Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi): Management plan implementation for the period 2017 to 2021

Document information

Recommended citation: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2022. Report on the Progress of Management Plan Implementation for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada for the Period 2017 to 2021. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Report Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. v + 12 pp.

For copies of the progress report, or for additional information on species at risk, including Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, recovery strategies, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk Public Registry.

Cover illustration: Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) by Diana McPhail. Reproduced courtesy of the artist.

Également disponible en français sous le titre
« Rapport sur les progrès de la mise en œuvre du plan de gestion du chabot du Columbia (Cottus hubbsi) au Canada pour la période de 2017 à 2021 »

© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2022. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-0-660-45092-6
Catalogue no. En3-5/19-1-2022E-PDF

Content (excluding the cover illustration) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.

Preface

The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for the protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under section 72 of the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the competent minister must monitor the implementation of the management plan and must assess its implementation 5 years after the plan is included in the public registry, and in every subsequent 5-year period until its objectives have been achieved.

Reporting on the progress of management plan implementation requires reporting on the collective efforts of the competent minister, provincial and territorial governments, and all other parties involved in conducting activities that contribute to the species’ conservation. Management plans set conservation goals and objectives for special concern species to provide the best chance for species conservation. Some of the identified broad strategies and approaches are sequential to the progress or completion of others and not all may be undertaken or show significant progress during the timeframe of a report on the progress of management plan implementation (progress report).

The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans is the competent minister under SARA for the Columbia Sculpin and has prepared this progress report.

As stated in the preamble to SARA, success in the conservation of species at risk depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in the management plan and will not be achieved by Fisheries and Oceans Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. The cost of recovering and conserving species at risk is shared amongst different constituencies. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing the management plan for the Columbia Sculpin for the benefit of the species and Canadian society as a whole.

Acknowledgments

This progress report was prepared by Caitlyn Bondy, Carrie Kwok, and Maggie Boothroyd with input from Paul Grant, Jocelyn Nelson, Manon Morrissette, Erin Gertzen, and Ahdia Hassan (Fisheries and Oceans Canada [DFO]). DFO would also like to express its appreciations to all individuals and organizations who have contributed to the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin.

Executive summary

The Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) was listed as special concern under the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003. The “Management Plan for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada” was published on the Species at Risk Public Registry in 2012 (DFO 2012).

The threats identified in the management plan for the Columbia Sculpin include: flow regulation, consumptive water use, non-native species, water quality, land use, hybridization, and climate change.

The management goal for the Columbia Sculpin is to ensure long-term viability of this species across its extant distribution in the wild. It is likely that this species will always remain at risk due to its limited distribution in Canada.

The management objectives for the Columbia Sculpin are to:

maintain self-sustaining populations of Columbia Sculpin throughout its natural range in Canada
maintain, and where possible enhance the ecological integrity of habitat for Columbia Sculpin
increase scientific understanding of Columbia Sculpin through additional investigation of its natural history, habitat requirements and threats to its persistence
foster awareness of Columbia Sculpin and its conservation status

The “Report on the Progress of Management Plan Implementation for the Columbia Sculpin in Canada for the Period 2017 to 2021” reports on the progress made by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and its partners towards implementing the management plan and achieving its objectives. During this time period, progress has been made towards implementing the management plan, including:

mitigation of flow regulation impacts in the lower Columbia River through live salvaging of Columbia Sculpin
mitigation of non-native species impacts through ongoing Northern Pike (Esox lucius) research, monitoring, and active suppression efforts in the lower Columbia watershed
documentation of incidental captures of Columbia Sculpin throughout various fish survey initiatives in the lower Columbia River
confirmation that Columbia Sculpin and Mottled Sculpin are separate species, with the latter not occurring in British Columbia
increased angler incentive programs, public education and outreach to promote active stewardship and reduce the risk of non-native species introduction

While progress has been made towards meeting the management goal, management objectives, and interim performance measures detailed in the management plan, additional work is necessary to ensure long-term viability of the Columbia Sculpin in British Columbia. Priority next steps may include: further work to clarify and mitigate threats; further work to address information gaps; and establishing a stewardship group for Columbia Sculpin.

DFO remains committed to ensuring the long-term viability of the Columbia Sculpin across its extant distribution in the wild. The progress made to date would not have been achieved without the contributions from partners like the Okanagan Nation Alliance, BC Hydro, and environmental consultants. DFO looks forward to continued collaboration and welcomes the participation of additional partners.

1 Introduction

The “Report on the Progress of Management Plan Implementation for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada for the Period 2017 to 2021” (herein referred to as progress report) outlines the progress made towards meeting the objectives listed in the “Management Plan for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada” (DFO 2012; herein referred to as management plan) during the indicated time period. The progress report is part of a series of documents for this species that are linked and should be taken into consideration together, including: the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) status assessment and reports (COSEWIC 2000, 2010, 2019), the management plan (DFO 2012), and the “Report on the Progress of Management Plan Implementation for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada for the Period 2012-2016” (DFO 2017).

Section 2 of the progress report summarizes key information on threats to the species, management goal and management objectives for achieving its conservation, approaches to meeting the objectives, and interim performance measures to measure the progress towards conservation. For more details, readers should refer to the management plan (DFO 2012). Section 3.1 reports on the progress of broad strategies and approaches identified in the management plan, to support achieving the management goal and management objectives. Section 3.2 reports on the progress of meeting the interim performance measures identified in the management plan. Section 4 summarizes the progress toward achieving the management goal and management objectives.

2 Background

2.1 COSEWIC assessment summary and threats to the species

In 2000, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) assessed the Columbia Sculpin as special concern (COSEWIC 2000). The species was subsequently listed as special concern under Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003 which led to the 2012 publication of the management plan. COSEWIC re-examined and confirmed the status of the Columbia Sculpin as special concern in 2010 and 2019 (COSEWIC 2010, 2019).

Assessment Summary – November 2019

Common name Columbia Sculpin

Scientific name Cottus hubbsi

Status Special concern

Reason for designation This small freshwater fish is endemic to the Columbia River watershed in southern British Columbia where it has a small geographic distribution. It is a bottom-dwelling and sedentary fish as an adult, affected by multiple past impacts and ongoing threats. It is particularly susceptible to declines in habitat area and quality from drought and changes in water flow resulting from water management and climate change, in addition to pollution and invasive species. It may become threatened if factors suspected of negatively influencing the persistence of this fish are neither reversed or managed with effectiveness.

Occurrence British Columbia

Status history Designated special concern in May 2000. Status re-examined and confirmed in November 2010 and November 2019.

Section 1.5 of the management plan provides information on the threats to the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin. These threats include: flow regulation, consumptive water use, non-native species, water quality, land use, hybridization, and climate change.

2.2 Conservation

This section summarizes the information, found in the management plan, on the management goal and management objectives that are necessary for the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin and on interim performance measures that provide a way to define and measure progress toward achieving the management goal and management objectives.

Management goal

The management goal for Columbia Sculpin is to ensure long-term viability of this species across its extant distribution in the wild. It is likely that this species will always remain at risk due to its limited distribution in Canada.

Management objectives

The management objectives for Columbia Sculpin are to:

maintain self-sustaining populations of Columbia Sculpin throughout its natural range in Canada
maintain, and where possible enhance the ecological integrity of habitat for Columbia Sculpin
increase scientific understanding of Columbia Sculpin through additional investigation of its natural history, habitat requirements, and threats to its persistence
foster awareness of Columbia Sculpin and its conservation status

Section 2.3 of the management plan includes interim performance measures^{Footnote 1} to define and measure progress toward achieving the management goal and management objectives:

Have threats been clarified and assessed? Are threats being mitigated? Has a plan that recognizes these habitats as important been developed? Have key habitats been effectively protected?
Has a stewardship group been established? Is it adequately supported with funding and technical expertise? Is the stewardship group achieving the goals outlined in the management plan?
Have educational materials been produced? Has public perception and awareness been affected? How many classes have received educational presentations?
Are there key information gaps that inhibit conservation of Columbia Sculpin?
Have important habitats been defined for Columbia Sculpin? Have key areas in the watershed (that is, those that are disproportionately important for maintaining habitat) been identified?
Have monitoring programs been implemented? How long has a monitoring program been in place? Is it effective? Is it a benign activity for the population? Is funding secure for the long term?

3 Progress towards conservation

The management plan divides the conservation effort into 3 broad strategies: 1) protection, 2) management, and 3) research. Progress in carrying out these broad strategies, and their associated approaches is reported in section 3.1 of this report. Section 3.2 reports on the progress toward meeting interim performance measures.

3.1 Activities supporting conservation

Table 1 provides information on the implementation of activities undertaken to address the broad strategies and approaches identified in the management plan. A number of activities were implemented prior to 2017 which have been documented in the “Report on the Progress of Management Plan Implementation for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada for the Period 2012 – 2016” (DFO 2017).

Table 1 . Details of activities supporting the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin from 2017 to 2021.
#	Broad strategy	Approach	Activity descriptions and results	Participants^a
1	Protection	Clarify and mitigate threats to Columbia Sculpin	The Lower Columbia River Fish Management Plan^b includes several monitoring programs to assess the effectiveness of flow operations on fish populations. Among those, the Lower Columbia River Fish Stranding Assessment and Ramping Protocol (also known as the CLBMON-42A monitoring program) and the Lower Columbia River Physical Habitat Recontouring (also known as the CLBMON-42B project) has provided clarity and helped mitigate the threat of flow regulation by: salvaging and releasing live Columbia Sculpin during fish stranding assessments following flow reduction operations at Hugh L. Keenleyside Dam/Arrow Lakes Generating Station (HLK/ALH) and Brilliant Dam/Expansion (BRD/X) on the Columbia and Kootenay rivers (Golder Associates Ltd. 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021) conducting a statistical analysis on the 20-year dataset of fish stranding assessments to assess the effects of environmental and operational variables on fish stranding. Modelling results indicated no effect of ramping rate on the probability of stranding or the number of fish stranded, including Columbia Sculpin. This suggests no difference in fish stranding risk within the range of operational ramping rates currently used at HLK/ALH (Golder Associates Ltd. 2020) analysing the effectiveness of physical habitat recontouring at 5 fish stranding sites between 2001 and 2015 using the fish stranding survey data, which revealed a substantial reduction in the probability and number of fish stranded (Golder Associates Ltd. 2020) Ongoing Northern Pike (Esox lucius) research, monitoring and suppression efforts have been conducted throughout this progress reporting period. These efforts help mitigate the threat of non-native species to Columbia Sculpin. Efforts include: an Okanagan Nation Alliance (ONA)-led assessment of the ecological and economic risks of the introduction of Northern Pike and identification of ongoing data gaps, including the population status of Northern Pike in the Canadian Kettle River (within Columbia Sculpin range) and the threat of Northern Pike to the conservation of Columbia Sculpin and other species at risk (Duncan et al. 2019) active suppression efforts in the lower Columbia River from 2017 to 2020 using gillnetting and electrofishing (Baxter and Lawrence 2018, ONA 2021) a 2018 Pike Angler Bounty Program led by ONA (Duncan et al. 2019) ongoing capture of Northern Pike during BC Hydro’s Large River Indexing Program (also known as the CLBMON-45 program; Golder Associates Ltd. et al. 2020) continued unlimited angling quota on Northern Pike in the Columbia River from Keenleyside Dam downstream to the Washington state border, and the Kootenay River (Columbia River confluence to Brilliant Dam)	BC Hydro, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Golder Associates Ltd. (Golder), Mountain Water Research, ONA, Wood (formerly AMEC)
2	Management	Support establishment of a stewardship group for Columbia Sculpin	A stewardship group for Columbia Sculpin has not been established.	N/A
3	Management	Inform and educate stakeholders and general public about the species and general biodiversity values, with the intent of promoting active stewardship, reducing impacts to habitat and reducing risk of non-native species introduction	Angler incentive programs, public education and outreach have been conducted to promote active stewardship and reduce the risk of non-native species introduction into the Columbia watershed, including: the Okanagan Stewardship Society website includes a page dedicated to Columbia Sculpin the Northern Pike Bounty Program led by ONA in 2018 (Duncan et al. 2019) a Northern Pike fishing challenge on Christina Lake led by the Christina Lake Stewardship Society in 2018 (Duncan et al. 2019) ongoing promotion of “Clean, Drain, Dry” and “Don’t Let it Loose” education programs and ONA’s Northern Pike suppression projects by the Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society (Duncan et al. 2019) ongoing sharing of Northern Pike biological information and suppression efforts on the Invasive Species Council of British Columbia website (Duncan et al. 2019)	Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society, Christina Lake Stewardship Society,Invasive Species Council of British Columbia,Okanagan Stewardship Society, ONA,British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy
4	Research	Address information gaps that limit conservation of Columbia Sculpin^c	Research to address information gaps that limit conservation of Columbia Sculpin specifically were not completed during this reporting period. However, fish community stranding assessments have provided information on the threat of flow regulation (refer to row 1 of this table). The known habitat area (that is, the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy) of Columbia Sculpin has increased based on the confirmation that Columbia and Mottled Sculpin are separate species, with the latter not occurring in British Columbia. Previous records of Mottled Sculpin in British Columbia were corrected and now reflect observations of Columbia Sculpin (COSEWIC 2019).	Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC)
5	Research	Define important habitats for Columbia Sculpin through habitat suitability mapping	No studies specific to Columbia Sculpin habitat suitability occurred during the reporting period.	N/A
6	Research	Develop and implement a long-term monitoring program	A long-term monitoring program has not yet been established for Columbia Sculpin or other sculpin species. However, records of live salvaged Columbia Sculpin have been maintained in the lower Columbia River from HLK/ALH to the Canada/United States of America border and in the lower Kootenay River from BRD/X to the Columbia River confluence as part of BC Hydro’s lower Columbia River fish stranding assessment and ramping protocols (refer to row 1 of this table).	BC Hydro, Golder

^a Lead participant(s) is/are listed on top and in bold; other participants are listed alphabetically. Not all activities have specific participants identified. DFO acknowledges the large network of people that contribute to the conservation of Columbia Sculpin and regrets any potential omissions of contributors.

^b The Lower Columbia River Fish Management Plan is a component of BC Hydro’s Columbia River Water Use Plan.

^c This approach was included under both management and research broad strategies in the management plan, and is categorized under the research broad strategy in this progress report.

3.2 Summary of progress towards conservation

3.2.1 Status of interim performance measures

Table 2 provides a summary of the progress made toward meeting the interim performance measures outlined in section 2.3 of the management plan and restated in section 2.2 of this progress report. Each interim performance measure has been assigned 1 of 4 statuses:

not met: the interim performance measure has not been met, and little to no progress has been made
partially met, underway: moderate to significant progress has been made toward meeting 1 or more elements of the interim performance measure, and further work is ongoing or planned
met: the interim performance measure has been met and no further action is required
met, ongoing: the interim performance measure has been met, but efforts will continue as needed to achieve the objectives outlined in the species’ 2012 management plan

Table 2 . Progress and details of the progress made toward meeting the interim performance measures outlined in the Columbia Sculpin management plan.
Interim performance measure	Status	Details
Have threats been clarified and assessed? Are threats being mitigated? Has a plan that recognizes these habitats as important been developed? Have key habitats been effectively protected?	Partially met, underway	Flow regulation and non-native species threats have been further assessed and partially mitigated throughout this reporting period. This includes: assessment of the impact of flow reductions and flow ramping rates; completion of live fish salvages and analysis on the effectiveness of re-contouring at fish stranding sites as part of the Lower Columbia River Fish Management Plan; and ongoing non-native Northern Pike research, monitoring, and suppression efforts (refer to row 1 of table 1). Additional clarification, assessment and mitigation of threats related to water quality, land use, hybridization and climate change is required. Any works, undertakings, or activities that result in the death of fish or the harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction of fish habitat are subject to regulatory review and authorization under the federal Fisheries Act, which was amended in 2019. Protection of key habitats has not occurred as key habitats for Columbia Sculpin have not been defined (refer to row 5 of table 1).
Has a stewardship group been established? Is it adequately supported with funding and technical expertise? Is the stewardship group achieving the goals outlined in the management plan?	Not met	A stewardship group for Columbia Sculpin has not been established.
Have educational materials been produced? Has public perception and awareness been affected? How many classes have received educational presentations?	Not met	Educational materials and presentations specifically focused on awareness and conservation of Columbia Sculpin have not been developed. However, public awareness of threats to Columbia Sculpin may have increased through educational outreach on invasive species (refer to row 3 of table 1). A direct measurement of public perception change is not available. Educational presentations specifically on Columbia Sculpin were not completed during this reporting period.
Are there key information gaps that inhibit conservation of Columbia Sculpin?	Partially met, underway	Within the previous reporting period (2012 to 2016), some work was completed to address key information gaps that inhibit the conservation of Columbia Sculpin, including researching habitat requirements for various life stages, life history information, and habitat use patterns in relation to water level fluctuations (DFO 2017). Within the current reporting period (2017 to 2021), no further research to address information gaps that limit conservation of Columbia Sculpin was completed. However, fish community stranding assessments have provided information on the threat of flow regulation (refer to row 1 of table 1).
Have important habitats been defined for Columbia Sculpin? Have key areas in the watershed (i.e., those that are disproportionately important for maintaining habitat) been identified?	Partially met, underway	Within the previous reporting period (2012 to 2016), some work was completed to define important habitats for Columbia Sculpin, including formulating habitat suitability indices and identifying habitat characteristics of spawning and nursery areas within the Lower Columbia River (DFO 2017). Within the current reporting period (2017 to 2021), no further studies specific to Columbia Sculpin habitat suitability were completed. However, a geospatial model was developed to characterize the fluvial geomorphological features associated with the fish resources in a river system (Liu et al. 2017). This model framework was tested on historic fish data from the Similkameen River (including that of sculpins), and could be used to evaluate important fish habitats for Columbia Sculpin at the macrohabitat level. The known habitat area (that is, extent of occurrence and area of occupancy) of the Columbia Sculpin has increased since the last progress report (refer to row 4 of table 1).
Have monitoring programs been implemented? How long has a monitoring program been in place? Is it effective? Is it a benign activity for the population? Is funding secure for the long term?	Not met	Within the previous reporting period (2012 to 2016), monitoring was conducted in the Lower Columbia River and in unregulated tributaries of the Similkameen River, providing preliminary estimates of relative abundance and distribution (DFO 2017). Within the current reporting period (2017 to 2021), no monitoring programs have been implemented specifically for the Columbia Sculpin. Columbia Sculpin have been live salvaged as part of fish stranding assessments and ramping protocols in the lower Columbia River (refer to row 6 of table 1). An assessment of potential impacts of a monitoring program on the population has not been completed.

4 Concluding statement

Within this reporting period (2017 to 2021), through the implementation of the “Management Plan for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada”, progress has been made supporting the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin, including:

mitigation of flow regulation impacts in the lower Columbia River through live salvaging of Columbia Sculpin
mitigation of non-native species impacts through ongoing Northern Pike (Esox lucius) research, monitoring, and active suppression efforts in the lower Columbia watershed
documentation of incidental captures of Columbia Sculpin throughout various fish survey initiatives in the lower Columbia River
confirmation that Columbia Sculpin and Mottled Sculpin are separate species, with the latter not occurring in British Columbia
increased angler incentive programs, public education and outreach to promote active stewardship and reduce the risk of non-native species introduction

While progress has been made towards meeting the management goal, management objectives, and interim performance measures detailed in the management plan, additional work is necessary to ensure long-term viability of the Columbia Sculpin in British Columbia. Priority next steps may include: further work to clarify and mitigate threats to Columbia Sculpin; further work to address information gaps inhibiting the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin; and establishing a stewardship group for Columbia Sculpin.

DFO remains committed to the conservation of the Columbia Sculpin. The work started and completed to date has built a strong foundation for continued research and management of this species over the next reporting period. Progress made to date would not have been achieved without the contributions of our partners including the Okanagan Nation Alliance and BC Hydro. DFO is looking forward to continuing these successful collaborations and welcomes the participation of additional partners.

5 References

Baxter, J.T.A. and C. Lawrence. 2018. Lower Columbia River Invasive Northern Pike Suppression-2017 Update. Mountain Water Research, Trail, B.C., Amec Foster Wheeler, Nelson, B.C. Prepared for Teck Metals Ltd., Trail, B.C. 12 p.
COSEWIC. 2000. Assessment and update status report on the Columbia sculpin, Cottus bairdii hubbsi, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xiv + 57 pp.
COSEWIC. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Columbia Sculpin Cottus hubbsi in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. xii + 32 pp.
COSEWIC. 2019. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Columbia Sculpin Cottus hubbsi in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 43 pp.
DFO. 2012. Management Plan for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada [Final]. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. 18 + iv pp.
DFO. 2017. Report on the Progress of Management Plan Implementation for the Columbia Sculpin (Cottus hubbsi) in Canada for the Period 2012 to 2016. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Report Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. iii + 10 pp.
Duncan, A., D. DeRosa and M. Zimmer. 2019. Risk Assessment and Status of Invasive Northern Pike Suppression Efforts in the Columbia River Basin 2019 Action Plan. Prepared for the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development by the Okanagan Nation Alliance. 28 p. + 5 app.
Golder Associates Ltd. 2015. Lower Columbia River [CLBMON #42 (A)] Fish Stranding Assessments: Annual summary (April 2014 to April 2015). Report prepared for BC Hydro. Golder Report No. 1407618: 26p. + 3 app.
Golder Associates Ltd. 2017. Lower Columbia River (CLBMON #42[A]) and Kootenay River Fish Stranding Assessments: Annual summary (April 2016 to April 2017). Report prepared for BC Hydro. Golder Report No. 1407618: 28p. + 1 app.
Golder Associates Ltd. 2018. Lower Columbia River (CLBMON#42[A]) and Kootenay River Fish Stranding Assessments: Annual summary (April 2017 to April 2018). Report prepared for BC Hydro. Golder Report No. 1407618: 42 p. + 1 app.
Golder Associates Ltd. 2019. Lower Columbia River (CLBMON#42[A]) and Kootenay River Fish Stranding Assessments: Annual summary (April 2018 to April 2019). Report prepared for BC Hydro. Golder Report No. 1895371: 32 p. + 1 app.
Golder Associates Ltd. 2020. Lower Columbia River (CLBMON#42[A]) and Kootenay River Fish Stranding Assessments: Annual summary (April 2019 to April 2020). Report prepared for BC Hydro. Golder Report No. 19117420: 27 p. + 1 app.
Golder Associates Ltd. 2021. Lower Columbia River (CLBMON#42[A]) and Kootenay River Fish Stranding Assessments: Annual summary (April 2020 to April 2021). Report prepared for BC Hydro. Golder Report No. 19117420-010-R-Rev0.
Golder Associates Ltd., Poisson Consulting Ltd., and Okanagan Nation Alliance. 2020. CLBMON-45 Lower Columbia River Fish Population Indexing Surveys Final Summary Report – 2019. Report by for BC Hydro Generations, Water License Requirements, Burnaby, B.C. 28 pp. + 3 Appendices
Liu, N., A. Harwood, J.A. Kells, and K.E. Lindenschmidt. 2017. A geospatial model for characterizing the fish resources of the Similkameen River, British Columbia, Canada. Open Water Journal 4:97-112.
Okanagan Nation Alliance. 2021. Columbia Basin Invasive Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Suppression and Monitoring, British Columbia (2020 – 2021). Okanagan Nation Alliance Program: Year 2. Prepared for the Ministry of Forests Lands and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Nelson BC. p. 60 + 7 app.

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