Recovery Strategy for the North Pacific Right Whale in Pacific Canadian Waters [Proposed] 2011: References

Acheson, S., Wigen, R.J. 2002. Evidence for a prehistoric whaling tradition among the Haida. J. Northwest Anthrop. 36:155-168.

Addison, R.F., Ross, P.S. 2001. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in British Columbia harbour seals and killer whales. PSARC Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Ottawa, Ontario.

Anonymous. 1976. Japan. Progress report on whale research, June 1974 to May 1975. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 26: 416-424.

Anonymous. 2000. Canadian North Atlantic Right Whale Recovery Plan. Prepared by the Canadian North Atlantic Right Whale Recovery Team for World Wildlife Fund Canada and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 103 pp.

Anonymous. 2001. Joint interim report Bahamas marine mammal stranding event of 14 – 16 March 2000. Unpublished report released by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Secretary of the Navy. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/health/stranding_bahamas2000.pdf Accessed April 16, 2010.

Anonymous 2005. Assessment of acoustic exposure on marine mammals in conjunction with USS Shoup Active Sonar Transmissions in the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca and Haro Strait, Washington, May 5, 2003. 13 pp. www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/acoustics/assessment.pdf Accessed October 10, 2009.

Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Water Resources. 2007. EPBC Act Policy Statement 2.1- Interaction between offshore seismic exploration and whales.

Baumgartner, M.F., Mate, B.R. 2003. Summertime foraging ecology of North Atlantic Right Whales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 264: 123-135.

Béland, P., De Guise, S., Girard, C., Lagacé, A., Martineau, D., Michaud, R., Muir, D.C.G., Norstrom, R.J., Pelletier, É., Ray, S., Shugart, L.R. 1993. Toxic compounds and health and reproductive effects in St. Lawrence beluga whales. J. Great Lakes Res. 19(4): 766-775.

Benson, A.J., Trites, A.W. 2002. Ecological effects of regime shifts in the Bering Sea and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Fish and Fisheries. 3: 95-113.

Berzin, A.A., Yabokov, A.V. 1978. Number and population structure of the main exploited species of cetaceans in the World Ocean. Zool. Zh. 57(12): 1771-1785.

Berzin, A.A., Doroshenko, N.V. 1982. Distribution and abundance of right whales in the North Pacific. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 32: 381-383.

Berzin, A.A., Vladimirov, V.L. 1989. Recent distribution and abundance of cetaceans in the Sea of Okhotsk. Sov. J. Mar. Biol. 15(2): 84-90.

Best, P.B. 1987. Estimates of the landed catch of right (and other whalebone) whales in the American fishery, 1805-1909. Fish. Bull. 85(3): 403-418.

Bowen, W.D. 1997. Role of marine mammals in aquatic ecosystems. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 158: 267-274.

Braham, H.W, Rice D.W. 1984. The right whale, Balaena glacialis. Mar. Fish. Rev. 46(4): 38-44.

Braham, H.W. 1986. An annotated bibliography of right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, in the North Pacific. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue 10):65-77.

Brown, M.W., Fenton, D., Smedbol, K., Merriman, C., Robichaud-Leblanc, K., and Conway, J.D. 2009. Recovery Strategy for the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in Atlantic Canadian Waters [Final]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. vi + 66 pp.

Brownell, R.L., Clapham, P.J., Miyashita, T., Kasuya, T. 2001. Conservation status of North Pacific Right Whales. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue) 2: 269-286.

Bruce, C. 2008. Real-time warning system hears whales, prevents collisions with ships near Boston. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. http://listenforwhales.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=462. Accessed April 23, 2009.

Carr, A.F. 1985. Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads. BioScience. 36: 92-100.

Charlesworth, D., Charlesworth, B. 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 237-268.

Clapham, P.J., Good, C., Quinn, S.E., Reeves, R.R., Scarff, J.E., Brownell, R.L. Jr. 2004. Distribution of North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena japonica) as shown by 19th and 20th century whaling catch and sighting records. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 6:1-6.

Clapham, P.J., Ivashchenko, Y. 2009. A whale of a deception. Marine Fisheries Review 71: 44-52.

Clapham, P, Shelden, K, Wade P. 2005. Review of information relating to possible Critical Habitat for Eastern North Pacific Right Whales. Review of information relating to possible Critical Habitat for Eastern North Pacific Right Whales. NMML, NMFS, Seattle. 15 pp.

Clapham, P.J., Young, S.B., Brownell, R.L. 1999. Baleen Whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations. Mammal Rev. 29: 35-60.

Clark, C.W. 1994. Basic understandings of whale bioacoustics: Potential impacts of man-made sounds from oceanographic research. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96 (5): Part 2: 3269.

COSEWIC. 2004. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the North Pacific Right Whale Eubalaena japonica in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 22 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status_e.cfm).

DFO [Fisheries and Oceans Canada]. 2007. Statement of Canadian practice with respect to the mitigation of seismic sound in the marine environment. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans-habitat/oceans/im-gi/seismic-sismique/pdf/statement-enonce_e.pdf Accessed October 6, 2009.

Donovan, G.P. 1992. The International Whaling Commission: Given its past, does it have a future? pp. 23-44 in J.J. Symoens (ed.), Symposium “Whales: Biology—Conservation—Threats”. Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, Brussels, Belgium. 261 pp.

Doroshenko, N.V. 2000. Soviet Whaling for blue, gray, bowhead and right whales in the Noth Pacific Ocean, 1961-1979. pp. 96-103 in A.V. Yablokov and V.A. Zemsky (eds.), Soviet Whaling Data (1949-1979). Centre for Russian Environmental Policy, Moscow. 408 pp.

Federal Register. 8 April 2008. Rules and Regulations Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 50 CFR Part 226 [Docket No. 070717354–8251–02] RIN 0648–AV73 Endangered and Threatened Species; Revision of Critical Habitat for North Pacific Right Whale AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. ACTION: Final Rule. 73(68):1 9000–19014.

Federal Register. 6 March 2008b. Rules and Regulations Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 50 CFR Part 224 [Docket No. 080225302–8314–01] RIN 0648–XF85 Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for North Pacific and North Atlantic Right Whales AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. ACTION: Final Rule. 73(45): 12024-12030.

Ferrero, R.C., DeMaster, D.P, Hill, P.S., Muto, M.M., Lopez, A.L. 2000. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments, 2000. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-119.

Fiscus, C.H., Niggol, K. 1965. Observations of cetaceans off California, Oregon, and Washington. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 498: 1-27.

Ford, J.K.B., Koot, B., Vagle, S., Hall-Patch, N., and Kamitakahara, G. 2010. Passive acoustic monitoring of large whales in offshore waters of British Columbia. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2898: v + 30 p.

Ford, J.K.B., Abernethy, R.M., Phillips, A.V., Calambokidis, J., Ellis, G.M., and Nichol, L.M. 2010. Distribution and relative abundance of cetaceans in western Canadian waters from ship surveys, 2002-2008. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2913: v + 51 p.

Francis, R.C., Hare, S.R. 1994. Decadal-scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystems of the North-east Pacific: a case for historical science. Fish. Oceanogr. 3(4): 279-291.

Frankel, A.S., Clark, C.W. 2000. Behavioural response of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to full scale ATOC signals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108(4):1930-1937.

Frankham, R. 1995a. Conservation genetics. Annu. Rev. Genet. 29: 305-327.

Frankham, R. 1995b. Inbreeding and extinction: a threshold effect. Conserv. Biol. 9: 792-799.

Fujiwara, M., Caswell, H. 2001. Demography of the endangered North Atlantic Right Whale. Nature 414: 537-309.

Gaines, C.A., Hare, M.P., Beck, S.E., Rosenbaum, H.C. 2005. Nuclear markers confirm taxonomic status and relationships among highly endangered and closely related right whale species. Proc. R. Soc., B. 272:533-542.

Gaskin, D.E. 1976. The evolution, zoogeography and ecology of Cetacea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., Annu. Rev. 14: 247-346.

Gaskin, D.E. 1987. Updated status of the right whale, Eubalaena japonica, in Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 101: 295-309.

Goddard, P.D., Rugh, D.J. 1998. A group of right whales seen in the Bering Sea in July 1996. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14(2):344-349.

Grant, S.C.H., Ross, P.S. 2002. Southern resident killer whales at risk: Toxic chemicals in the British Columbia and Washington environment. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2412. 11 pp.

Gregr, E.J., Coyle, K.O. 2009. The biogeography of the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica). Prog. Oceanogr. 80:188-198.

Gregr, E.J., Reeves, R., Ford, J.K.B. 2006. Multi-scale predictions of right whale (Eubalaena japonica) habitat in the North Pacific and Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) Project Summary and Statement of Work. 12 pp. http://doc.nprb.org/web/06_prjs/633%20Gregr,%20Reeves,%20Ford_revised.pdf (http://project.nprb.org/view.jsp?id=13e73207-a122-4348-a634-a00fa558cbf4 ). Accessed April 6, 2010.

Gregr, E.J., Spaven, L.D., Ford, J.K.B. 2005. Modeling oceanographic productivity: An approach to predicting North Pacific Right Whale and Leatherback Turtle distribution. Interdepartmental Recovery Fund Final Report. 13 pp.

Haebler, R., Moeller, R.B.J. 1993. Pathobiology of selected marine mammal diseases. pp. 127-244 in J.A. Couch, and J.W. Fournie (eds.), Pathobiology of marine and estuarine organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Hamilton, P. K., Knowlton, A. R., Marx, M. K., Kraus, S. D. 1988. Age structure and longevity in North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) and their relation to reproduction. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series. 171(0): 285-292.

Hedrick, P.W., Kalinowski, S.T. 2000. Inbreeding Depression in Conservation Biology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31(1): 139 -162.

Herman, L.M., Baker, C.S., Forestell, P.H., Antinoja, R.C. 1980. Right Whale, Balaena glacialis, sightings near Hawaii: a clue to the wintering grounds? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2:271-275.

International Whaling Commission (IWC). 1986. Report of the workshop on the status of right whales. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue) 10: 1-33.

International Whaling Commission (IWC). 1999. Report of the workshop on the comprehensive assessment of right whales worldwide. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 1 (Supplement): 119-120.

International Whaling Commission (IWC). 2001a. Report of the workshop on the status and trends of western North Atlantic Right Whales. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue) 2: 61-87.

International Whaling Commission (IWC). 2001b. Report of the workshop on the comprehensive assessment of right whales: a worldwide comparison. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue) 2: 1-56.

International Whaling Commission (IWC). 2004. Annex K. Report of the Standing Working Group on Environmental Concerns. Report of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Meeting held in Sorrento Italy, 29 June – 10 July 2004.

Ivashchenko, Y.V., Clapham, P.J., Brownell, R.L. 2008. The truth about Soviet whaling: A memoir. Mar. Fish. Rev.. Soviet Whaling Special Issue. 70(2).

Jensen, A. S., Silber, G. K. 2004. Large whale ship strike database. NMFS-OPR-, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring. 37 pp.

Johnson, A., Salvador G., Kenney, J., Robbins, J., Kraus, S., Landry, S., and Clapham, P. 2005. Fishing Gear Involved in Entanglements of Right And Humpback Whales. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 21: 635-645

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). 2004. Guidelines for Minimising Acoustic Disturbance to Marine Mammals from Seismic Surveys. Peterborough, UK.

Josephson, E., Smith T.D., Reeves R.R. 2008. Historical distribution of right whales in the North Pacific. Fish and Fisheries. 9(2):155-168.

Katona, K.K., Kraus, S.D. 1999. Efforts to Conserve the North Atlantic Right Whale. In Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. Edited by J.R. Twiss and R.R. Reeves. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 311-331.

Kenney, R.D. 2002. North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern hemisphere right whales. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Edited by W. F. Perrin, B. Wursig & J. G. M. Thewissen. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 806-813.

Kenney, R.D., Hyman, M.A.M., Owen, R.E., Scott, G.P., Winn, H.E. 1986. Estimation of prey densities required by western North Atlantic Right Whales. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2: 1-13.

Kenney, R.D., Kraus, S.D. 1993. Right whale mortality - A correction and an update. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 9: 445-446.

Ketten, D.R., Lien, J., Todd, S. 1993. Blast injury in humpback whale ears: Evidence and implications. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94:1849-1850.

Knowlton, A.R., Brown, M.W. 2007. Running the gauntlet: Right whales and vessel strikes. Pp. 409-435 in Kraus and Rolland, eds. The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads. Harvard University Press. 543 pp.

Knowlton, A.R., Kraus, S.D., Kenney, R.D. 1994. Reproduction in North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Can. J. Zool. 72: 1297-1305.

Kornev, S.I. 1994. A note on the death of a right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) off Cape Lopakta (Kamchatka). Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue 15): 443-444.

Kozuck, A. 2003. Implications of historical changes in fixed fishing gear for large whale entanglements in the Northwest Atlantic. Masters thesis, Duke University, Durham, NC. 43 pp.

Kraus, S. D. 1990. Rates and potential causes of mortality in North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 6(4): 278-291.

Kraus, S.D., Brown M.W., Caswell H., Clark C. W., Fujiwara M., Hamilton P. K., Kenney R. D., Knowlton A. R., Landry S., Mayo C. A., McLellan W. A., Moore M. J., Nowacek D. P., Pabst D. A., Read A. J., Rolland R. M. 2005. North Atlantic Right Whales in Crisis. Science 309: 561-562.

Kraus, S.D., Hatch, J.J. 2001. Mating strategies in the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis). J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue 2): 237-244.

Kraus, S.D., Hamilton, P.K., Kenney, R.D., Knowlton, A., Slay C.K. 2001. Status and trends in reproduction of the North Atlantic Right Whale. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue 2): 231-236.

Lacépède, BGE. 1818. Note sur des Cétacées des mers voisines du Japon. Mémoires Du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle. 4: 467–475.

Laws, R.M. 1985. The ecology of the Southern ocean. Am. Sci. 73: 26-40.

LeDuc, R. 2004. Report of the results of the 2002 survey for North Pacific Right Whales. NOAA Technical Memorandum NM FS-SWFSC-357. 59 pp.

LeDuc, R.G., Perryman, W.L., Gilpatrick, J.W. Jr., Hyde, J., Stinchcomb, C., Carretta, J.D., Brownell, R.L. Jr. 2001. Recent surveys for right whales in the southeastern Bering Sea. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue) 2: 287-289.

Lien J., Taylor D.G., Borggaard, D. 1995. Management of underwater explosions in areas of high whale abundance. pp. 627-632 in Proceedings MARIENV ’95. Vol. 2.

Maury, M.F. 1852. et seq. Whale Chart of the World. Series F (Wind and Current Charts) Sheet 1 (Washington 1852), sheets 2-4 (no date).

Maury, M.F. 1853. A chart showing the favourite resort of the sperm and right whale by M.F. Maury, LLD Lieut. U.S. Navy. Constructed from Maury’s Whale Chart of the World, by Robert H. Wyman, Liet. USN by Authority of Commo: Charles Morris USN Chief of Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Washington, 1 sheet.

McCauley, R.D., J. Fewtrell, A.J. Duncan, C. Jenner, M-N. Jenner, J.D. Penrose, R.I.T. Prince, A. Adhitya, J. Murdoch,K. McCabe. 2000. Marine seismic surveys: Analysis and propagation of air-gun signals; and effects of air-gun exposure on humpback whales, sea turtles, fishes and squid. APPEA Journal pp. 692-708.

McDonald, M.A., Moore, S.E. 2002. Calls recorded from North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena japonica) in the eastern Bering Sea. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 4(3):261-266.

Mellinger, D.K., Stafford, K.M., Moore, S.E., Munger, L., Fox, C.G. 2004. Detection of North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena japonica) calls in the Gulf of Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 20(4): 872-879.

Mitchell, E. D. 1979. Comments on magnitude of early catch of east Pacific gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 29: 307-314.

Miyashita, T.,Kato, H. 1998. Recent data on the status of right whales in the NW Pacific Ocean. Paper SC/M98/RW11 presented to the IWC Special Meeting of the Scientific Committee, June 2000, in Adelaide, Australia.

Monks, G.G., McMillan, A.D., St. Claire, D.E. 2001. Nuu-chah-nulth whaling: Archaeological insights into antiquity, species preferences, and cultural importance. Arctic Anthropology. 38(1): 60-81.

Moore, S.E., Waite, J.M., Mazzuca, L.L., Hobbs, R.C. 2000. Mysticete whale abundance and observations of prey associations on the central Bering Sea shelf. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 2(3): 227-234.

Moore, M.J., McLellan, W.A., Daoust, P.Y., Bonde, R.K., and Knowlton, A.R. 2007. Right whale mortality: a message from the dead to the living. Pp.358-379 in Kraus and Rolland, eds. The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads. Harvard University Press. 543 pp.

Munger, L.M., Wiggins, S.M., Moore, S.E., Hildebrand, J.A. 2008. North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica) seasonal and diel calling patterns from long-term acoustic recordings in the southeastern Bering Sea, 2000-2006. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24(4): 795-814

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1991. Recovery Plan for the Northern Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Prepared by the Right Whale Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland. 86 pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2006. Review of the status of the right whales in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Status review report prepared by NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 62 pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2009. North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/rightwhale_northpacific.htm. Accessed April 23, 2009.

National Research Council (NRC). 1996. The Bering Sea ecosystem. National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

National Research Council (NRC). 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C.

Nemoto, T. 1957. Food of baleen whales in the northern Pacific. Scientific Report of the Whales Research Institute. 12: 33-89.

Nemoto, T. 1959. Food of baleen whales with reference to whale movements. Scientific Report of the Whales Research Institute. 14: 149-290.

Nemoto, T. 1962. Food of baleen whales collected in recent Japanese whaling expeditions. Scientific Report of the Whales Research Institute. 16: 89-103.

Nichol, L.M., Gregr, E.J., Flinn, R., Ford, J.K.B., Gurney, R., Michaluk, L., Peacock, A. 2002. British Columbia commercial whaling catch data 1908 to 1967: A detailed description of the B.C. historical whaling database. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2371. 77 pp.

North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team 2004. National Recovery Strategy for the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica) in Pacific Canadian waters. Vancouver, British Columbia. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). 48 pp. http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/pages/consultations/rightwhale/default_e.htm. Accessed September 8, 2009.

Ohsumi, S., Wada, S. 1974. Report of the Scientific Committee, Annex N. Status of whale stocks in the North Pacific, 1972. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 24: 114-126.

Omura, H. 1986. History of right whale catches in the waters around Japan. Rep. int. Whal. Commn. (Special Issue) 10: 35-41.

Omura H., Oshumi, S., Nemoto, R., Nasu, K., Kasuya, T. 1969. Black right whales in the North Pacific, Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo 21: 1-78.

O'Shea, T.J., Brownell, R.L. Jr. 1994. Organochlorine and metal contaminants in baleen whales: a review and evaluation of conservation implications. The Science of the Total Environment. 154:179-200.

Parks, S.E. 2003. Acoustic Communication of the North Atlantic Right Whale. Ph.D Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Graduate Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA.

Parks, S.E., Nowacek D.P., Johnson M.P., Tyack P.L. 2006. Right whales - Social sound production. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119: 3402-3403

Parks, S.E., Clark, C.W., Tyack, P.L. 2007. Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behaviour: The Potential effects of noise on acoustic communication. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122(6): 3725-3731.

Pike, G.C., MacAskie, I.B. 1969. Marine Mammals of British Columbia. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. Bull 171. 54 pp.

Polovina, J.J., Mitchum, G.T. Evans, G.T. 1995. Decadal and basin-scale variation in mixed layer depth and the impact on biological production in the central and North Pacific, 1960-1988. Deep Sea Research. 42: 1201-1716.

Ralls, K., Ballou, J.D., Templeton, A. 1988. Estimates of lethal equivalents and the cost of inbreeding in mammals. Conserv. Biol. 2: 185-193.

Reeves, R.R., Leatherwood S. 1985. Sightings of right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the eastern North Pacific. Paper SC/37/PS3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 1985 (unpublished). 7 pp.

Reeves, R.R., Josephson, E., Smith T. D. 2004. Putative historical occurrence of North Atlantic Right Whales in mid-latitude offshore waters: 'Maury's Smear' is likely apocryphal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 282: 295-305

Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J., Zerbini, A.N. 2008a. Eubalaena japonica. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed February 26, 2009.

Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J., Zerbini, A.N. 2008b. Eubalaena glacialis. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed February 26, 2009.

Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J., Zerbini, A.N. 2008c. Eubalaena australis. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed February 26, 2009.

Rice, D.W., Fiscus, C.H. 1968. Right whales in the south-eastern North Pacific. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 57(5): 105-107.

Richardson, W. J., C. R. Greene, Jr., C. I. Malme, D. H. Thomson. 1995. Marine mammals and noise. Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Roemmich, D., McGowan, J. 1995. Climate warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California current. Science. 267: 1324-1326.

Rosenbaum, H.C., Brownell, R.L., Brown, M.W., Schaeff, C., Portway, V., White, B.N., Malik, S., Pastene, L.A., Patenaude, N.J., Baker, C.S., Goto, M., Best, P.B., Clapham, P.J., Hamilton, P., Moore, M., Payne, R., Rowntree, V., Tynan, C.T., Bannister, J.L., DeSalle, R. 2000a. World-wide genetic differentiation of Eubalaena: questioning the number of right whale species. Mol. Ecol. 9: 1793-802.

Rosenbaum, H.C., Egan, M.G., Clapham, P.J., Brownell, R.L., Brown, M.W., While, B.N., Malik, S., Walsh, P.D., DeSalle, R. 2000b. Utility of North Atlantic Right Whale museum specimens in assessing changes in genetic diversity. Conserv. Biol. 14: 1837-1842.

Ross, P.S., Ellis G.M., Ikonomou M.G., Barrett-Lennard L.G., Addison R.F. 2000. High PCB concentrations in free-ranging Pacific killer whales, Orcinus orca: effects of age, sex and dietary preference. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40: 504-515.

Ross, P.S. 2002a. The role of immunotoxic environmental contaminants in facilitating the emergence of infectious diseases in marine mammals. HERA 8: 277-292.

Ross, P.S. 2002b. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and outbreaks of disease in marine mammals. In Marine Pollution and Biodiversity. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.

Ross, P.S. 2006. Fireproof killer whales (Orcinus orca): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63: 224-234.

Rowlett, R.A., Green, G.A., Bowlby, C.E., Smultea, M.A. 1994. The first photographic documentation of a northern right whale off Washington State. Northwest. Nat. 75: 102-104.

Scarff J.E. 1986. Historic and present distribution of the right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, in the eastern North Pacific south of 50N and east of 180W. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue 10): 43-63.

Scarff, J.E. 1991. Historic distribution and abundance of the right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the North Pacific, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan from the Maury Whale Charts. Rep. int. Whal. Comn. 41: 467-489.

Scarff, J.E. 2001. Preliminary estimates of whaling-induced mortality in the 19th century North Pacific Right Whale (Euablaena japonica) fishery, adjusting for struck-but-lost whales and non-American whaling. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue 2): 261-268.

Schaeff C.M., Kraus S.D., Brown M.W., White B.N. 1993. Assessment of the population structure of western North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) based on sighting and mtDNA data. Can. J. Zool. 71: 339-345.

Schaeff, C.M., Kraus S.D., Brown M.W., Perkins J.S., Payne R., White B.N. 1997. Comparison of genetic variability of North and South Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena), using DNA fingerprinting. Can. J. Zool. 75: 1073-1080.

Shelden K,. Moore S., Waite J.M., Wade P.R., Rugh D.J. 2005. Historic and current habitat use by North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena japonica) in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Mamm. Rev. 35(2): 129-155

Smetacek, V. 2009. Combining evolutionary and ecological approaches to make sense of pelagic ecosystems from phytoplankton to whales. Presentation abstract from the Society for Marine Mammalogy 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. October 12 -16, 2009. Quebec City, Quebec.

Stone, C. J., M. L. Tasker. 2006. The effects of seismic airguns on cetaceans in UK waters. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 8: 255-263.

Todd, S., Stevick, P., Lien, J., Marques, F. Ketten, D. 1996. Behavioural effects of exposure to underwater explosions in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Can. J. Zool. 74:1661-1672.

Tormosov, D.D, Mikhalev, Y.A., Best, P.B., Zemsky, V.A., Sekiguchi, K. Brownell Jr., R.L. 1998. Soviet catches of Southern Right Whales, Eubalaena australis, 1951-1971; biological data and conservation implications. Biol. Conserv. 86(2): 185-197.

Townsend, C.H. 1935. The distribution of certain whales as shown by logbook records of American whaleships. Zoologica (NY).19(1-2): 1-50+6 maps.

Transport Canada. 2005. Statistics from T-FACTS. http://www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/T-Facts3/Statmenu_e.asp?file=marine&Lang=. Accessed October 28, 2008.

Tynan, C.T. 1999. Redistribution of cetaceans in the Southeast Bering Sea relative to anomalous oceanographic conditions during the 1997 El Nino. PICES Scientific Report. 10: 115-117.

Tynan, C.T., DeMaster, D.P., Peterson, W.P. 2001. Endangered right whales on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. Science 294 (5548): 1894.

Vanderlaan, A.S.M., C.T. Taggart. 2007. Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 23, 144–156.

Venrick, E.L. 1994. Scales of variability in a stable environment: phytoplankton in the central North Pacific. Chapter 10 in T.M. Powell and JH. Steele (eds.), Ecological Time Series. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Venrick E.L., McGowan, J.A., Cayan, D.R. Hayward, T.L. 1987. Climate and chlorophyll a: Long-term trends in the central North Pacific Ocean. Science 238: 70-72.

Vladimirov, V.L. 1994. Recent distribution and abundance of whales in Russian Far-Eastern seas. Russian J. Mar. Biol. 20: 1-9.

Vladimirov, V.L. 2000. Present distribution, population numbers and structure in whales of the Far East seas. pp. 104-122 in A.V. Yablokov and V.A. Zemsky (eds.), Soviet Whaling Data (1949-1979). Centre for Russian Environmental Policy, Moscow. 408 pp.

Wada, S. 1976. Indices of abundance of large-sized whales in the North Pacific in the 1974 whaling season. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 26: 382-391.

Wada, S. 1975. Report of the Scientific Committee, Annex L. Indices of abundance of large-sized whales in the North Pacific in 1973 whaling season. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 25: 129-165.

Wada, S. 1977. Indices of abundance of large-sized whales in the North Pacific in 1975 whaling season. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 27: 189-194.

Wada, S. 1979. Indices of abundance of large-sized whales in the North Pacific in 1977 whaling season. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 29: 253-264.

Wade, P., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Shelden, K, Barlow, J., Carretta, J., Durban, J., LeDuc, R., Munger, L., Rankin, S., Sauter, A., Stinchcomb, C. 2006. Acoustic detection and satellite-tracking leads to discovery of rare concentration of endangered North Pacific Right Whales. Biol. Lett. 2:417-419.
Wade, P., Kennedy, A., LeDuc, R., Barlow, J., Brownell Jr, R.L., Clapham, P., Carretta, J., Sheldon, K., Perryman, W., Pitman, Robertson, K., R., Rone, B., Salinas, J.C., Zerbini, A. 2010. The Biology Letters, Cons. Biol. The world’s smallest whale population? doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0477
Weir, C.R. 2008. Overt response of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), sperm whales (Physeter Macrocephalus), and Atlantic spotted dophins (Stenella frontalis) to seismic exploration off Angola. Aquatic Mammals, 34(1): 71-83.

Woodley, T.H., Brown, M.W., Kraus, S.D., Gaskin, D.E. 1991. Organochlorine levels in North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) blubber. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21: 141–145.

Yablokov A.V. 1994. Validity of whaling data. Nature. 367:108.

Zemsky V.A., Berzin A.A., Mikhalev Y.A., Tormosov D.D. 1995. Report to the sub-committee on Southern Hemisphere baleen whales. Appendix 3. Soviet Antarctic pelagic whaling after WWII: Review of catch data. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 45: 131-135.

2004 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team

The draft “National Recovery Strategy for the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica) in Pacific Canadian Waters” was prepared by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in cooperation with the 2004 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team (Table 6) and was externally reviewed (Table 7). The draft was completed in July of 2004.

Table 6. 2004 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team Members

Table 7. External Peer Reviewers

Record of Cooperation and Consultation

Fisheries and Oceans Canada worked in cooperation with non-governmental organizations, academics and international experts as members on the recovery team established in 2003. Broad consultations were also undertaken on the recovery strategy to gain input and advice. The recovery team met on several occasions throughout 2003. The draft Right Whale Recovery Strategy was made available publicly via the Fisheries and Oceans Canada webpage. Notice of the web posting was made via a DFO news release. In collaboration with the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre a news release was issued via Aquanews and information posted on the Vancouver Aquarium’s webpage (www.vanaqua.org). The document was also distributed through an international list serve via the Marine Mammal mailing list (‘MARMAM’). DFO also requested input directly from other Federal government departments and non-governmental organizations that may have an interest in right whales including Parks Canada and World Wildlife Fund Canada. Peer reviews were also sought and received from experts in the field of right whale and baleen whale research.

The recovery team considered input from written submissions and external reviewers and incorporated many useful suggestions in the final document.

2009/2010 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team

The 2004 draft served as a basis for this 2011 recovery strategy. The 2011 draft “Recovery Strategy for the North Pacific Right Whale in Pacific Canadian Waters” was prepared by the 2009/2010 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team (Table 8).

Table 8. 2009/2010 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team

Record of Cooperation and Consultation¹⁹

The 2004 “Draft National Recovery Strategy for the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica) in Pacific Canadian Waters” was the foundation for this document which includes new information and was structured meet SARA content requirements. The 2009/2010 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team participated in an internal technical workshop in April 2009. The draft recovery strategy was sent to relevant government agencies and the SARA Directorate in August/September 2009 for early review.

The draft recovery strategy underwent regional consultations between January 14 and February 21, 2010. The draft was made available publicly via the DFO Pacific Region website for comment. Consultations were web-based, and also included direct mail-outs soliciting input from coastal First Nations. At the same time, the draft recovery strategy was sent to the 2004 North Pacific Right Whale Recovery Team, the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Environment Canada, Parks Canada Agency, Transport Canada, Department of National Defence, Natural Resources Canada, and Canadian Coast Guard for review. In addition, notification of regional consultation on the draft recovery strategy was sent to a marine mammal list serve (MARMAM) with a broad local and international distribution to marine mammal researchers and interested parties. Notification was also sent to a distribution list of marine mammal-related contacts provided to DFO in recent years from environmental groups, government agencies, and the eco-tourism sector.

Over the consultation period, responses on the draft recovery strategy were received from the public, scientific experts, non-governmental environmental organizations, government agencies, and First Nations. Feedback has been carefully considered and incorporated where necessary in the production of the proposed recovery strategy. Input from the public during the regional consultation process is acknowledged and greatly appreciated.

Figure 6. Locations of 21 DFO shipboard cetacean surveys between 2002-2008. Lines indicate on-effort survey track (Ford et al. 2010a). Map of B.C. - Extracted Vector Shoreline Series, Government of Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Science, Canadian Hydrographic Service. Bathymetry layer - coastal digital elevation model produced by Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada (Pacific).

Figure 7. Locations of the initial phase (2006 and 2007) of passive acoustic monitoring conducted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in Pacific Canadian waters (Ford et al. 2010b). Map of B.C. - Extracted Vector Shoreline Series, Government of Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Science, Canadian Hydrographic Service. Bathymetry layer - Pacific Offshore Bathymetry Surface, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Oceans, Habitat and Enhancement Branch GIS Unit (Pacific).

¹⁹SARA requires that to the extent possible the recovery strategy must be prepared in cooperation with others [SARA s.39(1)] and in consultation with those whom the competent minister considers to be directly affected by the strategy [SARA s.39(3)].