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Ecological State of the Science Report on Decabromodiphenyl Ether (decaBDE): appendix A

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Appendix A: Biota Concentration Data

Study Authors Location Date Species Tissue Samp-
ling
N		 Not Detec-
ted		 Concentration
Data		 Units Statis-
tic		 De-
tec-
tion
Limit
Lipid
Weight		 Wet
Weight
Birds of Prey
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Common kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Muscle 6 21% 2150   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Common kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Liver 6 21% 2870   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Common kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Kidney 6 21% 483   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Muscle 11 21% 192   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Liver 11 21% 249   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Kidney 11 21% 83   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Japanese Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter gularis		 Muscle 6 21% 75   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Japanese Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter gularis		 Liver 6 21% 78   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Japanese Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter gularis		 Kidney 6 21% 33   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Little owl
Athene noctua		 Muscle 6 21% 150   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Little owl
Athene noctua		 Liver 6 21% 96   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Little owl
Athene noctua		 Kidney 6 21% 40   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Scops owl
Otus sunia		 Muscle 6 21% 537   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Scops owl
Otus sunia		 Liver 6 21% 174   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Scops owl
Otus sunia		 Kidney 6 21% 59   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Long-eared owl
Asio otus		 Muscle 6 21% 9.5   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Long-eared owl
Asio otus		 Liver 6 21% 107   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Long-eared owl
Asio otus		 Kidney 6 21% 23   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Upland buzzard
Buteo hemilasius		 Muscle 3 21% 21   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Upland buzzard
Buteo hemilasius		 Liver 3 21% 58   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Upland buzzard
Buteo hemilasius		 Kidney 3 21% 29   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Common buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Muscle 3 21% 26   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Common buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Liver 3 21% 71   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2007 China 2004-2006 Common buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Kidney 3 21% 93   ng/g Mean  
Chen et al. 2008 United States, NE 1996-2006 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 114 0   1.4-420 (26) ng/g Range (median in brackets)  
de Boer et al. 2004 United Kingdom Not given Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Liver 6 2 of 6 < 5.7-181 < 0.17-6.7 µg/kg Range 0.08-9.8
de Boer et al. 2004 United Kingdom Not given Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Muscle 5 None 53-344 1.8-9.5 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 United Kingdom Not given Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Egg 6 4 of 6 < 1.8-108 < 0.08-7.5 µg/kg Range Lipid:
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Egg 20 9 of 20 < 4-412 < 0.3-21 µg/kg Range 1.5-200
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Liver 4 All < 82 - < 200 < 3.2 - < 9.8 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Muscle 5 None 13-275 0.26-2.2 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Egg 5 2 of 5 < 2.1-38 < 0.16-1.5 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Liver 5 3 of 5 < 5.8-120 < 0.26-5.5 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Muscle 5 4 of 5 < 4.2-10 < 0.11-0.29 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Barn owl
Tyto alba		 Liver 5 2 of 5 < 2.6-37 < 0.13-2.5 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Barn owl
Tyto alba		 Muscle 5 4 of 5 < 6.3-14 < 0.5-1.2 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Barn owl
Tyto alba		 Egg 4 1 of 4 < 20-30 < 2-1.7 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Montague's harrier
Circus pygargus		 Egg 4 1 of 4 < 2.1-28 < 0.12-1.3 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Marsh harrier
Circus aeru-
ginosus		 Egg 2 All < 2 - < 2.4 < 0.09 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Sea eagle Egg 1 None 6.2 0.48 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Osprey
Pandion haliaetus		 Egg 3 All < 4 - < 27 < 0.2 - < 1.5 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Golden eagle
Aquila chrysaetos		 Egg 5 All < 4.1 < 0.2 µg/kg Range  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Merlin
Falco colum-
barius		 Egg 2 1 of 2 < 43-4.3 < 3.8-0.3 µg/kg Range  
Herzke et al. 2005 Northern Norway 1993-2000 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Egg 9   Detec-
ted		   ng/g Median  
Herzke et al. 2005 Northern Norway 1992-2002 Golden eagle
Aquila chrysaetos		 Egg 15   Detec-
ted		   ng/g Median  
Herzke et al. 2005 Northern Norway 1995-2000 Merlin
Falco colum-
barius		 Egg 9   Detec-
ted		   ng/g Median  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Barn owl
Tyto alba		 Liver 7 Some 59   ng/g Median  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Barn owl
Tyto alba		 Muscle 7 Most 68   ng/g Median  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 long-eared owl
Asio otus		 Liver 6 Most 66   ng/g Median  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Long-eared owl
Asio otus		 Muscle 6 All < 2.25   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Liver 16 All < 2.25   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Muscle 16 All < 2.25   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Liver 5 Some 52   ng/g Median  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Muscle 5 All < 2.25   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Liver 5 Most 85   ng/g Median  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Kestrel
Falco tinnun-
culus		 Muscle 5 All < 2.25   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Japan (Coastal) 1994 Steller’s sea-eagle
Haliaeetus pelagicus		 Muscle 1 1 <0.5   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Japan (Inland) 1994-1995 Golden eagle
Aquila chrysaetos		 Muscle 2 1 <0.5-10   ng/g Range  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Japan (Inland) 1997 Goshawk
Accipiter gentilis		 Muscle 1 0 120   ng/g    
Lindberg et al. 2004 Captive Sweden 1988-1999 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 4 2 < 7-9 (8.1)   ng/g Range (geometric mean in brackets)  
Lindberg et al. 2004 Southern Sweden 1992-1999 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 8 1 < 20-430 (86)   ng/g Range (geometric mean in brackets)  
Lindberg et al. 2004 Northern Sweden   Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 8 0 28-190 (80)   ng/g Range (geometric mean in brackets)  
Lindberg et al. 2004 Northern Sweden 1991-1999 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 18   110   ng/g Mean  
Potter et al. 2009 United States, Maryland and Virginia 1993-2002 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 23 0   0.186-48.2 (6.35) ng/g Range (median in brackets)  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Brain 29 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Fat 16 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Liver 3 Most 19-190 (79)   ng/g Range (mean)  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Muscle 29 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Buzzard
Buteo buteo		 Serum 20 Some 2-58 (15)   ng/g Range (mean)  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Owls Brain 8 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Owls Fat 1 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Owls Liver 8 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Owls Muscle 8   All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Owls Serum 3 Most 9   ng/g Mean  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Brain 7 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Fat 2 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Liver 7 Most 15-19   ng/g Range  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Muscle 7 All     ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001-2003 Sparrow-
hawk
Accipiter nisus		 Serum 2 None 16-36   ng/g Range  
Vorkamp et al. 2005 Greenland 1986-2003 Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus		 Eggs 37 0 3.8-250 (11)   ng/g Range (median)  
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Red kite
Milvus milvus		 Eggs 4 3 of 4 < 2.1-29.1 < 0.09-2.3 µg/kg    
Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates
Hale et al. 2002 United States; mid-Atlantic region 2000 Bluegill
Lepomis macro-
chirus		 Muscle         µg/kg    
Hale et al. 2002 United States; mid-Atlantic region 2000 Bluegill
Lepomis macro-
chirus		 Remain-
der of body		         µg/kg    
Eljarrat et al. 2007 Spain Nov. 2004, Nov. 2005 Carp
Cyprinus carpio		 Muscle 2 None 63.7-95.3   ng/g Range 2-19 pg/g ww
      Barbel
Barbus graellsii		 Muscle 13 1 of 13 nd-707   ng/g Range 2-19 pg/g ww
de Boer et al. 2003 The Nether-
lands		 1999 Freshwater mussels
Dreissena polymorpha		         < 4 - < 34 µg/kg    
Dodder et al. 2002 North-
eastern United States; Lake Superior		 1994 Smelt
Osmeru mordax		 Whole body       < 1.5 µg/kg    
Dodder et al. 2002 Lake Ontario 1994 Smelt
Osmeru mordax		 Whole body       < 1.6 µg/kg    
Dodder et al. 2002 Lake of the Ozarks, MO 1999 White crappie; bluegill
Lepomis macro-
chirus		 Whole body       < 1.4 µg/kg    
Dodder et al. 2002 Hadley Lake, IN. 1999 White crappie, bluegill
Pomoxis annularis; Lepomis macro-
chirus		 Whole body       < 1.4 µg/kg    
Dodder et al. 2002 Hadley Lake, IN. 1999 White crappie, bluegill
Pomoxis annularis;
Lepomis macro-
chirus		 Muscle       < 1.4, < 1.3 µg/kg    
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Bighead carp (farmed)
Aris-
tichthys nobilis		 Skin 8     6.78 ± 6.47 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Bighead carp (farmed)
Aristich-
thys nobilis		 Gills 8     1.18 ± 1.28 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Bighead carp (farmed)
Aristich-
thys nobilis		 GIT 8     2.09 ± 3.11 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Bighead carp (farmed)
Aristich-
thys nobilis		 Liver 8     0.85 ± 2.07 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Bighead carp (farmed)
Aristich-
thys nobilis		 Muscle 8     0.48 ± 0.56 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Mandarin fish (farmed)
Siniperca chuatsi		 Skin 8     7.68 ± 5.46 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Mandarin fish (farmed)
Siniperca chuatsi		 Gills 8     1.34 ± 1.86 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Mandarin fish (farmed)
Siniperca chuatsi		 GIT 8     3.55 ± 4.60 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Mandarin fish (farmed)
Siniperca chuatsi		 Liver 8     1.57 ± 3.05 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Mandarin fish (farmed)
Siniperca chuatsi		 Muscle 8     0.22 ± 0.41 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Northern snakehead (farmed)
Nemipterus virgatus		 Skin 8     1.61 ± 2.09 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Northern snakehead (farmed)
Nemipterus virgatus		 Gills 8     2.22 ± 2.75 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Northern snakehead (farmed)
Nemipterus virgatus		 GIT 8     0.99 ± 2.80 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Northern snakehead (farmed)
Nemipterus virgatus		 Liver 8     0.22 ± 0.59 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Northern snakehead (farmed)
Nemipterus virgatus		 Muscle 8     ND ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Ismail et al. 2009 Lake Ontario 1979-2004 Lake trout
Salvelinus namaycush		 Whole body 29 (4 or 5 per year) None 2.3 (±0.5)-12 (±5.3) 0.27 (± 0.30)-1.3 (± 0.8) ng/g Mean (± SE) 0.23 ng/g ww
Sell-
ström et al. 1998		 Sweden 1995 Pike
Esox lucius		 Muscle         µg/kg    
Sell-
ström et al. 1998		 Sweden 1995 Pike
Esox lucius		 Muscle     not detec-
ted - trace		   µg/kg    
Sell-
ström et al. 1998		 Sweden 1995 Pike
Esox lucius		 Muscle     not detec-
ted - trace		   µg/kg    
Wang et al. 2007 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Lichen Whole 1 None   1572 ng/g dw   1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 March brown
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri		 Whole 1 None   11.37 ng/g dw   1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Coccid Whole 1 None   114 ng/g dw   1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Zoo-
plankton
Monia recti-
rostris, Monia micrura, Monia macrocopa		 Whole 1 None   151.9 ng/g dw   1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Common carp
Cyprinus carpio		 Whole 4 75%   5 ng/g dw   1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Java tilapia
Tilapia nilotica		 Whole 3 100%   < 1 ng/g dw   1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Leather catfish
Silurus meri-
dionalis		 Whole 4 Some   19.32 ng/g dw Mean 1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Crusian carp
Carassius auratus		 Whole 5 Some   1.79 ng/g dw Mean 1 ng/g dw
Wang et al. 2008 China Sept.-Dec. 2006 Chinese softshell turtle
Chinemys reevesii		 Whole 3 Some   2.63 ng/g dw Mean 1 ng/g dw
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Large yellow croaker
Pseudo-
siaena crocea		 Muscle 13 Some 117.4   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Silvery pomfret
Platy-
cephalus argenteus		 Muscle 10 Some 24.4   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Flathead fish
Platy-
cephalus indicus		 Muscle 17 Some 0   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Robust tongue fish
Cyno-
glossus robustus		 Muscle 8 Some 0   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Bombay duck
Harpodon nehereus		 Muscle 9 Some 0   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Jinga shrimp
Meta-
penaeus affinis		 Soft tissue 10 Some 0   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Greasy-back shrimp
Meta-
penaeus crocea		 Soft tissue 10 Some 30.0   ng/g Median  
Xiang et al. 2007 China Apr.-Aug. 2004 Mantis shrimp
Oratos-
quilla oratoria		 Soft tissue 9 Some 42.47   ng/g Median  
Mammal - Herbivore
Lichota et al. 2004 Van-
couver Island, Canada		 2001 Marmot
Marmota vancou-
verensis		 Fat     0.5   µg/kg    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2007		 Flanders, Belgium 2001 Wood mice
Apodemus sylvaticus		 Liver and muscle 12 All < 17   ng/g    
Voor-
spoels et al. 2007		 Flanders, Belgium 2001 Bank voles
Cleth-
rionomys glareolus		 Liver and muscle 12 All < 17   ng/g    
Mammal - Predator
Marius-
sen et al. 2004		 Norway 1995 Moose
Alces alces		 Liver Not repor-
ted		   0.8   ng/g Mean  
Chris-
tensen et al. 2005		 Coastal British Columbia 2003 Grizzly bear
Ursus arctos horribilis		 Fat or muscle 6 Not repor-
ted		 ~ 0.1-2.77   µg/kg Range (from graph)  
Chris-
tensen et al. 2005		 Interior British Columbia 2003 Grizzly bear
Ursus arctos horribilis		 Fat or muscle 6 Not repor-
ted		 ~0.5-41.71   µg/kg Range (from graph)  
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Polar bear
Ursus maritimus		 Blubber 4 0 0.03-0.16 (.09)   ng/g Range (mean)  
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Polar bear
Ursus maritimus		 Blubber 4 0   0.075-0.04 (0.0225) ng/g Range (mean)  
Marius-
sen et al. 2004		 Norway 1993-1994 Lynx
Lynx lynx		 Liver 7   0.1   ng/g Mean  
Muir et al. 2006 Svalbard   Polar bear
Ursus maritimus		 Adipose 15   < 1   ng/g Mean  
Muir et al. 2006 Svalbard   Polar bear
Ursus maritimus		 Adipose 44   < 1   ng/g Mean  
Skaare 2004 Svalbard 2001-2003 Polar bear
Ursus maritimus		 Adipose     1   ng/g Mean  
Verrault et al. 2005 Svalbard, Norway 2002 Polar bear (female)
Ursus maritimus		 Plasma 15 93%   < 0.06 -0.1 ng/g Range  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006a		 Belgium 2003-2004 Red fox
Vulpes vulpes		 Liver 30 60% < 9.1-760   ng/g Range  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006a		 Belgium 2003-2004 Red fox
Vulpes vulpes		 Muscle 33 79% < 3.9-290   ng/g Range  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006a		 Belgium 2003-2004 Red fox
Vulpes vulpes		 Adipose 27 85% < 3.7-200   ng/g Range  
Marine Fish
Akutsu et al. 2001 Inland Sea of Seto, Japan 1998 Conger eel       < 0.2-0.53 < 0.020-0.029 µg/kg    
Akutsu et al. 2001 Inland Sea of Seto, Japan 1998 Flounder
Para-
lichthys olivaceus		       1.9-3.2 0.015-0.022 µg/kg    
Akutsu et al. 2001 Inland Sea of Seto, Japan 1998 Gray mullet
Mugil cephalus		       < 0.2-0.25 < 0.010-0.013 µg/kg    
Akutsu et al. 2001 Inland Sea of Seto, Japan 1998 Horse mackerel       < 0.2-1.4 < 0.030-0.047 µg/kg    
Akutsu et al. 2001 Inland Sea of Seto, Japan 1998 Red sea bream
Pagrus major		       < 0.2-0.74 < 0.010-0.020 µg/kg    
Akutsu et al. 2001 Inland Sea of Seto, Japan 1998 Sea bass
Lateolabrax japonicus		       0.40-0.81 0.0087-0.017 µg/kg    
Burreau et al. 2004 Lumparn Estuary Not Given Roach
Rutilus rutilus		 Muscle 8 5 48   ng/g median  
Burreau et al. 2004 Lumparn Estuary Not Given Perch
Perca fluviatilis		 Muscle 33 21 1.3   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2004 Lumparn Estuary Not Given Pike
Esox lucius		 Muscle 25 21 1.7   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2006 Baltic Sea 1998 Sprat
Sprattus sprattus		 Muscle 6 3 0.082   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2006 Baltic Sea 1998 Herring
Clupea harengus		 Muscle 5 1 0.24   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2006 Baltic Sea 1998 Salmon
Salmo salar		 Muscle 10 7 0.41   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2006 North Atlantic Ocean 1999 Small herring
Clupea harengus		 Muscle 6 0 0.31   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2006 North Atlantic Ocean 1999 Large herring
Clupea harengus		 Muscle 6 3 0.039   ng/g Median  
Burreau et al. 2006 North Atlantic Ocean 1999 Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar		 Muscle 10 0     ng/g Median  
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 Mackerel
Scomber scombrus		 Muscle       < 2 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Herring
Clupea harengus		 Liver     < 4.6 - < 11 < 0.300 - < 0.520 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Herring
Clupea harengus		 Filet     < 1.4 - < 2.6 < 0.160 - < 0.250 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Herring
Clupea harengus		 Milt and eggs     < 1.9 - < 5.0 < 0.130 - < 0.200 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Cod Liver     < 0.22 - < 53 <  0.110-0.380 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Cod Fillet     < 8.1 - < 40 < 0.049 - < 0.170 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Whiting
Merlangius merlangius		 Liver     < 0.4 - < 1.2 < 0.280 - < 0.610 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Whiting
Merlangius merlangius		 Fillet     < 6.5 - < 13 < 0.042 - < 0.078 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Sprat
Sprattus sprattus		 Whole body     < 10 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Whiting
Merlangius merlangius		 Whole body     < 33 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Whiting
Merlangius merlangius		 Muscle     < 33 - < 100 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Whiting
Merlangius merlangius		 Liver     < 1.56 - µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Flounder
Para-
lichthys olivaceus		 Liver     < 2.7 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Western Scheldt, The Nether
lands		 1999 Greater sandeel
Hyperoplus lanceolatus		       < 18 - < 22 < 0.2 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2003 The Nether-
lands		 1999 Flounder
Para-
lichthys olivaceus		         < 0.2-< 6 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2003 The Nether-
lands		 1999 Bream         < 0.03-< 21 µg/kg    
Fjeld et al. 2004 Svolvaer, Lofoten, Norway 2002 Atlantic cod
Gadus morhua		 Liver 21   0.99   ng/g Mean  
Fjeld et al. 2004 Varanger-
fjorden, Norway		 1998, 2002 Atlantic cod
Gadus morhua		 Liver 21   0.98   ng/g Mean  
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Crimson snapper (farmed)
Lutjanus erythrop-
terus		 Skin 8     1.47 ± 2.72 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Crimson snapper (farmed)
Lutjanus erythrop-
terus		 Gills 8     0.30 ± 0.55 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Crimson snapper (farmed)
Lutjanus erythrop-
terus		 GIT 8     1.06 ± 2.99 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Crimson snapper (farmed)
Lutjanus erythrop-
terus		 Liver 8     0.59 ± 1.25 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Crimson snapper (farmed)
Lutjanus erythrop-
terus		 Muscle 8     0.048 ± 0.14 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Golden thread
Nemipterus virgatus		 Skin 8     15.54 ± 24.81 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Golden thread
Nemipterus virgatus		 Gills 8     2.69 ± 5.47 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Golden thread
Nemipterus virgatus		 GIT 8     ND ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Golden thread
Nemipterus virgatus		 Liver 8     0.31 ± 0.83 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Guo et al. 2009 Pearl River Delta,
S. China		   Golden thread
Nemipterus virgatus		 Muscle 8     0.089 ± 0.25 ng/g dw Mean (± SD) 10 ng/g dw
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Polar cod
Boreogadus saida		 Whole body 7 0 0.05-0.42 (0.2)   ng/g Range (mean)  
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Polar cod
Boreogadus saida		 Whole body 7 0   0.006-0.05 (0.024) ng/g Range (mean)  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Silver perch
Bairdiella chrysoura		 Muscle 6 All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Striped mullet
Mugil cephalus		 Muscle 6 All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Spotted seatrout
Cynoscion nebulosus		 Muscle 7 All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Red drum
Sciaenops ocellatus		 Muscle 11 All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Hardhead catfish
Arius felis		 Muscle 8   4.5   ng/g Mean  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Atlantic stingray
Dasyatis Sabina		 Muscle 7   0.1   ng/g Mean  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Spiny dogfish
Squalus acanthias		 Muscle 5   16.9   ng/g Mean  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2004 Atlantic sharpnose shark
Rhizo-
prionodon terrae-
novae		 Muscle 5   514.3   ng/g Mean  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 1993-1994 Bull shark
Carcha-
rhinus leucas		 Muscle 6   39   ng/g Mean  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida 2002-2004 Bull shark
Carcha-
rhinus leucas		 Muscle 7   778   ng/g Mean  
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Mullet
Mugilidae		   4       µg/kg    
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Goby   2       µg/kg    
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Sardine   2       µg/kg    
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Sea bass   1       µg/kg    
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Horse mackerel   1       µg/kg    
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Mackerel
Scomber scombrus		   1       µg/kg    
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Hairtail   1       µg/kg    
Marine Invertebrates
Burreau et al. 2006 Baltic Sea 1999 Zoo-
plankton
Calanoid sp.		 Muscle 3 None 2.1   ng/g Median  
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Starfish
Asteroidea		 Pyloric caeca     < 2.0-8.9 < 0.150-0.310 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Hermit crab Abdo-
men		     < 1.1-7.0 < 0.1600-0.470 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Male whelk
Haustellum brandaris		 Whole body     < 1.9 - < 14 < 0.052 - < 0.190 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Shrimp Whole body     < 2.4 - < 5.6 < 0.073 - < 0.081 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Shrimp Whole body     < 100 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Polychaete worm Whole body     < 50 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Starfish Whole body and tenta-
cle		     < 9 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Western Scheldt, The Nether-
lands		 1999 Mysid shrimp       < 20 93 < 0.2-0.98 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Western Scheldt, The Nether-
lands		 1999 Copepod       < 37 < 0.3 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Western Scheldt, The Nether-
lands		 1999 Gudgeon       < 6.0 - < 17 < 0.1 - < 0.4 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2003 The Nether-
lands		 1999 Marine mussels         < 4-<  5 µg/kg    
Fjeld et al. 2004 Svolvaer, Lofoten, Norway 2002 Blue mussels
Mytilus edullis		 Muscle 20   33   ng/g Mean  
Fjeld et al. 2004 Varanger-
fjorden, Norway		 2002 Blue mussels
Mytilus edullis		 Muscle 50   3.6   ng/g Mean  
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Ice amphipod
Gammarus wilkitzkii		 Whole body 1 (com-
posite of 5)		 0 7.22   ng/g Mean  
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Ice amphipod
Gammarus wilkitzkii		 Whole body 1 (com-
posite of 5)		 0   0.28 ng/g Mean  
Watanabe et al. 1987 Japan 1981-1985 Mussels
Lampsilis radiata		   5 4 of 5   1.4 µg/kg   0.5
Marine Mammals
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 Minke whale
Balae-
noptera acuto-
rostrata		 Blubber       < 1 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 Sperm whale
Physeter catodon		 Blubber       < 3 - < 6 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 Sperm whale
Physeter catodon		 Liver       < 3 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 White-beaked dolphin
Lageno-
rhynchus albi-
rostris		 Blubber       < 10 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 White-beaked dolphin
Lageno-
rhynchus albi-
rostris		 Liver       < 1 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 Harbour seal Blubber       < 10 - < 15 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 1998 Dutch Coast 1995 Harbour seal Liver       < 1 - < 2 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Harbour porpoise Liver     1.2 - < 7.4 - µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Harbour porpoise Blubber     < 2.7 - 26 - µg/kg µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Harbour seal Liver 9   < 6.5-160   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Harbour seal Blubber     < 1.8-16   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 White-beaked dolphin Blubber     < 3.8   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 White-beaked dolphin Kidney     < 8.2   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 White-beaked dolphin Heart     < 4.9   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 White-beaked dolphin Lungs     35   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 White-beaked dolphin Brain     < 0.8   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 White-beaked dolphin Liver     140-318   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Bottlenose dolphin Blubber     < 2.5   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Bottlenose dolphin Liver     < 6.4   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Bottlenose dolphin Kidney     < 3.0   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 North Sea 1999 Bottlenose dolphin Muscle     < 7.7   µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Porpoise Blubber     < 8.7 - < 9 < 7.5 µg/kg    
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Ringed seal
Phoca hispida		 Blubber 6 5 0.02   ng/g Only de-
tected concen-
tration		  
Sørmo et al. 2006 Svalbard 2003 Ringed seal
Phoca hispida		 Blubber 6 5   0.006 ng/g Only de-
tected concen-
tration		  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Western coast of Florida 1991-1996 Bottlenose dolphin
Tursiops truncatus		 Blubber     0   ng/g Mean  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Western coast of Florida 2000-2001 Bottlenose dolphin
Tursiops truncatus		 Blubber   All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Eastern coast of Florida 2001-2004 Bottlenose dolphin
Tursiops truncatus		 Blubber   All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Johnson-Restropo 2005 Coastal Florida ?? Striped dolphin
Stenella coeru-
leoalba		 Blubber   All < 0.022   ng/g MDL  
Shaw et al. 2007 (BFR) NW Atlantic coast (Maine to Long Island) 1991 - 2005 Harbour seal
Phoca vitulina		 Blubber 4 2 of 4 nd - 7.4   ng/g Range  
Marine/Aquatic Birds
de Boer et al. 2001 Tees Estuary, UK 1999 Cormorant
Corvus marinus		 Liver     < 17 - < 25 < 0.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Western Scheldt, The Nether-
lands		 1999 Common tern
Sterna hirundo 		Eggs     < 5.6-70 < 0.46-7.1 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2001 Western Scheldt, The Nether-
lands		 1999 Common tern
Sterna hirundo		 Eggs     4.4-27 0.45-2.9 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Great crested grebe
Podiceps cristatus		 Liver 4 3 of 4 < 1.5-9.1 < 0.11-0.52 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Great crested grebe
Podiceps cristatus		 Muscle 3 2 of 3 < 8.1-31 < 0.4-1.2 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Heron Liver 4 All < 2.3 - < 5.7 < 0.08 - < 0.25 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Heron Muscle 5 4 of 5 < 6.3-563 < 0.32-4.5 µg/kg    
de Boer et al. 2004 Sweden Not given Gannett
Morus bassanus 		Eggs 12 All < 4 - < 57 < 0.2 - < 2.2 µg/kg    
Gauthier et al. 2008 Canada 1982, 1987, 1992, 1995-2006, April -May Herring gull
Larus argentatus		 Eggs 10-13 eggs/ site/
year pooled homo-
genates		 Not repor-
ted		   4.5-20 ng/g Range  
Jaspers et al. 2006 Belgium 2003-2004 Aquatic birds (heron/
grebe)		 Multi-
ple		 12 All <2.25   ng/g    
Kunisue et al. 2008 Open sea (Asia) 1998-1999 Black-footed albatross
Diomedea nigripes		 Muscle 5 All <0.5   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Open sea (Asia) 1998 Laysan albatross
Diomedea immu-
tabilis		 Muscle 5 All <0.5   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Open sea (Asia) 1999 Northern fulmar
Fulmarus glacialis		 Muscle 5 0 <0.5-4.8 (1.9)   ng/g Range (mean in brackets)  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Japan (Coastal) 1999-2001 Black-tailed gull
Larus crass-
irostris		 Muscle 5 All <0.5   ng/g De-
tection limit		  
Lam et al. 2007 China - Hong Kong March - May 2004 Little egret
Egretta garzetta		 Eggs 5 Not repor
ted		 2.6 ±1.6 (< 0.5-3.8)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al. 2007 China - Hong Kong March-May 2004 Black-crowned night heron
Nycticorax nycticorax		 Eggs 5 Not repor-
ted		 14 ±25 (0.62-59)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al. 2007 China - Xiamen March-May 2004 Little egret
Egretta garzetta		 Eggs 5 Not repor-
ted		 0.89 ±0.64 (0.42-2.0)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al. 2007 China - Xiamen March-May 2004 Black-crowned night heron
Nycticorax nycticorax		 Eggs 5 Not repor-
ted		 1.8 ±2.2 (< 0.5-5.2)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al. 2007 China - Xiamen March-May 2004 Chinese pond heron
Ardeola bacchus		 Eggs 5 Not repor-
ted		 99 ± 130 (3.1-290)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al. 2007 China - Xiamen March-May 2004 Cattle egret
Bubulcus ibis		 Eggs 5 Not repor-
ted		 28 ± 36 (< 0.5-75)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al. 2007 Quanzhou March-May 2004 Little egret
Egretta garzetta		 Eggs 5 Not repor-
ted		 1.6 ± 0.55 (0.88-2.3)   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Lam et al 2007 Quanzhou March-May 2004 Black-crowned night heron
Nycticorax nycticorax		 Eggs 5 5 < 0.5   ng/g Mean ±standard deviation (range) 0.5
Verrault et al. 2005 Svalbard, Norway 2004 Glaucous gull (male)
Larus hyper-
boreus		 Plasma 12 50%   < 0.05-0.21 ng/g Range  
Verrault et al. 2005 Svalbard, Norway 2004 Glaucous gull (female)
Larus hyper-
boreus		 Plasma 15 64%   < 0.05-0.33 ng/g Range  
Ver-
reault et al. 2004		 Bjoroya, Norway 2002-2004 Glaucous gull
Larus hyper-
boreus		 Plasma 89   410   ng/g Mean  
Ver-
reault et al. 2004		 Bjoroya, Norway 2002-2004 Glaucous gull
Larus hyper-
boreus		 Eggs 4 pools   23-53   ng/g Range  
Ver-
reault et al. 2004		 Svalbard   Glaucous gull
Larus hyper-
boreus		 Liver 20   nd-170   ng/g Range  
Other Birds
Kunisue et al. 2008 Japan (Inland) 2001 Common cormorant
Phala-
crocorax carbo		 Muscle 4 0 < 0.5-3.5 (1.4)   ng/g Range (mean in brackets)  
Kunisue et al. 2008 Japan (Inland) 1998 Jungle crow
Corvus macro-
rhynchos		 Muscle 5 0 36-1800 (440)   ng/g Range (mean in brackets)  
Marius-
sen et al. 2004		 Norway 1990-1993 Grouse Liver     0.5   ng/g Mean  
Voor-
spoels et al. 2006b		 Belgium 2001, 2003 Passerines Liver and muscle 25 All < 17   ng/g    
Vegetation
Schla-
bach et al. 2002		 Skogan-
varre, Norway		 2002 Moss n/a 1     0.025 ng/g Mean  
Schla-
bach et al. 2002		 Valvik, Norway 2002 Moss n/a 1     0.12 ng/g Mean  

 

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