Recovery Strategy for the Ermine, haidarum subspecies, in Canada [Proposed] : References

Allombert. S., S. Stockton and J.L. Martin. 2005. A natural experiment on the impact of overabundant deer on forest invertebrates. Conservation Biology 19:1917-1929

Buck, P.E.F. 1998. Occurrence report on the Queen Charlotte Ermine (Mustela erminea haidarum). Technical report to B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Smithers, BC.

Burles, D., A. Edie and P.M. Bartier. 2004. Native land mammals and amphibian of Haida Gwaii with Management Implications for Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site. Parks Canada Technical Reports in Ecosystem Science Report # 40. 119pp.

Burles, D.W., J. Stuart-Smith, B. Wijdeven, D.W. Nagorsen and T. Husband 2008. Summary of research activities related to the recovery of Haida ermine, Mustela erminea haidarum, on Haida Gwaii. Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site Technical Report. 55pp.

Byun, S.A. 1998. Quaternary biogeography of western North America: insights from mtDNA phylogeography of endemic vertebrates from Haida Gwaii. PhD Dissertation. University of Victoria. Victoria, BC.

Cannings, S.G., L.R. Ramsay, D.F. Fraser, and M.A. Fraker. 1999. Rare amphibians, reptiles, and mammals of British Columbia. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC.

Collison, V. 2004. Haida Ermine – Traditional Knowledge. Unpublished report. Masset, BC. 3pp.

Conservation Data Centre. 2009. B.C. Ministry of Environment. Website: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cdc

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2006. Mammals (terrestrial). Ermine haidarum subspecies. http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/, accessed August 2006.

Cowan, I.M. 1989. Birds and mammals on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Pp. 175-186 in G.G.E. Scudder and N. Gessler, editors. The outer shores. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. Queen Charlotte, BC.

Daufresne, T. and J-L. Martin. 1997. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity as a result of browsing by a large herbivore: the impact of introduced black tail deer in the primary forest of Haida Gwaii. Laskeek Bay Report on Scientific Activities 7:2-26.

deCalesta, D.S. 1994. Effect of white-tailed deer on songbirds within managed forests in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:711-718.

Diamond, J.M. 1989. The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B. 625:469-77.

Doyle, A.T. 1990. Use of riparian and upland habitats small mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 71:14-23.

Eagle, T.C. and J.S. Whiteman. 1987. Mink. Pp. 614-624 in M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard and M. Malloch, editors. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Fur Managers Federation and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Queen’s Printer, Toronto, ON.

Edie, A. 2001. Update COSEWIC status report on Queen Charlotte Islands ermine (Mustela erminea haidarum L.). COSEWIC Secretariat. Hull, QC.

Eger, J.L. 1990. Patterns of geographic variation in the skull of Nearctic ermine (Mustela erminea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1241-1249.

Engelstoft, C. and L. Bland. 2002. Restoration priorities associated with introduced species impacts on Haida Gwaii / Queen Charlotte Islands: perspectives and strategies. Technical report to Council of the Haida Nation Forest Guardians and B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Victoria, BC. 112pp.

Environment Canada, Parks Canada Agency, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2005. Species at Risk Act Policy: recovery – draft policy on the feasibility of recovery. April 15, 2005. Ottawa. ON.

Erlinge, S. 1974. Distribution, territoriality and numbers of the weasel Mustela nivalis in relation to prey abundance. Oikos 25:308-314.

Erlinge, S. 1977. Spacing strategy in the stoat Mustela erminea. Oikos 28:32-42.

Erlinge, S. 1983. Demography and dynamics of a stoat Mustela erminea population in a diverse community of vertebrates. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:705-726.

Fagerstone, K.A. 1987. Black-footed ferret, long-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel and least weasel. Pp 549-573 in M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard and M. Malloch (editors). Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Fur Managers Federation and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Queen’s Printer, Toronto, ON.

Fleming, M.A., and J.A. Cook. 2002. Phylogeography of endemic ermine (Mustela erminea) in southeast Alaska. Molecular Ecology 11:795-807.

Foster, J.B. 1965. The evolution of the mammals of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Number 14. Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum. Victoria, BC.

Golumbia, T.E. 2000. Introduced species management in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands). Pages 327-331 in L.M. Darling, editor. Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC and University College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC.

Gyug, L.W. 1994. Wildlife use of logging debris piles in clearcuts. Technical report to B.C. Ministry of Environment. Penticton, BC. 45 pp.

Hanley, T.A. and J.C. Barnard. 1999. Spatial variation in populations dynamics of Sitka mice in floodplain forests. Journal of Mammalogy 80:866-879.

Heusser, C.J. 1989. North Pacific coastal refugia – the Queen Charlotte Islands in perspective. Pp 91-106 in G.G.E. Scudder and N. Gessler, editors. The outer shores. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. Queen Charlotte, BC.

Howay, F.W. 1932. An outline sketch of the maritime fur trade. Report of the annual meeting – Canadian Historical Association 5-14.

Jędrzejewski, W., B. Jędrzejewska, and L. Szymura. 1995. Weasel population response, home range and predation on rodents in a deciduous forest in Poland. Ecology 76:179-195.

King, C.M. 1983. Mustela erminea. Mammalian Species No. 195.

King, C.M. 1989. The natural history of weasels and stoats. Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca, NY.

Korpimäki, E., K. Norrdahl and T. Rinta-Jaskari. 1991. Responses of stoats and least weasels to fluctuating food abundances: is the low phase of the vole cycle due to mustelid predation? Oecologia 88:552-561.

Lawler, J.J., S.P. Campbell, A.D. Guerry, M.B. Kolozsvary, R.J. O’Connor and L.C.N. Seward. 2002. The scope and treatment of threats in endangered species recovery plans. Ecological Applications 12:663-667.

Lisgo, K.A. 1999. Ecology of the short tailed weasel (Mustela erminea) in the mixedwood boreal forest of Alberta. M.Sc. Thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Lisgo, K.A., F.L. Bunnell and A.S. Harestad. 2002. Summer and fall use of logging residue piles by female short-tailed weasels. Pp. 319-329 in W.F. Laudenslayer Jr., P.J. Shea, B.E. Valentine, C.P. Weatherspoon and T.E. Lisle, technical coordinators. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology and management of dead wood in western forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181. Pacific Southwest Research Station. Albany, CA.

Lofroth, E. 1998. The dead wood cycle. Pages 185-214 in J. Voller and S. Harrison, editors. Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes. UBC Press. Vancouver, BC.

Lomer, F. and G.W. Douglas. 1999. Additions to the flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Canadian Field Naturalist 113:235-240.

MacArthur, R.H. and E.O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Meidinger, D. and J.E. Pojar. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. B.C. Ministry of Forests. Victoria, BC.

Mowat, G., C. Surgot and K.G. Poole. 2000. Using track plates and remote cameras to detect marten and short-tailed weasels in coastal cedar hemlock forests. Northwestern Naturalist 81:113-121.

Nagorsen, D.W. 2006. Haida Gwaii American Marten (Martes americana) study. Final report 28 June 2006. Mammalia Biological Consulting, Victoria, BC.

Nagorsen, D.W., R.W. Campbell and G.R. Giannico. 1991. Winter food habits of marten, Martes americana in Haida Gwaii. Canadian Field Naturalist 105:55-59.

Nams, V.O. 1981. Prey selection mechanisms of the ermine (Mustela erminea). Pp.861-882 in J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley, editors. Proceedings of the Worldwide Furbearer Conference.

NatureServe. 2008. Version 7.1. Website: www.natureserve.org

O’Donoghue, M., S. Boutin, E.J. Hofer and R. Boonstra. 2001. Other mammalian predators. Pp. 324-326 in C.J. Krebs, S. Boutin and R. Boonstra, editors. Ecosystem dynamics of the boreal forest: the Kluane Project. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.

Powell, R.A. 1973. A model for raptor predation on weasels. Journal of Mammalogy 54:259-263.

Purvis, A., J.L. Gittleman, G. Cowlishaw and G.M. Mace. 2000. Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 267:1947-1952.

Reid, D.G., L. Waterhouse, P.E.F Buck, A.E. Derocher, R. Bettner and C.D. French. 2000. Inventory of the Queen Charlotte Islands ermine. Pp. 393-406 in L.M.Darling, editor. Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands & Parks, Victoria, BC and University College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC.

Reimchen, T.E. 2000. Some ecological and evolutionary aspects of bear-salmon interactions in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:445-457.

Reimchen, T.E. and A. Byun. 2005. Pp. 77-95 in D.W. Fedje and R.W. Mathewes (eds.).Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia.

RENEW. 2003. Working Draft Recovery Operations Manual. 30 January 2003. Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife. Ottawa, ON.

Samson, C. and M. Raymond. 1998. Movement and habitat preference of radio tracked stoats, Mustela erminea, during summer in southern Québec. Mammalia 62:165-174.

Shaffer, M.L. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience. 31:131-134.

Simberloff, D. 1998. Small and declining populations. Pp. 116-135 in W.J. Sutherland (Ed.). Conservation Science and Action. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Simms, D.A. 1979a. North American weasels: resource utilization and distribution. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:504-520.

Simms, D.A. 1979b. Studies of an ermine population in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:824-832.

Stevens, V. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. B.C. Ministry of Forests Working Paper 30/1997. Victoria, BC.

Stockton, S., A.J. Gaston and J.L. Martin. 2000. Where have all the flowers gone? The impact of introduced black tail deer on the shoreline vegetation of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Laskeek Bay Research 10:31-42

Sullivan, T.P., D.S. Sullivan and P.M.F. Lindgren. 2001. Stand structure and small mammals in young lodgepole pine forest: 10-year results after thinning. Ecological Applications 11:1151-1173.

Thompson, I.D. and P.W. Colgan. 1990. Prey choice by marten during a decline in prey abundance. Oecologia 83:443-451.

Thompson, I.D., I.J. Davidson, S. O'Donnell, and F. Brazeau. 1989. Use of track transects to measure the relative occurrence of some boreal mammals in uncut forest and regeneration stands. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1816-1823.

Vila, B., F. Guibal and J.L. Martin. 2001. Impact of browsing on forest understory in Haida Gwaii: A dendro-ecological approach. Laskeek Bay Research 10: 62-73.

Weckworth, R.P. and V.D. Hawley. 1962. Marten food habits and population fluctuations in Montana. ournal of Wildlife Management 26:55-74.

Wilson, T.M. and A.B. Carey. 1996. Observations of weasels in second-growth Douglas-fir forests in the Puget Trough, Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 77:35-39.

Personal Communications

The following people were contacted regarding the recovery of Ermine haidarum. Not all are cited in the text above.

• Doyle, Frank. Wildlife Biologist, Wildlife Dynamics Consulting. Telkwa, BC
• Fraser, Dave. Endangered Species Specialist. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC
• Guujaaw. President, Council of the Haida Nation. Skidegate, BC
• Hatler, Dave. Wildlife Biologist. Wildeor Wildlife Research and Consulting. Enderby, BC
• Husband, George. Trapper. Skidegate Landing, BC
• Gifford-Brown, Janet. Local bird watcher and former Sewall resident.
• LaRose, Jim. Trapper. Queen Charlotte, BC
• Mowat, Garth. Wildlife Biologist. Aurora Wildlife Research. South Slocan, BC.
• Nagorsen, David. Mammalia Biological Consulting. Victoria. BC
• Reid, Don. Associate Conservation Zoologist.Wildlife Conservation Society Canada. Yukon
• Schultze, George. Wildlife Technician, B.C. Ministry of Environment. Smithers, BC
• Schwantje, Helen. Wildlife Veterinarian, B.C. Ministry of Environment. Victoria, BC