interlaboratory study. Ijmuiden (NL): RIVO (The Netherlands Insitute for Fisheries Research). Report No. C033/02. September 2002 [cited in EU RAR 2008; Law et al. 2006c].

de Boer J, Leslie HA, Leonards PEG, Bersuder P, Morris S, Allchin CR. 2004. Screening and time trend study of decabromodiphenylether and hexabromocyclododecane in birds. Abstract from The third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, June 6–9, Toronto (ON). pp. 125–128.

Desmet K, Schelfaut M, Sandra P. 2005. Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1071(1-2):125–129.

Deuchar J. 2002. [No title]. Draft. Nottingham (UK): Environment Agency, National Laboratory Service [cited in EU RAR 2008].

de Wit CA. 2002. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere 46:583–624.

de Wit CA, Alaee M, Muir DCG. 2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic. Chemosphere 64:209–233.

De Winter-Sorkina R, Bakker MI, van Donkersgoed G, van Klaveren JD. 2003. Dietary Intake of Brominated Flame Retardants by the Dutch Population. RIVM Report 310305001. (PDF format, 935KB)

Dorland WAN. 2006. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary [Internet].

Driffield M, Harner N, Bradley E, Fernandes AR, Rose M, Mortimer D, Dicks P. 2008. Determination of brominated flame retardants in food by LC-MS/MS: diastereoisomer-specific hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A. Food Addit Contam 25:895–903.

du Pont. 2003. Robust summary for 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. Wilmington (DE): E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc. October 27, 2003. 47 pp.

Dumler R, Thoma H, Lenoir D, Hutzinger O. 1989. PBDF and PBDD from the combustion of bromine containing flame retarded polymers: a survey. Chemosphere 19(12):2023–2031.

[EBFRIP] European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2004a. Determination of water solubility of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) using a generator column method. Easton (MD): Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 439C-138. 51 pp.

[EBFRIP] European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2004b. Investigation of the biodegradation of [14C] hexabromocyclododecane in sludge, sediment, and soil. Laboratory Project Study 031178. Midland (MI): The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting. 113 pp.

[EBFRIP] European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. 2006. The aerobic biodegradability of trans, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene in a modified ready biodegradation test. Midland (MI): The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting. Laboratory Project Study 051165. 62 pp.

[ECOSAR] Ecological Structural Activity Relationships [Estimation Model]. 2004. Version 0.99h. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

[ECOSAR] Ecological Structural Activity Relationships [Estimation Model]. 2009. Version 1.0. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Eljarrat E, de la Cal A, Raldua D, Duran C, Barcelo D. 2004. Occurrence and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from the Cinca River, a tributary of the Ebro River (Spain). Environ Sci Technol 38(9):2603–2608.

Eljarrat E, de la Cal A, Raldua D, Duran C, Barcelo D. 2005. Brominated flame retardants in Alburnus alburnus from Cinca River basin (Spain). Environ Pollut 133:501–508.

Eljarrat E, Guerra P, Mart nez E, Farré M, Alvarez JG, Lopez-Teijon M, Barcelo D. 2009. Hexabromocyclododecane in human breast milk: levels and enantiomeric patterns. Environ Sci Technol 43(6):1940–1946.

Ema M, Fujii S, Hirata-Koiizumi M, Matsumoto M. 2008. Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats. Reprod Toxicol 25(3):335–351.

Engelhardt and Hoffman. 2000. Cytogenetic study in vivo with hexabromocyclododecane in the mouse micronucleus test after two intraperitoneal administrations. Ludwigshafen (DE): BASF. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

[Environ] ENVIRON International Corporation. 2003a. Voluntary Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program Pilot (VCCEPP)--Tier 1 assessment of the potential health risks to children associated with exposure to the commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether product and appendices [Internet]. Emerville (CA): ENVIRON International Corporation. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/vccep/pubs/chem22a.html

[Environ] ENVIRON International Corporation. 2003b. Voluntary Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program Pilot (VCCEPP)--Tier 1 assessment of the potential health risks to children associated with exposure to the commercial octabromodiphenyl ether product and appendices [Internet]. Emerville (CA): ENVIRON International Corporation. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/vccep/pubs/chem23a.html

Environment Canada. 2001. Data collected pursuant to Section 71 (CEPA 1999) and in accordance with the published notice “Notice with Respect to Certain Substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL), Canada Gazette, vol. 135, no.46”. 21 pp.

Environment Canada. 2006. Approach to ecological screening assessments under paragraph 64(a) of CEPA 1999 for existing substances that are both persistent and bioaccumulative. Gatineau (QC): Environment Canada, Existing Substances Division.

Environment Canada. 2007. Guidance for conducting ecological assessments under CEPA, 1999: science resource technical series: draft module on QSARs. Reviewed draft working document. Gatineau (QC): Environment Canada, Existing Substances Division.

Environment Canada. 2009a. Suggested approach to determining the persistence of a chemical from biodegradation data. Preliminary draft working document. Gatineau (QC): Environment Canada, Existing Substances Division.

Environment Canada. 2009b. Draft Ecological Screening Assessment of Cyclododecane, 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromo-(Hexabromocyclododecane; CAS No. 3194-55-6), Supporting working documents. Gatineau (QC): Environment Canada, Existing Substances Division.

[EPIsuite] Estimation Programs Interface Suite for Microsoft Windows [Estimation Model]. 2007. Version 3.2. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

[EPIWIN] Estimations Programs Interface for Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 3.10. Washinton (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm.

[EPSMA] Expanded Polystyrene Molders Association, [CPIA] Canadian Plastics Industry Association, [BSEF] Bromine Science and Environmental Forum and [XPSA] Extruded Polystyrene Foam Association. 2009. HBCD FR in Polystyrene Foam. Presentation to Environment and Health Canada, August 2009.

Eriksson P, Fischer C, Wallin M, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. 2006. Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 21:317–322.

European Communities. 2003. Environmental risk assessment. In European Commission technical guidance on risk assessment in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. European Communities. 337 pp.

[EU RAR] European Union Risk Assessment Report. 2008. Risk assessment Hexabromocyclododecane CAS No. 25637-99-4. Final Report May 2008 R044_0805_env_hh_final_ECB.doc. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Available from: http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esis

Evenset A, Christensen GN, Carroll J, Zaborska A, Berger U, Herzke D, Gregor D. 2007. Historical trends in persistent organic pollutants and metals recorded in sediment from Lake EllasjØen, BjØrnØya, Norwegian Arctic. Environ Pollut 146:196–205.

Fisk AT, Hobson KA, Norstrom RJ. 2001. Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 35:732–738.

Fjeld E, Schlabach M, Berge JA, Eggen T, Snilsberg P, Källberg G, Rognerud S, Enge EK, Borgen A, Gundersen H. 2004. Oslo (NO): Norsk institutt för vannforskning (NIVA). Rapport 4809-2004 (in Norwegian) [cited in de Wit et al. 2006].

FRCA [Fire Retardant Chemicals Association]. 1998. Textile flame retardant applications by product classes for 1997 within and outside of the United States. Submitted to United States Consumer Product Safety Commission [cited in Gardner and Walker 2000].

Gardener D, Walker B, editors. 2000. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame Retardants. Washington (DC): National Academy Press.

Gauthier LT, Hebert CE, Weseloh DVC, Trudeau S, Letcher RJ. 2006. Current-use and emerging brominated and chlorinated flame retardant contaminants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from colonial Great Lakes populations. Poster from the 8th Annual Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment, June 27–29, Toronto (ON).

Gauthier LT, Hebert CE, Weseloh DVC, Letcher RJ. 2007. Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 41:4561–4567.

Gebbink WA, Sonne C, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Born EW, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. 2008. Target tissue selectivity and burdens of diverse classes of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. Environ Sci Technol 42:752–759.

Gerecke AC, Kohler M, Zennegg M, Schmid P, Heeb NV. 2003. Detection of α-isomer dominated HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane) in Swiss fish at levels comparable to PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers). Organohalogen Compd 61:155–158.

Gerecke AC, Giger W, Hartmann PC, Heeb NV, Kohler HE, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Kohler M. 2006. Anaerobic degradation of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. Chemosphere 64:311–317.

Germer S, Piersma AH, van der Ven L, Kamyschnikow A, Fery Y, Schmitz HJ, Schrenk D. 2006. Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A on hepatic cytochrome P450 levels in rats. Toxicology 218:229–236.

Geyer HJ, Schramm KW, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Anton Feicht E, Fried KW, Henkelmann B, Lenoir D, Schmid P, McDonald TA. 2004. Terminal elimination half-lives of the brominated flame retardants TBBPA, HBCD, and lower brominated PBDEs in humans. Organohalogen Compd 66:3867–3872.

Gobas FAPC, Pasternak JP, Lien K, Duncan RK. 1998. Development and field validation of a multimedia exposure assessment model for waste load allocation in aquatic ecosystems: Application to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in the Fraser River watershed. Environ Sci Technol 32:2442–2449.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation. 2005a. Material Safety Data Sheet. Great Lakes CD-75-P, CD-75PM and CD-75PC. West Lafayette (IN): Great Lakes Chemical Corporation. MSDS Number: 00177. Effective Date: 10/14/2005. 7 pp.

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation. 2005b. Material Safety Data Sheet. Great Lakes SP-75 and SP-75C. West Lafayette (IN): Great Lakes Chemical Corporation. MSDS Number: 00178. Effective Date: 01/13/2005. 7 pp.

Gudi R, Schadly EH. 1996. Chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (unpublished). Chemical Manufacturers Association. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Guerra P, Elijarrat E, Barceló D. 2008. Enantiomeric specific determination of hexabromocyclododecane by liquid chromatography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry in sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 1203:81–87.

[GSRI] Gulf South Research Institute. 1979. Mutagenicity test of GLS-S6-41A (not published). [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Hamers T, Kamstra JH, Sonneveld E, Murk AJ, Kester MHA, Andersson PL, Legler J, Brouwer A. 2006. In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. Toxicol Sci 92(1):157–173.

Harrad S, Abdallah M, Rose NL, Turner SD, Davidson TA.2009. Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from English lakes. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9077–9083.

Harris JC. 1990. Rate of hydrolysis. In Lyman WJ, Reehl WF, Rosenblatt DH, editors, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington (DC): American Chemical Society. pp. 7-1–7-46.

Hayward SJ, Lei YD, Wania F. 2006. Comparative evaluation of three high-performance liquid chromatography-based Kowestimation methods for highly hydrophobic organic compounds: polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane. Environ Toxicol Chem 25(8):2018–2027.

Health Canada. 1998. Exposure Factors for Assessing Total Daily Intake of Priority Substances by the General Population of Canada. Unpublished report. December 1998. Priority Substances Section, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada.

Health Canada. 2008. Draft Screening Level Exposure Assessment DSL Substances Guidance Binder. Last updated by Sr. Exposure Evaluator, Mr. Ed Doyle August 13, 2008 (unpublished) p.17: 1–46 pp.

Heeb NV, Schweizer WB, Kohler M, Gerecke AC. 2004. 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of compounds with a complex stereochemistry. Abstract from the Third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, June 6-9, Toronto (ON). p. 337–340.

Heeb NV, Schweizer WB, Kohler M, Gerecke AC. 2005. Structure elucidation of hexabromocyclododecanes – a class of compounds with a complex stereochemistry. Chemosphere. 61:65–73.

Helleday T, Tuominen KL, Bergman Å, Jenssen D. 1999. Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells. Mutat Res 439:137–147.

[HENRYWIN] Henry’s Law Constant Program for Microsoft Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 3.10. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Hites RA, Hoh E. 2005. Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the U.S. Presentation at the Seventh Annual Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Environment, June 13–14, Gaithersburg (MD). 37 pp.

Hoh E, Hites RA. 2005. Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the east-central United States. Environ Sci Technol 39(20):7794–7802.

Hossack D, Richold M, Jones E, Bellamy R. 1978. Ames metabolic activation test to assess the potential mutagenic effect of compound no. 49. 1-2 p. Huntingdon Research Centre, UK. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Howard PH, Meylan WM, editors. 1996. Handbook of Physical Properties of Organic Chemicals. Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation [cited in NITE 2002].

[HYDROWIN] Hydrolysis Rates Program for Microsoft Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 1.67. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Institut Fresenius. 2000a. Analysis of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in sludge of the wastewater treatment plant of Broomchemie B.V. in Terneuzen. Taunusstein (DE): Chemische und Biologische Laboratorien GmbH [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Institut Fresenius. 2000b. Analysis of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in an effluent of the wastewater treatment plant of Broomchemie B.V. in Terneuzen. Taunusstein (DE): Chemische und Biologische Laboratorien GmbH [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Ismail N, Gewurtz SB, Pleskach K, Whittle DM, Helm PA, Marvin CH, Tomy GT. 2009. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in Lake Ontario, Canada, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) between 1979 and 2004 and possible influences of food web changes. Environ Toxicol Chem 28(5):910–920.

Isobe T, Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Takahashi S, Lam PKS, Jefferson TA, Zhou K, Tanabe S. 2008. Isomer specific determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in small cetaceans from the South China Sea--levels and temporal variation. Marine Pollut Bull 54:1139–1145.

Janá k K, Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Becher G. 2005. Hexabromocyclododecane in marine species from the Western Scheldt estuary: diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation. Environ Sci Technol 39(7):1987–1994.

Jaspers V, Covaci A, Maervoet J, Dauwe T, Voorspoels S, Schepens P, Eens M. 2005. Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in eggs of little owls (Athene noctua) from Belgium. Environ Pollut 136:81–88.

Johansson A, Sellström U, Lindberg P, Bignert A, de Wit CA. 2009. Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environ Toxicol Chem 28(1):9–17.

Johnson-Restrepo B, Adams DH, Kannan K. 2008. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States. Chemosphere 70:1935–1944.

Kierkegaard A, Sellström U, Bignert A, Olsson M, Asplund L, Jansson B, de Wit C. 1999. Temporal trends of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), a methoxylated PBDE, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Swedish biota. Organohalogen Compd 40:367–370.

Klamer HJC, Leonards PEG, Lamoree MH, Villerius LA, Åkerman JE, Bakker JF. 2005. A chemical and toxicological profile of Dutch North Sea surface sediments. Chemosphere 58:1579–1587.

Knudsen LB, Borgå, JØrgensen EH, van Bavel B, Schlabach M, Verreault J, Gabrielsen GW. 2007. Halogenated organic contaminants and mercury in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis): levels, relationships to dietary descriptors and blood to liver comparison. Environ Pollut 146:25–33.

Knutsen HK, Kvalem HE, Thomsen C, FrØshaug M, Haugen M, Becher G, Alexander J, Meltzer HM. 2008. Dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants correlates with male blood levels in a selected group of Norwegians with a wide range of sea-food consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:217–227.

Kohler M, Bogdal C, Zennegg M, Schmid P, Gerecke AC, Heeb NV, Sturm M, Zwyssig A, Kohler H, Hartmann PC, Giger W, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. 2007. Temporal trends of the brominated flame retardants decaBDE, S tri-hepta BDEs and HBCDs in Swiss lake sediments. Poster from the 17th Annual SETAC Meeting, May 20-24, Porto (PT).

Kohler M, Zennegg M, Bogdal C, Gerecke AC, Schmid P, Heeb NV, Sturm M, Vonmont H, Kohler HE, Giger W. 2008. Temporal trends, congener patterns, and sources of octa-, nona-, and decabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) in Swiss lake sediments. Environ Sci Technol 42:6378–6384.

[KOWWIN] Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient Program for Microsoft Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 1.67. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm.

Kuiper RV, Cantón RF, Leonards PEG, Jenssen BM, Dubbeldam M, Wester PW, van den Berg M, Vos JG, Vethaak AD. 2007. Long-term exposure of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to the flame-retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 67:349–360.

Kunisue T, Takayanagi N, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Nakatsu S, Tsubota T, Okumoto K, Bushisue S, Tanabe S. 2008. Regional trend and tissue distribution of brominated flame retardants and persistent organochlorines in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Japan. Environ Sci Technol 42:685–691.

Kupper T, de Alencastro LF, Gatsigazi R, Furrer R, Grandjean D, Tarradellas J. 2008. Concentrations and specific loads of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. Chemosphere 71:1173–1180.

Larsen R, Davis E, Peck A, Liebert D, Richardson K. 2005. Hexabromocyclododecane in Chesapeake Bay fish. Poster for the Seventh Annual Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in the Environment, June 13–14, Gaithersberg, (MD).

Law KL. 2006. Dietary accumulation of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); Bioaccumulation/depuration parameters and evidence of bioisomerization. Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba. 73 pp. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/228

Law RJ, Kohler M, Heeb NV, Gerecke AC, Schmid P, Voorspols S, Covaci A, Becher G, Janak K, Thomsen C. 2005. Hexabromocyclododecane challenges scientists and regulators. Environ Sci Technol 39(13):281A–287A.

Law K, Halldorson T, Danell R, Stern G, Gewurtz S, Alaee M, Marvin C, Whittle M, Tomy G. 2006a. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Environ Toxicol Chem 25(8):2177–2186.

Law K, Palace VP, Halldorson T, Danell R, Wautier K, Evans B, Alaee M, Marvin C, Tomy GT. 2006b. Dietary accumulation of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss). I. Bioaccumulation parameters and evidence of bioisomerization. Environ Toxicol Chem 25(7):1757–1761.

Law RJ, Allchin CR, de Boer J, Covaci A, Herzke D, Lepom P, Morris S, de Wit CA. 2006c. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64:187–208.

Law RJ, Bersuder P, Allchin CR, Barry J. 2006d. Levels of the flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the U.K., with evidence for an increase in HBCD concentrations in recent years. Environ Sci Technol 40:2177–2183.

Law RJ, Bersuder P, Barry J, Wilford BH, Allchin CR, Jepson PD. 2008. A significant downturn in levels of hexabromocyclododecane in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK: an update to 2006. Environ Sci Technol 42:9104–9109.

Lilienthal H, van der Ven L, Piersma A, Vos J. 2009a. Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on dopamine-dependent behaviour and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 185(1):63–72.

Lilienthal H, van der Ven L, Hack A, Roth-Härer A, Piersma A, Vos J. 2009b. Neurobehavioral effects in relation to endocrine alterations caused by exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats--comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 15:76–86.

Lindberg P, Odsjö T. 1983. Mercury levels in feathers of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus compared with total mercury content in some of its prey species. Environ Pollut (Series B) 5:297–318 [cited in Lindberg et al. 2004].

Lindberg P, Sellström U, Häggberg L, de Wit CA. 2004. Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environ Sci Technol 38:93–96.

Lower N, Moore A. 2007. The impact of a brominated flame retardant on smoltification and olfactory function in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts. Mar Freshw Behav Phy 40(4):267–284.

Mack AG. 2004. Flame retardants, halogenated. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/[restricted access].

Mackay D. 1991. Multimedia Environmental Models: the Fugacity Approach. Chelsea (MI): Lewis Publishers. 272 pp.

Mariussen E, Fonnum F. 2003. The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles. Neurochem Int 43:533–542.

Marsh G, Athanasiadou M, Bergman hanassiadis I, Endo T, Haraguchi K. 2004. Identification of a novel dimethoxylated polybrominated biphenyl bioaccumulating in marine mammals. Organohalogen Compd 66:3823–3829.

Marvin CH, Tomy GT, Alaee M, MacInnis G. 2004. Distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in Detroit River suspended sediments. Abstract from the Third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, June 6–9, Toronto (ON). pp. 137–140.

Marvin CH, Tomy GT, Alaee M, MacInnis G. 2006. Distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in Detroit River suspended sediments. Chemosphere 64:268–275.

McKinney MA, Cesh LS, Elliott JE, Williams TD, Garcelon DK, Letcher RJ. 2006. Brominated flame retardants and halogenated phenolic compounds in North American West Coast bald eaglet (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma. Environ Sci Technol 40:6275–6281.

Meijer L, Sauer P, Linderholm L, Athanassiadis I, Bergman Å. 2004. PBDE and HBCD levels in blood from Dutch mothers and infants – analysis of Dutch Groningen infant cohort. Organohalogen Compd 66:2647–2652.

Meijer L, Weiss J, Vanvelzen M, Brouwer A, Bergman A, Sauer PJJ. 2008. Serum concentrations of neutral and phenolic organohalogens in pregnant women and some of their infants in the Netherlands. Environ Sci Technol 42:3428-3433.

Mekenyan G, Dimitrov SD, Pavlov TS, Veith GD. 2005. POPs: a QSAR system for creating PBT profiles of chemicals and their metabolites. SAR QSAR Environ Res 16(1-2):103-133.

Minh NH, Isobe T, Ueno D, Matsumoto K, Mine M, Kajiwara, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. 2007. Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environ Pollut 148:409–417.

[MITI] Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan), Basic Industries Bureau, Chemical Products Safety Division. 1992. Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Tokyo: Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology and Information Centre.

Miyake Y, Managaki S, Yokoyama Y, Nakai S, Kataoka T, Nagasawa E, Shimojima M, Masunaga S, Hondo H, Kobayashi T, et al. 2009. Exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) emitted into indoor air by drawing flame retarded curtain as presented at Dioxin 2009, Beijing China, 23–28 August 2009.

Morris S, Allchin CR, Zegers BN, Haftka JJH, Boon JP, Belpaire C, Leonards PEG, van Leeuwen SPJ, de Boer J. 2004. Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs. Environ Sci Technol 38:5497–5504.

Morris AD, Muir D, Teixeira C, Epp J, Sturman S, Solomon KR. 2007. Bioaccumulation and distribution of brominated flame retardants and current-use pesticides in an Arctic marine food-web. Poster from the 28th Annual SETAC North America Meeting, November 11–15, Milwaukee (WI).

[MPBPWIN] Melting Point Boiling Point Program for Microsoft Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 1.41. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Muckle et al. 2001. Nunavik milk 1989-2000 Study data. 109:1291 In: Ryan J, van Oostdam J, Tittlemier S. editors. 2005. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Presence in humans from Northern Regions, Northern Contaminants Program Results Workshop September 27–29, Victoria (BC).

Muir DCG, Backus S, Derocher AE, Dietz R, Evans TJ, Gabrielsen GW, Nagy J, Norstrom RJ, Sonne C, Stirling I, Taylor MK, Letcher RJ. 2006. Brominated flame retardants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, East Greenland, and Svalbard. Environ Sci Technol 40(2):449–455.

Murai T, Kawasaki H, Kanoh S. 1985. Studies on the toxicity of insecticides and food additives in pregnant rats (7). Fetal toxicity of hexabromocyclododekane. Oyo Yakuri 29:981–986. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Murvoll KM, Skaare JU, Anderssen E, Jenssen BM. 2006a. Exposure and effects of persistent organic pollutants in European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) hatchlings from the coast of Norway. Environ Toxicol Chem 25(1):190–198.

Murvoll KM, Skaare JU, Moe B, Anderssen E, Jenssen BM. 2006b. Spatial trends and associated biological responses of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in hatchlings of North Atlantic kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Environ Toxicol Chem 25(6):1648–1656.

[NHW] Department of National Health and Welfare. 1990. Present patterns and trends in infant feeding in Canada. Ottawa (ON):NHW. Catalogue number H39-199/1990E. ISBN 0-662-18397-5. 9 pp. [cited in Health Canada 1998].

[NITE] National Institute of Technology and Evaluation [database on the Internet]. 2002. Comprehensive Information for CAS RN 4904-61-4. Tokyo [JP]: NITE. [cited 15 June 2009]. Available from: http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/kizon/KIZON_start_hazkizon.html

Norstrom RJ, Simon M, Moisey J, Wakeford B, Weseloh DVC. 2002. Geographical distribution (2000) and temporal trends (1981–2000) of brominated diphenyl ethers in Great Lakes herring gull eggs. Environ Sci Technol 36:4783–4789.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1984a. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Guideline 202. Daphnia sp. acute immobilisation test and reproduction test. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 12 pp.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1984b. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Guideline 207. Earthworm, acute toxicity test. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 9 pp.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998a. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Proposal for revision of Guideline 208. Terrestrial (non-target) plant test. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 17 pp.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998b. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Guideline 408. Repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 10 pp.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2000. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Proposed guideline: Earthworm reproduction test (Eisenia fetida/andrei). Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 17 pp.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2002. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Guideline 307. Aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 17 pp.

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004a. Emission scenario document on plastics additives. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. Available from: http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/JT00166678.PDF

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004b. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Guideline 218. Sediment-water chironomid toxicity test using spiked sediment. Paris (FR): OECD, Environment Directorate. 21 pp.

Oetken M, Ludwichowski K, Nagel R. 2001. Validation of the preliminary EU-concept of assessing the impact of chemicals to organisms in sediment by using selected substances. Dresden (DE): Federal Environmental Agency. March 2001. 97 pp.

Ogaswara S, Hanafusa T. 1993. Report on mutagenicity test on pyroguard SR-103 using microorganisms (unpublished). [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Palace VP, Pleskach K, Halldorson T, Danell R, Wautier K, Evans B, Alaee M, Marvin C, Tomy GT. 2008. Biotransformation enzymes and thyroid axis disruption in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers. Environ Sci Technol 42:1967–1972.

[PCKOCWIN] Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient Program for Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 1.66. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY): Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Peck AM, Pugh RS, Moors A, Ellisor MB, Porter BJ, Becker PR, Kucklick JR. 2008. Hexabromocyclododecane in white-sided dolphins: temporal trend and stereoisomer distribution in tissues. Environ Sci Technol 42:2650–2655.

Peled M, Scharia R, Sondack D. 1995. Thermal rearrangement of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Adv Organobro Chem II 7:92–99.

Peters RJB. 2003. Hazardous chemicals in precipitation. The Hague (NL): Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research. TNO report R2003/198. 50 pp.

Polder A, Venter B, Skaare JU, Bouwman M. 2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and HBCD in bird eggs of South Africa. Chemosphere 73:148–154.

Pulkrabová J, Hrá dková P, Hajslová J, Poustka J, Ná pravníková M, Polá cek V. 2009. Brominated flame retardants and other organochlorine pollutants in human adipose tissue samples from the Czech Republic. Environ Int 35(1):63–68.

[PWGSC-INAC-NCP] Public Works and Government Services Canada, Indian and Northern Affaris Canada and Northern Contaminants Program. 2003. Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) Report II Sources of Occurrence, Trends and Pathways in the Physical Environment. QS-8525-002-EE-A1. Available from: http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/nth/ct/ncp/pubs/phy/phy-eng.pdf

Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Kim EY, Min BY, We SU, Tanabe S. 2007. Spatial distribution and accumulation of brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from coastal waters of Korea. Environ Pollut 148:562–569.

Remberger M, Sternbeck J, Palm A, Kaj L, Strömberg K, Brorström-Lundén E. 2004. The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden. Chemosphere 54:9–21.

Ronisz D, Farmen Finne E, Karlsson H, Förlin L. 2004. Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout. Aquat Toxicol 69:229–245.

Roos A, Nylund K, Häggberg L, Asplund L, Bergman A, Olsson M. 2001. Brominated flame retardants (BFR) in young grey seal males (Halicoerus grypus) from the Baltic Sea. Abstract from the Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, May 14–16, Stockholm (SE). p. 337–341.

Roosens L, Mohamed A, Harrad S, Neels H, Covaci A. 2009. Exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) via dust ingestion, but not diet, correlates with concentrations in human serum: preliminary results. Environ Health Perspect 117(11):1707 –1712.

Roper CS, Madden S, Biesemeier JA, Hoonagel H, Rothenbacker K. 2007. The in vitro percutaneous absorption of radiolabelled hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) through human skin. Organohalogen Compd. 69:2094–2095.

Ryan J, Wainman B, Schecter A. 2006a. Trends of brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in human milks from North America. Dioxin 2006: 26th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Oslo (NO), August 21–25, 2006.

Ryan J, Wainman BC, Schecter A, Moisey J, Kosarac I, Sun WF. 2006b. Trends of the brominated flame retardants PBDEs and HBCD, in human milks from North America. Organohalogen Compd 68:778–781.

Saegusa Y, Fujimoto H, Woo G, Inoue K, Takahashi M, Mitsumori K, Hirose M, Nishikawa A, Shibutani M. 2009. Developmental toxicity of brominated flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane, in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation. Reprod Toxicol 28(4):456–467.

Sakai H, Yamada-Okabe T, Kashima Y, Matsui M, Aono T, Aoyagi M, Hasegawa J. 2003. Effects of brominated flame retardants on transcriptional activation mediated by thyroid hormone receptor. Organohalogen Compd 61:215–218.

Sample BE, Arenal CA. 1999. Allometric models for interspecies extrapolation of wildlife toxicity data. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:653–663.

Schecter A, Haffner D, Colacino J, Patel K, Papke O, Opel M, Birnbaum L. 2009. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in composite US food samples. Environ Health Perspect. Available from: http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Ado%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901345

[SCHER] Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks. 2008. Scientific opinion on the risk assessment report on hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) human health part, CAS 25637-99-4, 2008 January 15.

Schlabach M, Mariussen E, Borgen A, Dye C, Enge E, Steinnes E, Green N, Mohn H. 2002. Kartlegging av bromerte flammehemmere og klorerte. Oslo (NO): SFT--Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking, NILU--Norsk institutt for luftforskning [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Schlabach M, Fjeld E, Borgen AR. 2004a. Brominated flame retardants in Drammens River and the Drammensfjord, Norway. Abstract from the Third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, June 6–9, Toronto (ON). pp. 3779–3785.

Schlabach M, Fjeld E, Gundersen H, Mariussen E, Kjellberg G, Breivik E. 2004b. Pollution of Lake MjØsa by brominated flame retardants. Organohalogen Compd 66:3779–3785.

Sellström U. 1999. Determination of some polybrominated flame retardants in biota, sediment and sewage sludge. Doctoral Dissertation. Stockholm (SE): Stockholm University. 71 pp.

Sellström U, Kierkegaard A, de Wit C, Jansson B. 1998. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from a Swedish river. Environ Toxicol Chem 17(6):1065–1072.

Sellström U, Kierkegaard A, Alsberg T, Jonsson P, Wahlberg C, de Wit C. 1999. Brominated flame retardants in sediments from European estuaries, the Baltic Sea and in sewage sludge. Organohalogen Compd 40:383–386 [cited in de Wit 2002; Law et al. 2006c].

Sellström U, Bignert A, Kierkegaard A, Häggberg L, de Wit CA, Olsson M, Jansson B. 2003. Temporal trend studies on tetra- and pentabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in guillemot egg from the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Technol 37:5496–5501.

Sigma-Aldrich. 2004. Material Safety Data Sheet. 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane. Version 1.2. [updated 2004 March 6; accessed 2005 April 26].

Simmon V, Poole D, Newell G, Skinner W. 1976. In vitro microbiological mutagenicity studies of four CIBA-GEIGY corporation compounds. Prepared for CIBA-GEIGY Corporation (not published); 5702, SRI Project LSC. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

SØrmo EG, Salmer MP, Jenssen BM, Hop H, Baek K, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Falk-Petersen S, Gabrielsen GW, Lie E, Skaare JU. 2006. Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in the polar bear food chain in Svalbard, Norway. Environ Toxicol Chem 25(9):2502–2511.

Stapleton HM, Dodder NG, Kucklick JR, Reddy CM, Schantz MM, Becker PR, Gulland F, Porter BJ, Wise SA. 2006. Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003. Mar Pollut Bull 52:522–531.

Stapleton HM, Allen JG, Kelly SM, Konstantinov A, Klosterhaus S, Watkins D, McClean MD, Webster TF. 2008. Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol 42(18):6910–6916.

Stump D. 1999. Prenatal developmental toxicity study of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rats. 410 p. Ashland (OH): WIL Research laboratories, Inc. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Svendsen TC, Camus L, Hargrave B, Fisk A, Muir DCG, Borgå K. 2007. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated and brominated organic contaminants as tracers of feeding ecology in polar benthic amphipods. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337:155–164.

Tanabe S. 2008. Temporal trends of brominated flame retardants in coastal waters of Japan and South China: retrospective monitoring study using archived samples from es-Bank, Ehime University, Japan. Mar Pollut Bull 57:267–274.

Thomsen C, Molander P, Daae HL, Janá k K, Froshaug M, Liane VH, Thorud S, Becher G, Dybing E. 2007. Occupational exposure to hexabromocyclododecane at an industrial plant. Environ Sci Technol 41(15):5210–5216.

Thomsen C, Knutsen HK, Liane VH, Froshaug M, Kvalem HE, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Alexander J, Becher G. 2008. Consumption of fish from a contaminated lake strongly affects the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in serum. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:228–237.

Tomy GT, Budakowski W, Halldorson T, Whittle DM, Keir MJ, Marvin C, MacInnis G, Alaee M. 2004a. Biomagnification of α- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane isomers in a Lake Ontario food web. Environ Sci Technol 38 2298–2303.

Tomy G, Halldorson T, Danell R, Law K, Stern G, Gerwutz S, Whittle M, Alaee M, Marvin C. 2004b. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners in fish from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada). Abstract from the Third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, June 6–9, Toronto (ON). p. 213–216.

Tomy GT, Pleskach K, Oswald T, Halldorson T, Helm PA, MacInnis G, Marvin CH. 2008. Enantioselective bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane and congener-specific accumulation of brominated diphenyl ethers in an eastern Canadian Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 42(10):3634–3639.

Ueno D, Alaee M, Marvin C, Muir DCG, Macinnis G, Reiner E, Crozier P, Furdui VI, Subramanian A, Fillmann G, et al. 2006. Distribution and transportability of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the Asia-Pacific region using skipjack tuna as a bioindicator. Environ Pollut 144:238–247.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1990a. Ames test with hexabromides. Letter from BASF. 86-900000379, EPA/OTS Doc. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. TSCA Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Part 797, Section 1330: Daphnia chronic toxicity test. Washington (DC): Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. p. 110–115.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1996a. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines (draft). OPPTS 850.1735. Whole sediment acute toxicity invertebrates, freshwater. Washington (DC): Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 712-C-96-354. 17 pp.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1996b. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines (draft). OPPTS 850.4100. Terrestrial plant toxicity, tier I (seedling emergence). Washington (DC): Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 712-C-96-153. 6 pp.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1996c. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines (draft). OPPTS 850.4225. Seedling emergence, tier II. Washington (DC): Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 712-C-96-363. 8 pp.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1996d. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines (draft). OPPTS 850.6200. Earthworm subchronic toxicity test. Washington (DC): Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 11 pp.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Health Effects Test Guidelines. OPPTS 870.3100. 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents. August 1998. 11 pp.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Methods for measuring the toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants with freshwater invertebrates. 2nd edition. Duluth (MN): Office of Research and Development Mid-Continent Ecology Division. EPA 600-99/064. 192 pp.

[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Non-Confidential Inventory Update Reporting Production Volume Information. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory.

[US NRC] United States National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological risks of selected flame-retardant chemicals. Washington (DC): National Academy Press. 534 pp.

van der Ven L, Verhoef A, van de Kuil T, Slob W, P. Leonards P, Visser T, Hamers T, Hakansson H, Olausson H, Piersma A, et al. 2006. A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in Wistar rats. Toxicol Sci 94(2):281–292.

van der Ven L, Van Kuil T, Leonards P, Slob W, Lilienthal H, Litens S, Herlin M, Hakansson H, Canton R, Van den Berg M, et al. 2009. Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 185:51–62.

Van Leeuwen S, Traag W, de Boer J. 2004. Monitoring of brominated flame retardants, dioxins, PCBs and other organohalogen compounds in fish from The Netherlands. 2004. Organohalogen Compd 66:1764–1769.

Vanden Heuvel JP. 1999. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a critical link among fatty acids, gene expression and carcinogenesis. J Nutr 129:575S–580S [cited in Ronisz et al. 2004].

Veith GD, DeFoe DL, Bergstedt BV. 1979. Measuring and estimating the bioconcentration factor of chemicals in fish. J Fish Res Board Can 36:1040–1048.

Velsicol Chemical Corporation. 1979. Hydrolysis of Firemaster 100. Chicago (IL): Velsicol Chemical Corporation. 1 p.

Velsicol Chemical Corporation. 1980. Pharmacokinetics of HBCD in rats. Chicago (IL): Velsicol Chemical Corporation, Environment Science and Toxicology. Report No. 484088. 24 p.

Verreault J, Gabrielsen GW, Chu S, Muir DCG, Andersen M, Hamaed A, Letcher RJ. 2005. Flame retardants and methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two Norwegian Arctic top predators: glaucous gulls and polar bears. Environ Sci Technol 39(16):6021–6028.

Verreault J, Gebbink WA, Gauthier LT, Gabrielsen GW, Letcher RJ. 2007a. Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol 41(14):4925–4931.

Verreault J, Shahmiri S, Gabrielsen GW, Letcher RJ. 2007b. Organohalogen and metabolically-derived contaminants and associations with whole body constituents in Norwegian Arctic glaucous gulls. Environ Int 33:823–830.

Verslycke TA, Vethaak AD, Arijs K, Janssen CR. 2005. Flame retardants, surfactants and organotins in sediment and mysid shrimp of the Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands). Environ Pollut 136:19–31.

Waindzioch A. 2000. Technical report of workplace air--measurements with respect to inhalable dust and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at Broomchemie B.V., Terneuzen. Taunusstein (DE): Institut Fresenius, Chemische und Biologische Laboratorien GmbH [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Walker JB, Seddon L, McMullen E, Houseman J, Tofflemire K, Corriveau A, Weber JP, Mills C, Smith S, Van Oostdam J. 2003. Blood plasma sampling from northern populations. Sci Tot Environ 302:27. In: Ryan J, van Oostdam J and Tittlemier S, editors. 2005. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Presence in humans from Northern regions, Northern Contaminants Program results workshop September 27–29, Victoria (BC).

Walsh GE, Yoder MJ, McLaughlin LL, Lores EM. 1987. Responses of marine unicellular algae to brominated organic compounds in six growth media. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 14:215–222.

Wania F. 2003. Assessing the long-range transport potential of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane using several multimedia transport models. A report to the Bromine Science and Environment Forum. January 19, 2003. 13 pp.

Watanabe I, Tatsukawa R. 1990. Anthropogenic brominated aromatics in the Japanese environment. In Proceedings of Workshop on Brominated Aromatic Flame Retardants, 24–26 October 1989, Skokloster (SE). p.63–71.

Waxman DJ. 1999. P450 gene induction by structurally diverse xenochemicals: central role of nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and PPAR. Arch Biochem Biophys 369(1):11–23.

Webster E, Mackay D, Di Guardo A, Kane D, Woodfine D. 2004. Regional differences in chemical fate model outcome. Chemosphere 55:1361–1376.

Weiss J, Bergman Å. 2006. An attempt to evaluate the risk of the present human exposure to PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE and HBCD in Europe. Organohalogen Compd. 68:822–825.

Weiss J, Wallin W, Axmon A, Jönsson B, Åkesson H, Janá k K, Hagmar L, Bergman A. 2006. Hydroxy-PCBs, PBDEs, and HBCDs in serum from an elderly population of Swedish fishermen's wives and associations with bone density. Environ Sci and Technol 40(20):6282–6289.

Wenk M. 1996. Mazimization test in guinea pigs. Test article Hexabromocyclododecane. Rockville (MD): Microbial Associates, Inc. 43 p. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

[WSKOWWIN] Water Solubility for Organic Compounds Program for Microsoft Windows [Estimation Model]. 2000. Version 1.41. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; Syracuse (NY) Syracuse Research Corporation. Available from: www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm

Xian Q, Ramu K, Isobe T, Sudaryanto A, Liu X, Gao Z, Takahashi S, Yu H, Tanabe S. 2008. Levels and body distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in freshwater fishes from the Yangtze River, China. Chemosphere 71:268–276.

Yamada-Okabe T, Sakai H, Kashima Y, Yamada-Okabe H. 2005. Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), and nitrofen (NIP). Toxicol Lett 155:127–133.

Yu Z, Peng P, Sheng G, Fu J. 2008a. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in air and soil by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1190:74–79.

Yu Z, Chen L, Mai B, Wu M, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng PA. 2008b. Diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles of hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China. Environ Sci Technol 42(11):3996–4001.

Zegers BN, Mets A, van Bommel R, Minkenberg C, Hamers T, Kamstra JH, Pierce GJ, Boon JP. 2005. Levels of hexabromocyclododecane in harbor porpoises and common dolphins from western European seas, with evidence for stereoisomer-specific biotransformation by cytochrome P450. Environ Sci Technol 39(7):2095–2100.

Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K, Speck W. 1987. Salmonella mutagenicity tests: III. Results from the testing of 255 chemicals. Environ Mutagen 9 (suppl.):1–110. [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Zeller H, Kirsch, P. 1970. Hexabromocyclododecane: 90-day feeding trials with rats. BASF (not published). [cited in EU RAR 2008].

Zennegg M, Brändli RC, Kupper T, Bucheli TD, Gujer E, Schmid P, Stadelmann FX, Tarradellas J. 2005. PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCD in compost and digestate. Abstract from Dioxin 2005, August 21–26, Toronto (ON). p. 1040–1043.

Zhang X, Yang F, Zhang X, Ying X, Liao T, Song S, Wang J. 2008. Induction of hepatic enzymes and oxidative stress in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to waterborne hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Aquat Toxicol 86:4–11.

Page details

Date modified: