Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp. ciliata): recovery strategy proposed 2025

Official title: Recovery Strategy for the Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp. ciliata) in Canada proposed 2025

Species at Risk Act
Recovery Strategy Series

Preface

The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996)^{Footnote 2} agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada^{Footnote 3}. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29)^{Footnote 4} (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years after the publication of the final document on the Species at Risk Public Registry.

The Minister of Environment and Climate Change is the competent minister under SARA for the Hairy Valerian and has prepared this recovery strategy, as per section 37 of SARA. To the extent possible, it has been prepared in cooperation with the province of Ontario, Indigenous organizations, and any others as per section 39(1) of SARA.

Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy and will not be achieved by Environment and Climate Change Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. All members of the public are invited to join in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the Hairy Valerian and society as a whole.

This recovery strategy will be followed by one or more action plans that will provide information on recovery measures to be taken by Environment and Climate Change Canada and other jurisdictions and/or organizations involved in the conservation of the species. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.

The recovery strategy sets the strategic direction to support the recovery and/or survival of the species. It provides all persons in Canada with information to help take action on species conservation, including identification of critical habitat to the extent possible. Where available, critical habitat spatial data is found in the Critical Habitat for Species at Risk National Dataset^{Footnote 5}

When critical habitat is identified, either in a recovery strategy or an action plan, SARA provides a legal framework that enables the protection of that critical habitat.

In the case of critical habitat identified for terrestrial species, including migratory birds, SARA requires that critical habitat identified in a federal protected area, referred to in SARA ss. 58(2), be described in the Canada Gazette within 90 days after the recovery strategy or action plan that identified the critical habitat is included in the Public Registry. The prohibition against destruction of critical habitat under subsection (ss.) 58(1) will apply 90 days after the description of that critical habitat is published in the Canada Gazette.

For critical habitat located on federal lands that are not a federal protected area, as in SARA ss. 58(2), the competent minister must make an order applying the ss. 58(1) prohibition against destruction of critical habitat if it is not already legally protected by a provision in, or measure under, SARA or any other Act of Parliament. If the competent minister does not make the order, a statement must be included on the Species at Risk Public Registry setting out how the critical habitat, or portions of it are legally protected on those federal lands.

If there are portions of critical habitat of a migratory bird to which the following applies:

1. habitat to which the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 applies, and
2. not on federal land, within the exclusive economic zone, or on the continental shelf of Canada, and
3. not within a migratory bird sanctuary

SARA requires that the Minister recommend that the Governor in Council make an order to prohibit destruction of critical habitat, if the competent minister forms the opinion that there are no provisions in, or measures under, SARA or other Acts of Parliament that legally protect them. If the competent minister does not make the recommendation, a statement must be included on the Public Registry setting out how those portions of critical habitat for the migratory bird are legally protected.

For any other part or portion of critical habitat located on non-federal lands (including the portions of critical habitat of a migratory bird that are not habitat to which the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 applies), if the competent minister forms the opinion that any portion of critical habitat is not protected by provisions in or measures under SARA or other Acts of Parliament, or the laws of the province or territory, SARA requires that the Minister recommend that the Governor in Council make an order to apply the ss. 61(1) prohibition against destruction of critical habitat. The discretion to protect critical habitat on non-federal lands that is not otherwise protected rests with the Governor in Council.

Acknowledgments

This recovery strategy was prepared by Holly Bickerton, Lingfei Li, Marie-Claude Archambault and Rebecca Sutherland (Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service (ECCC-CWS-Ontario Region). This recovery strategy benefited from input, review, and suggestions from the following individuals and organizations: Karolyne Pickett and Krista Holmes (ECCC-CWS-Ontario Region), and staff of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks and the Natural Heritage Information Centre (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry).

Acknowledgement and thanks is given to all others who provided comments and input to help inform the development of this recovery.

Executive summary

Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp. ciliata) was listed as Endangered on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act in February, 2023 due to its small distribution and low abundance, ongoing decline in occupied area and extent, and reduced quality of its habitat in Canada.

Hairy Valerian is a tall, herbaceous, perennial flowering plant with small white flowers appearing in panicles. Hairy Valerian is dioecious, meaning that plants are usually either male or female, but rarely both. Throughout its range in the southern Great Lakes basin, Hairy Valerian is relatively rare, occurring in calcareous (calcium-rich) prairies, fens and wet meadows.

In Canada, eight subpopulations have been documented in southwestern Ontario, but only three are currently extant. One of these likely consists of a single plant and may not be viable. The total Canadian population in 2017 was 609 plants, occurring mostly in just two small subpopulations.

Hairy Valerian has a very high level of threats affecting it: all subpopulations are threatened by the growth of woody plants, and by invasive species. Within the last two decades, invasive species have caused the extirpation of some sites. Other threats include commercial and industrial development, recreational activities, other ecosystem modifications (for example mowing), and herbicide use.

Recovery has been determined to be feasible, and thus this recovery strategy has been prepared as per subsection 41(1) of SARA.

The population and distribution objective is to lower Hairy Valerian’s risk of extirpation by

• Maintaining or increasing the area, extent and quality of habitat, and arresting the decline in the number of mature individuals
• Maintaining or increasing the current number of subpopulations of Hairy Valerian

Critical habitat has been identified for Hairy Valerian. This identification has been done using the best available information to support the population and distribution objectives. The area containing critical habitat for Hairy Valerian is the extent of suitable habitat where individuals are found at extant subpopulations. The critical habitat identified in this recovery strategy is sufficient to meet the population and distribution objectives for Hairy Valerian.

Broad strategies to be taken to address the threats to the survival and recovery of Hairy Valerian are presented in Strategic Direction for Recovery (Section 6.2). Implementation of these broad strategies are required to meet the population and distribution objectives.

One or more action plans will follow this recovery strategy and will be posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry within ten years of the publication of this document, or as priority and resources allow.

Recovery feasibility summary

Based on the following three criteria^{Footnote 6} that Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) uses to establish recovery feasibility, as described in the Species at Risk Policy on Recovery and Survival^{Footnote 7}, recovery of the Hairy Valerian has been deemed technically and biologically feasible.

Survival characteristics: Can survival characteristics^{Footnote 8} be addressed to the extent that the species’ risk of extinction or extirpation as a result of human activity is reduced?

Yes, with uncertainty. There are two survival characteristics of Hairy Valerian that need to be addressed in order to reduce its risk of extirpation as a result of human activity: redundancy^{Footnote 9} and connectivity^{Footnote 10}. Redundancy of the Canadian population of Hairy Valerian is compromised because previously reported subpopulations have been extirpated, and remaining subpopulations are small, with a declining amount of suitable habitat and associated inferred declines in the number of mature individuals. Redundancy can first be addressed by arresting the decline in habitat quality, extent and number of mature individuals. This can be accomplished through protection of the three remaining subpopulations^{Footnote 11}, regular habitat management to reduce threats and improve habitat quality, and where necessary and feasible, increasing abundance at extant subpopulations through in situ or ex situ recovery techniques. Improving redundancy may also require the reintroduction of subpopulations into suitable, managed habitat within its historical range in Canada, if feasible.

Connectivity of the Canadian population of Hairy Valerian needs to be addressed because it occurs at only three subpopulations in Ontario, which could increase its long‑term risk of extirpation as a result local catastrophic events. Improving connectivity will help improve genetic structure, gene flow and pollinator interactions between and within subpopulations. To address connectivity, attempts should be made to restore or reintroduce subpopulations within suitable habitat in the historical range. This will require human-facilitated dispersal because currently suitable habitat is not situated within Hairy Valerian’s natural dispersal capabilities (that is, seed dispersal distance). This type of intervention may be technically and biologically feasible, given the apparent success of individuals grown from seed and transplanted in southwestern Ontario (see 6.1, Actions Completed or Currently Underway). However, some uncertainty remains as to the ability of transplanted seedlings to survive in restored habitat currently available elsewhere in southwestern Ontario.

Independence: Is the species currently able to persist in Canada independent of deliberate human interventions, and/or will it eventually be able to achieve and maintain independence in the state where condition (1) is met (that is, after the key survival characteristic(s) are addressed), such that it is not reliant on significant, direct, ongoing human intervention?

Yes. Hairy Valerian currently persists in Canada independent of deliberate human intervention: slightly over 600 plants were recorded in a 2017 survey. This taxon was first documented at Goderich, Ontario almost two hundred years ago (COSEWIC 2018) and has persisted continuously there since that time. Another subpopulation in Paris, Ontario was first observed in 1870 and rediscovered in 2005 and has likely persisted for over 150 years. Individual plants are known to live over 100 years: a long taproot may allow them to overcome annual variability in habitat conditions. As long as habitat management is undertaken, Hairy Valerian is likely to persist independent of significant, direct, and ongoing human intervention.

In addition, temporary direct intervention in the form of human-assisted dispersal (for example assisted seed dispersal, ex-situ germination, transplanting of seedlings) may further improve this subspecies’ persistence in Canada and should be explored. Once a recovered state is achieved, direct intervention would no longer be required to maintain Hairy Valerian subpopulations.

Improvement: Can the species’ condition be improved over when it was assessed as at risk?

Yes. As described above, declines in habitat quality and abundance could be arrested with habitat management and the use of suitable recovery techniques. Management techniques to restore prairie habitat, including prescribed burning, invasive species control, and mowing or removal of woody plants, are well established (Knapp et al. 2009; Rowe 2010), and have led to improvements in the condition and abundance of other Ontario prairie species (for example, Bird’s-foot Violet, A. Heagy pers. comm. 2023). In situ and ex situ recovery techniques exist that could be used to increase the number of mature individuals in Canada. Examples of such techniques include seed collection, assisted dispersal, ex situ propagation, and transplanting of ex situ individuals. International guidelines for ex situ conservation have been in place for many years, and these are increasingly being employed to recover Canadian plants at risk (IUCN/SSC 2013, IUCN/SSC 2017, CPC 2019, J. McCune pers. comm. 2023; J. McKnight pers. comm. 2023). To date, a number of ex situ techniques have been undertaken to conserve SAR plants in Ontario (FGCA 2024; J. van Wieren pers. comm. 2024). Within the last two decades, there has also been significant conservation acquisition, management and restoration of tallgrass prairie and fen habitat within Hairy Valerian’s former range. This suggests that suitable habitat for reintroduction is likely available.

1. COSEWIC species assessment information

Date of assessment: November 2018

Common name (population): Hairy Valerian

Scientific name: Valeriana edulis ssp. ciliata

COSEWIC status: Endangered

Reason for designation: This long-lived perennial plant is found in wet prairies and fens in southwestern Ontario, which are very rare habitats. Declines have been observed in its distribution, number of locations, and quality of habitat, and declines are inferred in the number of mature individuals. The three remaining locations have few mature individuals, which are threatened by commercial development, invasive species, and natural succession.

Canadian occurrence: Ontario

COSEWIC status history: Designated Endangered in November 2018.

* COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada)

2. Species status information

Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp. ciliata) is recognized as a native subspecies in Canada (VASCAN, Brouillet et al. 2017). V. edulis ssp. ciliata is one of three recognized subspecies of Valeriana edulis (Meyer 1951) and is geographically separated from the other two subspecies. Hairy Valerian has also been considered in various treatments as a variety, and as a full species (COSEWIC 2018). Regardless of which taxonomic ranking is adopted, Hairy Valerian is considered here, following COSEWIC, as a distinct taxon based on its disjunct range. Throughout this document, the common name Hairy Valerian is used in reference to V. edulis ssp. ciliata.

In Canada, Hairy Valerian is ranked as Critically Imperiled (N1) and in the United States, it is considered Vulnerable (N3) (for ranks, please see Appendix A; NatureServe 2023). NatureServe’s Global Rank for this subspecies is G5T3, reflecting its relative rarity throughout its range across the Great Lakes basin. Hairy Valerian is listed as Threatened under the Ontario Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA), due to differences in assessment criteria required by the ESA (COSSARO 2020).

It is estimated that approximately 6% of the taxon’s range is in Canada (COSSARO 2020).

3. Species information

3.1 Species description

Hairy Valerian is a herbaceous flowering perennial growing 30-120 cm in height (COSEWIC 2018). Its leaves grow mainly in basal rosettes and are nearly parallel‑veined, and densely hairy, especially at the margins. Hairy Valerian grows from a robust taproot, with stalks emerging in early spring and flowers appearing from mid‑May to mid-June. The inflorescence is an elongate panicle, 15-65 cm in length, with lateral branches bearing numerous small white flowers.

Hairy Valerian is similar in appearance to the western North American subspecies Edible Valerian (V. edulis ssp. edulis), but the ranges of the two subspecies do not overlap. Hairy Valerian may also be mistaken for the non-native Common Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) which is widely naturalized in southern Ontario (iNaturalist 2023), but this species has deeply divided basal and cauline leaves with only very sparse hairs on the leaf margins (Voss and Reznicek 2012).

3.2 Species population and distribution

Hairy Valerian occurs only in North America. The range of Hairy Valerian is centred on the southern Great Lakes basin, including the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, southern Michigan and northern Indiana, with isolated subpopulations in Ohio and Ontario (NatureServe 2023). It is uncommon or rare throughout its global range (COSEWIC 2018).

In Canada, Hairy Valerian is found only in southern Ontario, with Ontario subpopulations at the eastern limit of the taxon’s range. The eight documented subpopulations, of which three are currently extant, occur in southwestern Ontario (Figure 1).

Within the three extant subpopulations, a total of 609 plants were observed in 2017 (Table 1). The largest subpopulation (330 plants in 2017) occurs along a railway corridor near Brantford. Another subpopulation is found in the town of Goderich along the shoreline of the Maitland River (278 plants). A third subpopulation near Paris, Ontario was last observed in 2008 but its viability is questionable because only one flowering plant was observed.

Of the five extirpated subpopulations, two (Komoka and London) are known from old collections, and suitable habitat in these areas is likely now destroyed.

Three additional subpopulations are also known only from old collections, and sites have been invaded by non-native species. Hairy Valerian has not been observed at two subpopulations near Moffatt’s Creek area in Cambridge, Ontario in over a century, and the area is dominated by non-native vegetation (G. Buck, pers. comm. 2017). Similarly, the last observation at the mouth of the Bayfield River was in 1870, and floodplain is now dominated by Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea).

The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) for the three extant subpopulations is estimated at 125 km², which represents a decline of over 95% since records have been kept on this taxon. The current Index of Area of Occupancy (IAO) was calculated at 8 km², a 71% decline (see Footnotes 14,15).

Figure 1 - Hairy Valerian subpopulations in Ontario, Canada. Note that two extirpated subpopulations (near Cambridge, Ontario) appear coincident at this scale (source: COSEWIC 2018).

3.3 Needs of the Hairy Valerian

3.3.1 Biological and habitat needs

Habitat needs

Throughout its range, Hairy Valerian prefers wet to mesic prairies and fens as well as other moist areas such as valleys, stream banks, shorelines and open wet meadows (COSEWIC 2018). However, it can also occur on wooded hillsides, dry prairie, and dry bluffs (Meyer 1951; NatureServe 2023), and this is the habitat that is occupied at extant Ontario subpopulations. This taxon is associated with calcareous alkaline to circumneutral^{Footnote 12} soils (COSEWIC 2018). It prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade (Meyer 1951). Hairy Valerian has a coefficient of conservatism of 10, indicating that it shows fidelity to high quality native habitat (Oldham et al. 1995).

In southern Ontario, Hairy Valerian originally occurred in moist calcareous meadows, fens, and moist and dry tallgrass prairies, but moist calcareous shoreline sites are now extirpated. All three remaining subpopulations are in dry habitat, and have undergone succession from open native vegetation communities, originally dominated by native prairie grasses and forbs, to shrub communities with high coverage of non-native species. For example, in 2005, Bakowsky characterized Hairy Valerian habitat of the Brantford subpopulation as disturbed Dry Tallgrass Prairie (Lee et al. 1998), with many prairie forbs but also shrub cover and non-native species (COSEWIC 2018). In 2017, the site was dominated by shrubs and non-native species, and evaluated as more degraded habitat for the species, characterized according to Ecological Land Classification (ELC, Lee et al. 1998) as Mineral Cultural Thicket and Mineral Cultural Meadow with dominants including Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), Tartarian Honeysuckle (Tatarica lonicera) and Quackgrass (Elymus repens). Patches of native prairie forbs, including Hoary Puccoon (Lithospermum canescens, S3), Wild Lupine (Lupinus perennis, S3), and Perfoliate Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata, S1), remained present at this site (Bickerton 2017).

The Paris subpopulation, known as the Blue Lake Prairie, was classified in 2008 as Mineral Cultural Thicket dominated by Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina, G. Buck, pers. comm 2017), and has not been visited since that time.

The Goderich, Maitland River subpopulation formerly occurred on the river flats within shoreline prairie and associated with prairie grasses such as Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) and Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans) (Oldham et al. 1994). This area is now dominated by Reed Canary Grass. The remaining small patch along the Maitland River occurs in upland Cultural Thicket habitat, dominated by Ninebark and Staghorn Sumac.

Hairy Valerian is tolerant of early spring burns, and generally benefits from the post-burn open conditions (Hannan 2005). However, timing of burns is important: prescribed burns in late spring, when plants have begun vigorous growth and flowering, reduce both flower and fruit production (Lovell et al. 1982).

As a genus, Valeriana is not known to be dependent on other species for germination or establishment. For example, it is not currently known to require specific mycorrhizal associates, or to be saprophytic or parasitic on other specific organisms.

Life cycle and reproduction

Hairy Valerian individuals may live for more than 100 years (Petry et al. 2016). Not all plants flower annually; in Ohio, 22-66% of plants flowered annually over seven years (Windus 1993). Age of first flowering for Hairy Valerian is unknown, but most (96-97%) of the related Edible Valerian (V. edulis ssp. edulis) individuals flower in the first three years (Soule 1981).

Hairy Valerian is dioecious^{Footnote 13}, mostly bearing either male flowers that produce pollen, or female flowers that produce fruit and seeds. A small percentage of plants (~10%) have flowers with both male and female parts, but these are much less common in the overall population and their flowers may be less productive (Faivre and Windus 2002). The demographic effect of having some hermaphroditic (male and female) flowers is unknown, but depends on whether these flowers can self-pollinate and how they influence population size.

To produce viable seed, Hairy Valerian likely requires insect pollinators. Research on Common Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) suggests that plants in this genus are most likely to be cross-pollinated, although self-pollination is possible (Penzkofer 2019). Hairy Valerian is pollinated by bees, flies, and ants (Windus 1993) and pollen transfer is local. Hairy Valerian does not reproduce vegetatively.

Seeds are probably dispersed by gravity, wind and possibly water (COSEWIC 2018). Small bristles on the seed may assist in wider dispersal by wind, and relatively high genetic diversity values observed in Ohio populations also suggest wind dispersal (Faivre and Windus 2002). However, dispersal distances are unknown. The longevity of Hairy Valerian seeds is also unknown; the thin seed coat is thought to limit seed banking ability (Hill pers. comm. cited in Molano-Flores 2000). In general, several other species in the genus Valeriana (for example, V. officinalis, V. jatamansi) are widely cultivated, and some are for commercial sale as a medicinal product (Jugran et al. 2021).

Limiting factors

Hairy Valerian’s dioecious breeding system may limit successful reproduction, especially given pollinator declines in recent decades (Vamosi and Otto 2002). A dioecious breeding system can result in comparatively limited reproduction under some environmental and demographic conditions, but its influence on Hairy Valerian population viability in Ontario remains a knowledge gap. Insect herbivory was observed in 2005 on plants at the Paris subpopulation, leading to defoliation of one of two remaining plants, but the cause is unknown. The preferred habitat of Hairy Valerian is naturally rare within the suitable climate range in Canada, and presumably limits its extent.

4. Threats

4.1 Threat assessment

The Hairy Valerian threat assessment is based on the IUCN-CMP (International Union for Conservation of Nature – Conservation Measures Partnership) unified threats classification system (Salafsky et al. 2008). Threats are defined as the proximate activities or processes that have caused, are causing, or may cause in the future the destruction, degradation, and/or impairment of the entity being assessed (population, species, community, or ecosystem) in the area of interest (global, national, or subnational). Limiting factors are not considered during this assessment process. For purposes of threat assessment, only present and future threats are considered. Historical threats, indirect or cumulative effects of the threats, or any other relevant information that would help understand the nature of the threats are presented in the Description of Threats, Section 4.2. The Threat Assessment for Hairy Valerian was completed in 2018 and was based on the best available information at the time (Table 2, COSEWIC 2018).

The threats analysis for Hairy Valerian assumed a generation time of 50 years. Threats were considered for all extant subpopulations.

4.2 Description of threats

The overall threat impact for Hairy Valerian is Very high^{Footnote 14}. This overall threat considers the cumulative impacts of multiple threats. Threats are listed in order as they appear in the Threat Assessment Table (Table 2).

The primary threats to Hairy Valerian are commercial and industrial areas and invasive non-native/alien species.

IUCN Threat #1. Residential and commercial development

Threat 1.2. Commercial and industrial areas (High)

The Goderich subpopulation containing almost half of the known plants is on private land that is zoned for industrial use. However, development is considered unlikely within the occupied area due to natural heritage designations and proximity of the site to a well-used recreational trail (R. White, pers. comm. 2024). The railway site in Brantford could also be subject to commercial or industrial development. If development were to occur, it would have a severe impact on a large portion of the Hairy Valerian subpopulation (COSEWIC 2018).

IUCN Threat #2. Agriculture and aquaculture

Threat 2.1. Annual and perennial non-timber crops (Negligible Impact)

The Paris subpopulation of Hairy Valerian is located on privately owned agricultural land, along a tree-lined farm lane that was previously characterized as tallgrass prairie. The area is vulnerable to conversion to intensive agriculture (cropping) or expansion of the laneway for agricultural purposes. This would have a catastrophic effect on the single remaining plant and would result in extirpation of the subpopulation, but the overall threat in this category is considered Negligible since this is small fraction of the Canadian population. Hairy Valerian is also browsed by grazing animals, although grazing is not currently seen as a threat to the Hairy Valerian at any of its known subpopulations in Canada (COSEWIC 2018).

IUCN Threat #4. Transportation and service corridors

Threat 4.1. Roads and railroads (Not calculated)

The largest remaining Canadian subpopulation of Hairy Valerian occurs along an active railway corridor close to Brantford. There is some possibility that this area could be threatened by railway widening or expansion in the future, with urbanization of the surrounding area (COSEWIC 2018).

IUCN Threat #6. Human intrusions and disturbance

Threat 6.1. Recreational activities (Low)

Activities such as recreational use of natural areas and off-road vehicle use can lead to direct damage to Hairy Valerian or its habitat, which can negatively impact the plant’s survival and growth. The Goderich subpopulation of Hairy Valerian is situated within the town limits next to a hiking trail that is well used. Despite the high trail usage, the Hairy Valerian plants located along the path did not appear to be at risk from trampling in 2017. It is possible that that trail maintenance activities such as brush or weed cutting could harm the plants directly. The Town of Goderich is aware of the subpopulation and plans to monitor it for potential recreational impacts in the future (COSEWIC 2018, R. White, pers. comm. 2023). It is possible that other recreational activities such as off‑road vehicle use could result in direct damage to the Hairy Valerian or its habitat at this subpopulation, although there was no evidence of this during 2017 surveys.

IUCN Threat #7. Natural system modifications

Threat 7.3. Other system modifications (Low)

Mowing of surrounding habitat may cause ecosystem modifications, and it likely occurs infrequently at both the Brantford and Goderich subpopulations. Although vegetation maintenance like weed or brush cutting may cause harm to the plants, it can also maintain the open habitat needed by Hairy Valerian. There was no indication in 2017 that such activities had caused any damage to the Hairy Valerian subpopulations (COSEWIC 2018).

IUCN Threat #8. Invasive and other problematic species and genes

Threat 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species (High)

The most urgent threat to Hairy Valerian subpopulations is likely the establishment invasive species. Invasive plant species can outcompete Hairy Valerian for resources and alter plant community structure, negatively impacting its growth and survival. Between 1994 and 2017, Hairy Valerian’s native floodplain prairie habitat along the Maitland River in Goderich was completely dominated a Eurasian variety of Reed Canary Grass. It is believed that this invasion has greatly reduced the suitable floodplain area and abundance at this subpopulation. The remaining occupied upland (dry) habitat along the Maitland River is not susceptible to further Reed Canary Grass invasion. The invasion of Reed Canary Grass and Tartarian Honeysuckle has been linked to the decline or extinction of several Canadian subpopulations (COSSARO 2020). At the Brantford subpopulation, the dominant shrub species was invasive Tartarian Honeysuckle, which made up approximately half of the 30% shrub cover and could pose a threat by shading Hairy Valerian plants (COSEWIC 2018). It is possible that invasive, non-native earthworms are present at extant sites; relatively little is known about the impacts of earthworms on native tallgrass prairie (Henshue et al. 2018).

Threat 8.2. Problematic native species (Medium)

The succession of native plant species may pose a threat to all extant subpopulations of Hairy Valerian, as it relies on open habitats, which are naturally created and maintained by fire. Although the Brantford subpopulation is still relatively open, about 30% of the occupied area is shaded due to the growth of young poplars and shrubs (COSEWIC 2018). Without maintenance in the short term (10-15 years), some areas may become unsuitable. The Goderich subpopulation is currently under a thick patch of Ninebark shrubs that are dying back, allowing more light penetration. If this subpopulation experiences increased shading or succession, it could have a negative impact on the plant's abundance. When last visited in 2008, the Paris subpopulation habitat was described as a degraded and overgrown former prairie.

Overgrazing by White-tailed Deer may pose a threat to Hairy Valerian, based on reports that deer find Hairy Valerian palatable, and given that there are high deer populations in many areas of Southern Ontario (Molano-Flores 2000). However, no evidence of browsing was observed at extant subpopulations in 2017. It is likely that the extant subpopulations present in Goderich (along the Maitland River) and Brantford rail line are not subjected to high deer populations. Nothing is known of the impact of deer on the Paris subpopulation (COSEWIC 2018).

IUCN Threat #9. Pollution

Threat 9.2. Industrial and military effluents (Medium-low)

The use of herbicide is considered a threat to Hairy Valerian at the Brantford subpopulation as it may cause harm to plants and their habitat if it is not used with appropriate caution. Herbicide use for right-of-way vegetation management was observed to have negatively affected Hairy Valerian in 2016 (G. Buck, pers. comm. 2017). Although this type of maintenance can be beneficial to Hairy Valerian by keeping the prairie open and preventing natural succession, its use must be carefully monitored to avoid harming the plants or the habitat composition at the site (COSEWIC 2018).

IUCN Threat #11. Climate change and severe weather

Threat 11.3. Temperature extremes (Not calculated)

Based on limited information, this threat was not scored during the 2018 Threat Assessment.

However, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns due to climate change may have adverse effects on Hairy Valerian’s habitat and its reproductive ecology. A 35-year dataset on Edible Valerian (V. edulis var. edulis) subpopulations in Colorado indicated that climate changes have caused its flowering phenology to advance by 3.1 days per decade, causing a replacement of females with males (Petry et al. 2016). If average seasonal temperatures rise, similar effects could occur in Canadian subpopulations of Hairy Valerian.

Using Natural Resource Canada’s climate data, modelling of Hairy Valerian’s climate range suitability shows that under a modest greenhouse gas emissions scenario^{Footnote 15}, its current occupied southwestern Ontario habitat will no longer be a suitable climate match by 2070. By this time, the optimal climate match for the species will occur in central and northern Ontario, where the species is not currently found (Natural Resources Canada 2022). An assessment of climate change vulnerability based on NatureServe’s Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) identified Hairy Valerian as moderately vulnerable^{Footnote 16} to the impacts of climate change (Brinker et al. 2018). The impact of climate change on Canadian Hairy Valerian subpopulations may therefore have significant implications for its recovery and is considered to be an important knowledge gap.

5. Population and distribution objectives

Under SARA subsection 41(1), a population and distribution objective must be established for listed Endangered, Threatened and Extirpated species when recovery is deemed feasible. The population and distribution objective for Hairy Valerian in Canada is to lower the species’ risk of extirpation by:

• maintaining or increasing the area, extent and quality of habitat, and arresting the decline in the number of mature individuals
• maintaining or increasing the current number of subpopulations of Hairy Valerian

Hairy Valerian was assessed as Endangered by COSEWIC due to the small distribution^{Footnote 17} and the small amount of habitat^{Footnote 18} occupied by the species, in combination with an observed continuing decline in the quality of habitat and associated inferred decline in the number of mature individuals, and because the species occurs in only 3 locations^{Footnote 19} in Canada (COSEWIC 2018).

Arresting the decline in the quality of the species’ habitat may be an effective approach to address population redundancy, by preventing further reductions in the population’s extent of occurrence, index of area of occupancy, and number of locations. Furthermore, reducing threats to habitat quality, coupled with habitat restoration activities, may facilitate seed germination and seedling survival, thereby arresting decline and possibly enabling a natural increase in the number of mature individuals over time. However, studies of prescribed burns on Hairy Valerian found that although they are not harmful to plants, their ability to improve reproductive output may be limited (Hannan 2005). This suggests that additional techniques, such as assisted seed dispersal or ex situ propagation may be necessary to address population redundancy.

To further address redundancy and promote population connectivity, the objectives strive to not only maintain, but increase the number of subpopulations where the species occurs in Ontario. Undertaking human-assisted species dispersal to (re)introduce new subpopulations into suitable habitat warrants consideration given the extremely small number of locations (three at most) and small IAO, currently estimated at 8 km² -- well below the threshold for Endangered status (< 500 km², COSEWIC 2021). The scale at which connectivity could be re-established would need to be determined through a reintroduction feasibility assessment.

Human-facilitated dispersal of a plant species, when necessary and warranted, is supported by international, science-based guidelines on reintroduction and translocation (IUCN/SSC 2013, IUCN/SSC 2014, CPC 2019). Investigating the feasibility of ex situ recovery techniques and developing and implementing plans for ex-situ germination and transplanting of Hairy Valerian are included as recovery measures (see Table 3).

6. Broad strategies and general approaches to meet objectives

6.1 Actions already completed or currently underway

Very little species-specific conservation action has been given to Hairy Valerian to date. There are no extant occurrences located within any protected areas in Canada.

In January 2022, Hairy Valerian was provincially listed as Threatened under the Ontario Endangered Species Act (ESA), 2007, which protects the species and its habitat.

Prior to species assessment and listing, Hairy Valerian seeds were collected from the Brantford railway subpopulation.. Preliminary work showed that seeds germinated and transplanted successfully (G. Buck, pers. comm. 2023).

A Conservation Assessment for Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis var. ciliata) has been completed for the subspecies’ range in the United States (USDA Forest Service 2003). This assessment recommends management techniques to remove woody vegetation, and to restore or reintroduce Hairy Valerian into areas that were historically wet-mesic prairie^{Footnote 20}. Practices recommended for consideration include several ex situ techniques, including seed collection, assisted seed dispersal, propagation, translocation to areas of suitable habitat, and monitoring. The report also contains a list of research needs to support the conservation of Hairy Valerian. Both mechanical control of invasive shrubs and prescribed burning have been completed within Hairy Valerian sites owned by conservation organizations in the United States (K. Doyle, pers. comm. 2023, M. Kost, pers. comm. 2023).

6.2 Strategic direction for recovery

In order to achieve the population and distribution objective, conservation measures are organized under broad strategies (Table 3; numbers refer to the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP 2016) Conservation Actions Classification (v2.0)).

6.3 Narrative to support the recovery planning table

Recovery of Hairy Valerian in Canada will require commitment and collaboration among federal and provincial jurisdictions, Indigenous communities, local communities, non‑governmental organizations, industry and other interested parties. The recovery planning table identifies approaches that fall under six broad strategies (Land/Water Management; Awareness Raising; Conservation Designation and Planning; Research and Monitoring; Education and Training; and Institutional Development), which together aim to maintain the current distribution and extent of suitable habitat for the Canadian population of the Hairy Valerian.

The most urgent action is to manage tallgrass prairie habitat at extant sites by removing woody shrubs and controlling invasive species. Without this, extant Canadian subpopulations may be lost to succession or competition within decades. Maintaining extant subpopulations is critical to preserving the remaining genetic diversity of this taxon in Canada. Protection of extant sites through conservation planning is also important, whether through land use zoning, conservation easement, acquisition, or any other appropriate tool. Habitat requirements of Hairy Valerian should be considered during land use planning at all levels (local, municipal, regional, provincial) and during maintenance or construction activities to ensure that land management practices benefitting Hairy Valerian can be implemented. This will be particularly important for occurrences at risk from threats of mowing, brush cutting, herbicide application, and recreational trail use. Development and implementation of adaptive site-specific best management practices for the species and its habitat to reduce or mitigate threats from practices such as incompatible landscaping practices for residential lots (for example, mowing during flowering or seed set, planting non-native species) and indiscriminate spraying of herbicide is required for successful conservation.

Preserving the genetics of Hairy Valerian via seed collection from Canadian sites is also of high priority, to guard against the risk of loss of any site, and to provide a source of genetically appropriate plants for reintroduction, if feasible.

Investigating the feasibility of reintroduction techniques in a reintroduction feasibility assessment is important to inform sound management decisions. Undertaking human‑assisted seed dispersal to (re)introduce new subpopulations warrants consideration in order to meet recovery objectives. A full suite of available options (that is, in situ and ex situ techniques) is available for consideration, including seed collection, assisted dispersal, propagation, and translocation. Potential recipient sites to be considered include extant subpopulations, restored and well-managed extirpated subpopulations, or managed protected areas within the historical range of Hairy Valerian and containing suitable wet to mesic prairie or fen habitat. Internationally accepted best practices should be followed for guidance and support; these have been more widely and successfully used in other jurisdictions (IUCN/SSC 2013, IUCN/SSC 2014, CPC 2019).

In the past two decades, conservation organizations have acquired and restored tallgrass prairie and fen habitat across southwestern Ontario. Suitable managed and protected habitat may be available within the historical (intralimital) range which could be evaluated for reintroduction efforts, in the event that extirpated subpopulations are not able to be identified or restored.

Nonetheless, gaps remain in our understanding of methods to recover Hairy Valerian. A better understanding of the effects of management activities on population size and reproduction will assist in recovery efforts. Genetic and demographic research may be necessary to inform recovery efforts. Basic ecological research will inform site suitability, both for additional survey and for potential recovery efforts. Further information about the reproductive ecology of this species at its Canadian subpopulations will help understand factors related to the persistence of plants in an area. An understanding of seed bank dynamics may be important to inform recovery efforts.

7. Critical habitat

Section 41(1)(c) of SARA requires that recovery strategies include an identification of the species’ critical habitat, to the extent possible, as well as examples of activities that are likely to result in its destruction. Under Section 2(1) of SARA, critical habitat is “the habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a listed wildlife species and that is identified as the species’ critical habitat in the recovery strategy or in an action plan for the species”.

The critical habitat identified in this federal recovery strategy will contribute to achieving the species’ population and distribution objectives (Section 5). Critical habitat for Hairy Valerian is identified in this recovery strategy to the extent possible based on the best available information. The identified critical habitat is considered sufficient to meet the population and distribution objectives, therefore a schedule of studies is not required. If new or additional information becomes available, refinements to current critical habitat, or additional critical habitat may be identified in an amendment to this recovery strategy. For more information on critical habitat identification, contact Environment and Climate Change Canada – Canadian Wildlife Service at RecoveryPlanning‑Planificationduretablissement@ec.gc.ca.

7.1 Identification of the species’ critical habitat

Critical habitat for the Hairy Valerian in Canada is identified as the extent of biophysical attributes (see Section 7.1.2) wherever they occur within areas described in Section 7.1.1, below. The area containing critical habitat for the Hairy Valerian is presented in Figures 2 and 3. The UTM grid square is part of a standardized grid system that indicates the general geographic areas containing critical habitat, which can be used for land use planning and/or environmental assessment purposes.

7.1.1 Areas containing critical habitat

In Canada, the presence and persistence of the Hairy Valerian depends on an area greater than that occupied by individuals of the species. This species requires a landscape of suitable habitat^{Footnote 22} that function to promote life cycle processes related to population dynamics (that is reproduction or dispersal). The presence and composition of biophysical attributes^{Footnote 23} of suitable habitat used by the species in these landscapes may vary over space and time, but the function that they provide must be maintained to support biological processes related to the Hairy Valerian habitat and biological needs.

The area containing critical habitat for Hairy Valerian is:

• the extent of suitable habitat where the Hairy Valerian are found at the extant subpopulations

7.1.2 Biophysical attributes of critical habitat

Within the areas described under 7.1.1., critical habitat is identified where the following biophysical attributes occur; typically characterized as follows:

• variable cover of open-grown trees ≤ 60%, usually dominated by prairie graminoids (for example, grasses, sedges, rushes), with exposure to full sun
• variable mineral substrates, typically > 15 cm deep

These biophysical attributes are best characterized by the Ecological Land Classification ecosites Dry Tallgrass Prairie (TPO1), Dry Tallgrass Savanna Prairie (TPS1) and Dry Tallgrass Woodland (TPW1) (Lee et al. 1998) as described in habitat needs of the species (Section 3.3). However, the habitat at the extant subpopulations is degraded with presence of significant non-native species and is currently described from the Cultural Meadow (CUM) or Cultural Thicket (CUT) community series as a result. Natural succession may also be limiting the extent of the tallgrass prairie ecosites or open habitat suitable for the species, if present. The immediate critical habitat would be the extent of the ecosite (regardless of identification as prairie or cultural habitat) populated by individuals of the species.

Figure 2. Brantford and Paris. Critical Habitat for the Hairy Valerian in Canada, as described in section 7.1.1, is represented by the yellow shaded units. Within this area, critical habitat only occurs where the biophysical attributes described in section 7.1.2 are found. The 1 km × 1 km UTM grid overlay (red outline) shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system used to indicate the general geographic area within which critical habitat is found.

Figure 3. Goderich. Critical Habitat for the Hairy Valerian in Canada, as described in section 7.1.1, is represented by the yellow shaded unit. Within this area, critical habitat only occurs where the biophysical attributes described in section 7.1.2 are found. The 1 km × 1 km UTM grid overlay (red outline) shown on this figure is a standardized national grid system used to indicate the general geographic area within which critical habitat is found.

7.2 Activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat

Understanding what constitutes destruction of critical habitat is necessary for the protection and management of critical habitat. Destruction is determined on a case by case basis. Destruction would result if part of the critical habitat was degraded, either permanently or temporarily, such that it would not serve its function when needed by the species. Destruction may result from a single activity or multiple activities at one point in time or from the cumulative effects of one or more activities over time.

It should be noted that not all activities that occur in or near critical habitat are likely to cause its destruction. Some activities that result in a short-term disturbance of critical habitat, without affecting individuals or residences, may improve the future quality of critical habitat, if managed appropriately. Some habitat disturbance may be beneficial to Hairy Valerian by maintaining open conditions. It is considered possible for ecosystem management activities (for example, mechanical thinning of woody vegetation) to be conducted in a manner that promotes habitat conditions, without damaging or destroying critical habitat.

Activities described in Table 4 are examples of those likely to cause destruction of critical habitat for the species; however, destructive activities are not necessarily limited to those listed.

8. Measuring progress

The performance indicators presented below provide a way to define and measure progress toward achieving the population and distribution objectives.

Every ten years, success of recovery strategy implementation will be measured against the following performance indicators:

• the number of mature individuals of Hairy Valerian is greater than 609 plants, with evidence of reproduction at all sites
• the extent of occurrence of Hairy Valerian is greater than 125 km²
• the three extant subpopulations of the Hairy Valerian remain extant, with evidence of reproduction at all sites
• actions underway to improve habitat quality at extant subpopulations: invasive species and woody species cover have been reduced to provide open habitat conditions

9. Statement on action plans

One or more action plans will be completed for the Hairy Valerian and posted on the Species at Risk Public Registry within ten years of the final posting of the Recovery Strategy, or as priorities and resources allow.

10. References

Bickerton, H. 2017. COSEWIC Field work summary for Hairy Valerian, Valeriana edulis var. cilata. Unpublished report, 9 June 2017. 12 pp.

Brinker, S.R., M. Garvey, and C.D. Jones. 2018. Climate change vulnerability assessment of species in the Ontario Great Lakes Basin. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Science and Research Branch, Peterborough, ON. Climate Change Research Report CCRR-48. 85 p. + appendices.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Belisle, and P. Desmet. 2017. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada.

Buck. G., pers. comm. 2023. Management Biologist, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Center for Plant Conservation (CPC). 2019. CPC Best Plant Conservation Practices to Support Species Survival in the Wild. Center for Plant Conservation, Escondido, CA. 245 pp.

COSSARO. 2020. Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp.ciliata). Assessment report. 16 pp. http://cossaroagency.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COSSARO_Evaluation_HairyValerian_FINAL.pdf

COSEWIC. 2018. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Hairy Valerian Valeriana edulis ssp.ciliata in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. x + 35 pp. (http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=en&n=24F7211B-1).

COSEWIC. 2021. COSEWIC quantitative criteria and guidelies for the status assessment of Wildlife Species. https://cosewic.ca/index.php/en-ca/assessment-process/wildlife-species-assessment-process-categories-guidelines/quantitative-criteria.html

Doyle, K. 2023. Personal communication. Assistant Botanist/ Mapping Specialist, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

ECCC. 2020. Policy on recovery and survival. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC. 7 pp.

ECCC. 2021. Guidelines on characterizing recovery and developing population and distribution objectives. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC. 34 pp.

Faivre, A.E., and J.L. Windus. 2002. Genetic variation among populations of Valeriana ciliata T. and G. (Prairie valerian) in midwestern prairie fens. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society:39-47.

Forest Gene Conservation Association. 2024. Species that are at risk. Available from. https://fgca.net/species-conservation/trees-in-trouble/ Accessed 16 April 2024.

Hannan, G. L. 2005. Effects of controlled burns on vegetative growth and sexual reproduction in Valeriana ciliata in a Michigan fen. Michigan Botanist 44:149-158.

Heagy, A. 2023. Personal communication. Biologist. St. William Conservation Reserve.

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IUCN/SSC. 2013. Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission, viiii + 57 pp.

IUCN/SSC. 2014. Guidelines on the Use of Ex situ Management for Species Conservation. Version 2.0. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission, 15 pp.

Jugran, A.K., Rawat, S., Bhatt, I.D., and Rawal, R.S. 2021. Essential oil composition, phenolics and antioxidant activities of Valeriana jatamansi at different phenological stages. Plant Biosystems, 155:4, 891-898. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1810803

Kartesz, J.T., The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2015. Taxonomic Data Center. (http://www.bonap.net/tdc). Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2015. Floristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)]

Knapp, E.E., B.L. Estes, and C.N. Skinner. 2009. Ecological effects of prescribed fire season: a literature review and synthesis for managers. USDA Forest Service General Report PSW-GTR-224. 80 pp.

Kost, M. 2023. Personal communication. Associate Curator, Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum and Lecturer, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan.

Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and Its Application. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02.

Lovell, D.L., R.A. Henderson, and E.A. Howell. 1982. The response of forb species to seasonal timing of prescribed burns in remnant Wisconsin prairies. Pages 11-15 in Proceedings of the Eighth North American Prairie Conference. Western Michigan University Press, Kalamazoo. Meyer 1951

McCune, J. 2023. Personal communication. Assistant Professor, Biology, University of Lethbridge.

McKnight, J. 2023. Personal communication. Species at Risk Recovery Biologist, CWS Atlantic Region, Dartmouth NS.

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Penzkofer, M., 2019. Breeding support for Valeriana officinalis L. sl: root structure, localization of value-determining secondary compounds and mating behavior at open pollination (Doctoral dissertation, Hannover: Institutionelles Repositorium der Leibniz Universität Hannover).

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Appendix A: Subnational conservation ranks of Hairy Valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp. ciliata) in Canada and the United States

Rank Definitions (NatureServe 2013)

S1: Critically Imperiled:

At very high risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction due to very restricted range, very few populations or occurrences, very steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.

S2: Imperiled:

At high risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction due to restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.

S2S3: Vulnerable/Imperiled:

The risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction ranges from moderate to high due to a fairly restricted to restricted range, relatively few to few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread to steep declines, moderate to severe threats, or other factors.

N3/S3: Vulnerable:

At moderate risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction due to a fairly restricted range, relatively few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread declines, threats, or other factors.

S4: Apparently Secure:

At a fairly low risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction due to an extensive range and/or many populations or occurrences, but with possible cause for some concern as a result of local recent declines, threats, or other factors.

S4S5: Secure/Apparently Secure:

At no risk to fairly low risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction due to an extensive to very extensive range, abundant populations or occurrences, with little to some concern as a result of local recent declines, threats or other factors.

G5/N5/S5: Secure:

At very low risk of extinction or elimination due to a very extensive range, abundant populations or occurrences, and little to no concern from declines or threats).

SNA: Not applicable:

A conservation status rank is not applicable because the species or ecosystem is not a suitable target for conservation activities.

SNR: Unranked:

Subnational conservation status not yet assessed.

Appendix B: Effects on the environment and other species

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted for all SARA listed species, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals^{Footnote 24}. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental considerations into the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support environmentally sound decision-making and to evaluate whether the outcomes of a recovery planning document could affect any component of the environment or any of the Federal Sustainable Development Strategy’s^{Footnote 25} (FSDS) goals and targets.

Recovery planning is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general. However, it is recognized that strategies may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects beyond the intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly incorporates consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible impacts upon non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into the strategy itself, but are also summarized below in this statement.

In Canada, Hairy Valerian occurs in three extant occurrences, all formerly with open, dry or wet prairie characteristics and containing habitat occupied by or suitable for other species of conservation concern. Species at risk that could occur in similar terrestrial habitat include Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulanus, SC), Eastern Ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus, SC), and Tuberous Indian Plantain (Arnoglossum plantagineum, SC). At-risk grassland birds including Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) have been reported near two occurrences. Although suitable habitat is similar in nature, the habitat patches occupied by Hairy Valerian are thought to be large enough for these species, and its observed occupied habitat is not believed to be suitable for these breeding grassland birds at risk.

Although now degraded, extant sites were originally considered as Dry Tallgrass Prairie, containing several plant species of provincial conservation concern including Hoary Puccoon (Lithospermum canescens, S3), Perfoliate Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata, S1S2), Hairy-fruited Sedge (Carex trichocarpa, S3), Eastern Yellow Stargrass (Hypoxis hirsuta, S2), Carolina Vetch (Vicia caroliniana, S2) Sundial Lupine (Lupinus perennis, S2), and Side-oats Grama (Bouteloua curtipendula, S2). In particular, significant species at the railway prairie site near Paris, Ontario could greatly benefit from habitat management.

In general, habitat conservation and management is likely to benefit other species found within Hairy Valerian habitat. Native prairie habitat is rare in Ontario, with less than 5% historic grassland remaining. Conserving and restoring this habitat will provide both biodiversity and carbon sequestration benefits. Specifically, removal of successional species such as Ninebark and Staghorn Sumac will improve habitat quality and benefit the SAR and other species listed above. Similarly, control of invasive species is likely to improve the quality and/or quantity of available native habitat for other species at risk.

However, techniques used to restore high quality, open prairie habitat (such as mechanical or chemical removal, or prescribed burning, if feasible) will require careful planning, in order to ensure that there are no impacts to the species listed above.