Code of Practice to reduce emissions of PM2.5 and VOCs from iron, steel and ilmenite sector: chapter 2

2.0 Sources of Fugitive TPM and VOC Emissions

Fugitive emissions are often uncontrolled, and sources can be distributed spatially over a wide area. Table 2.1 provides an overview of activities or equipment where emissions offugitive TPM and VOCs may be released into the atmosphere. These sources of emissions may vary between sub-sectors and between facilities within the same sub-sector.

Fugitive emissions can result from process leaks and spills that are associated with certain activities related to raw material storage and material handling, cokemaking, ironmaking, steelmaking, and some related process operations. These emissions can also result from leaks from pipes, ducts, valves or pumps.

Table 2.1: Common Sources of Fugitive Emissions

Table 2.1a: Common Sources of Process Fugitive Emissions
Activity	Sub-sector^Tablenotee	Source
Materials handling	All	TPM Disturbing granular material Unloading/loading materials Transferring materials to conveyors or transfer points
Materials movement	All	TPM Conveying systems Transporting materials using vehicles
Materials storage	All	TPM Piling Leaking from buildings VOC^Tablenotef Leaking from buildings Storing of drums, containers and tanks
Materials preparation	All	TPM Crushing Grinding Blending Screening
Cokemaking	Integrated mills	TPM Charging of coal Leaking from coke oven battery doors, lids and gas off-takes Pushing of coke Quenching of coke VOC Charging of coal Leaking from coke oven battery doors, lids, tops and gas off-takes Pushing of coke
Coke by- product plants	Integrated mills	VOC Storing, handling, transferring and separating organic compounds (mostly benzene), ammonia and sulphur from coke oven gas Associated equipment such as pumps, compressors, valves and control devices Separating tar Separating naphthalene Recovering light oil Leaking of heat exchangers at cooling towers
Blast furnace ironmaking	Integrated mills	TPM Charging of materials to the furnace Tapping molten metal from the furnace Transporting molten metal Crushing and screening of slag VOC Incomplete combustion of coke in the furnace Tap-holes, runners, skimmers and the ladle charging area Runner systems where tar-based binders are still used
Direct reduction ironmaking	Mini-mills	TPM Charging iron oxide to the top of the shaft furnace Handling the iron oxide and the direct reduced iron
Ilmenite reduction	Ilmenite smelting facility	TPM Charging of materials to the furnace Tapping molten metal from the furnace Cleaning cars Crushing and screening of slag Tapping of slag
Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking	Integrated mills, ilmenite smelting facility	TPM Charging of the furnace Blowing oxygen Handling of flux Tapping of molten metal and slag VOC^Tablenotef Hydrocarbons contained in the oils, wire casing, foam and plastics found in the steel scrap feedstock can vaporize when the iron is charged
Electric arc furnace steelmaking	Integrated mills, mini-mills	TPM Charging of the furnace Tapping of the molten metal and slag Transporting molten metal VOC Hydrocarbons contained in the oils, wire casing, foam and plastics found in the steel scrap feedstock can vaporize when melting takes place Combusting auxiliary fuel Decarburization of scrap Charging of the furnace Tapping of the molten metal and slag
Continuous casting	All	TPM Transferring molten metal to the tundish Cutting steel
Hot rolling	Integrated mills, mini-mills	TPM Scarfing or grinding of the feedstock Removing scale formed during hot rolling Straightening and shearing of hot formed products VOC Rolling and lubrication oils Combusting fuel in the reheat furnaces
Cold forming	Integrated mills, mini-mills	VOC Rolling and lubrication oils Combusting fuel in the annealing furnace
Coating	Integrated mills, mini-mills	TPM Straightening and shearing VOC Spraying, immersion, rolling or brushing of non- metallic coatings (e.g., powders, paints and liquids containing organic compounds)
Transportation	All	TPM Paved and unpaved roads (vehicular traffic)

Table 2.1b: Common Sources of Non-Process and Fuel Combustion Fugitive Emissions
Sub-Sector^Tablenotee	Source
All	VOC^Tablenotef and TPM Pumps Compressors Pressure relief devices in gas/vapour service Sampling connection systems Valves Lines Pressure relief devices in liquid service Flanges and other connectors Product accumulation vessels Closed vent systems Control devices

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Date modified:: 2017-08-07

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Code of Practice to reduce emissions of PM2.5 and VOCs from iron, steel and ilmenite sector: chapter 2

2.0 Sources of Fugitive TPM and VOC Emissions

Table 2.1: Common Sources of Fugitive Emissions

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