Page 8: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Chromium

References

Footnote 1

National Research Council of Canada. Effects of chromium in the Canadian environment. NRCC No. 15017, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Ottawa (1976).

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Footnote 2

Law-West, D.G. Chromium. In: Canadian minerals yearbook 1982. Mineral Report No. 32, Mineral Resources Branch, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa (1984).

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Footnote 3

National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineering. Water quality criteria. Committee on Water Quality Criteria, Washington, DC (1972).

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Footnote 4

Pankow, J.F. et al. Analysis for chromium traces in the aquatic ecosystem. II. A study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the Susquehanna River Basin of New York and Pennsylvania. Sci. Total Environ., 7: 17 (1977).

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Footnote 5

Schroeder, D.C. and Lee, G.F. Potential transformations of chromium in natural waters. Water Air Soil Pollut., 4: 355 (1975).

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Footnote 6

Weiler, R.R. and Chawla, V.K. Dissolved mineral quality of Great Lakes waters. In: Proc. 12th Conf. on Great Lakes Research. p. 801 (1969).

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Footnote 7

Durum, W.H. and Haffty, J. Occurrence of minor elements in water. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. No. 445 (1961).

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Footnote 8

National Water Quality Data Bank (NAQUADAT). Water Quality Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa (1985).

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Footnote 9

Méranger, J.C., Subramanian, K.S. and Chalifoux, C. A national survey of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in Canadian drinking water supplies. Environ. Sci. Technol., 13(6): 707 (1979), cited in reference 28.

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Footnote 10

Craun, G.F. and McCabe, L.J. Problems associated with metals in drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 67: 593 (1975).

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Footnote 11

Rahn, K.A. Sources of trace elements in aerosols -- an approach to clean air. Technical report, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (1971), cited in reference 1.

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Footnote 12

Norseth, T. The carcinogenicity of chromium. Environ. Health Perspect., 40: 121 (1981).

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Footnote 13

Kirkpatrick, D.C. and Coffin, D.C. The trace metal content of representative Canadian diets in 1970 and 1971. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J., 7: 56 (1974).

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Footnote 14

Méranger, J.C. and Somers, E. Determination of the heavy metal content of sea-foods by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 3: 360 (1968).

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Footnote 15

Méranger, J.C. The heavy metal content of fruit juices and carbonated beverages by atomic absorption. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 5: 271 (1970).

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Footnote 16

Méranger, J.C. and Somers, E. Determination of heavy metals in wine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 51: 4 (1968)

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Footnote 17

Schroeder, H.A. The role of chromium in mammalian nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 21: 230 (1968).

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Footnote 18

Gibson, R.S. and Scythes, C.A. Chromium, selenium, and other trace element intakes of a selected sample of Canadian premenopausal women. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 6: 105 (1984).

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Footnote 19

Hammond, P.B. and Beliles, R.P. Metals in toxicology. In: The basic science of poisons. 2nd edition. J. Doull, C.D. Klassen and M.O. Amdur (eds.). Macmillan, New York, NY. p. 409 (1980), cited in reference 43.

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Footnote 20

Kumpulainen, J.T., Wolf, W.R., Veillon, C. and Mertz, W. Determination of chromium in selected United States diets. J. Agric. Food Chem., 27: 490 (1979), cited in reference 43.

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Footnote 21

Méranger, J.C. and Smith, D.C. The heavy metal content of a typical Canadian diet. Can. J. Public Health, 63: 53 (1972).

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Footnote 22

Borel, J.S. and Anderson, R.A. Chromium. In: Biochemistry of the essential ultratrace elements. E. Frieden (ed.). Plenum Press, New York, NY. p. 175 (1984).

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Footnote 23

Armstrong, V.C., Holliday, M.G. and Schrecker, T.F. Tap water consumption in Canada. Environmental Health Directorate Report 82-EHD-80, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa (1981).

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Footnote 24

Schroeder, H.A. Chromium air quality. Monograph No. 70-15, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC (1970).

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Footnote 25

U.S. Public Health Service/National Air Pollution Control Administration. Preliminary air pollution survey of chromium and its compounds. A literature review. National Bureau of Standards, Clearinghouse of Federal Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA (1969).

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Footnote 26

National Academy of Sciences. Chromium. Committee on Biological Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Washington, DC (1974).

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Footnote 27

Cogbill, E.C. and Hobbs, M.E. Transfer of metallic constituents of cigarettes to the main-stream smoke. Tobacco Sci., 144: 68 (1957).

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Footnote 28

McDonald, R.A. Water treatment technology review: control of chemical contaminants. Prepared for the Department of National Health and Welfare by M.R.2 -- McDonald & Associates (Draft) (1985).

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Footnote 29

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Manual of treatment techniques for meeting interim primary drinking water regulations. Document EPA-600/8-77-005, Municipal Environment Research Laboratory, Water Supply Research Division, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH (1977).

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Footnote 30

Mertz, W. Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Physiol. Rev., 49: 163 (1969).

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Footnote 31

Levander, O.A. Selenium and chromium in human nutrition. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 66: 338 (1975).

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Footnote 32

Mertz, W. Chromium and its relation to carbohydrate metabolism. Med. Clin. North Am., 60: 739 (1976).

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Footnote 33

Mertz, W. Newer essential trace elements, chromium, tin, vanadium, nickel and silicon. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 33: 307 (1974).

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Footnote 34

Schroeder, H.A., Nason, A.P. and Tipton, I.H. Chromium deficiency as a factor in atherosclerosis. J. Chronic Dis., 23: 123 (1970).

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Footnote 35

Mautner, G. and Dinoeua, S. The content of hexavalent chromium in water sources and its effect on the development of experimental atherosclerosis in warm blooded animals. Gig. Sanit., 39: 78 (1974).

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Footnote 36

Simonoff, M. et al. Low plasma chromium in patients with coronary artery and heart diseases. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 6: 431 (1984).

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Footnote 37

Cote, M. et al. Hair chromium concentration and coronary artery disease in Canada, France, Spain and Italy. Nutr. Res., Suppl. I: 356 (1985).

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Footnote 38

U.S. Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended daily allowances. 9th rev. edition. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (1980), cited in reference 18.

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Footnote 39

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chromium: health advisory. Office of Drinking Water (Draft) (1985).

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Footnote 40

World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Vol. 2: Health criteria and other supporting information. Ch. 6. Geneva (1984).

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Footnote 41

Donaldson, R.M., Jr. and Barreras, R.F. Intestinal absorption of trace quantities of chromium. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 68: 484 (1966), cited in reference 39.

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Footnote 42

MacKenzie, R.D. et al. Chronic toxicity studies. II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats. Arch. Ind. Health, 18: 232 (1958), cited in reference 40.

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Footnote 43

O'Heany, J.M. Summary of health effects of chromium. Health Studies Service, Special Studies and Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Labour (1986).

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Footnote 44

Underwood, E.J. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. 4th edition. Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 258-270 (1977), cited in reference 43.

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Footnote 45

Saner, G. and Gunson, C.T. Hair chromium concentration in newborns and their mothers. Nutr. Rep. Int., 14: 155 (1976).

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Footnote 46

Friberg L. et al. Chromium. In: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam (1979), cited in reference 40.

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Footnote 47

Natusch, D.F.S. and Wallace, J.R. Urban aerosol toxicity: the effect of particle size. Science, 186: 695 (1974).

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Footnote 48

Baetjer, A.M., Damron, C. and Budacz, V. The distribution and retention of Cr in men and animals. Arch. Ind. Health, 20: 54 (1959), cited in reference 1.

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Footnote 49

Danielsson, B.R.G., Hassoun, E. and Dencker, L. Embryotoxicity of chromium: distribution in pregnant mice and effects on embryonic cells in vitro. Arch. Toxicol., 51: 233 (1982), cited in reference 43.

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Footnote 50

Majone, F. and Rensi, D. Mitotic alterations, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges induced by hexavalent and trivalent chromium on mammalian cells in vitro. Caryologia, 32: 379 (1979), cited in reference 39.

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Footnote 51

Schroeder, H.A., Balassa, J.J. and Tippon, I.H. Abnormal trace metals in man: chromium. J. Chronic Dis., 15: 941 (1962).

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Footnote 52

Davids, H.W. and Lieber, M. Underground water contamination by chromium wastes. Water Sewage Works, 98: 528 (1951).

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Footnote 53

Byerrum, R.V. Some studies on the chronic toxicity of cadmium and hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Perdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser., 106: 1 (1961).

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Footnote 54

Chretien, J. and Thieblemont, M. Un mécanisme intermédiaire dans la carcinogenèse pulmonaire. Nouv. Presse Med., 3: 1347 (1974).

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Footnote 55

Stocks, P. N.B.E.C.C. Annu. Rep., 35: 95 (1957). Cited in Williams, D.R. Metals, ligands, and cancer. Chem. Rev., 72: 203 (1972).

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Footnote 56

Finklea, J.F. Lead chromate -- an update. Letter dated October 8, 1976, from U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

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Footnote 57

International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk Chem. Man, Suppl. 4: 91 (1982).

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Footnote 58

Bianchi, V. and Levis, A.G. Mechanisms of chromium genotoxicity. In: Carcinogenic and mutagenic metal compounds. E. Merian et al. (eds.). Gordon and Breach Science Publ., London, UK. pp. 269-293 (1985).

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Footnote 59

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health effects criteria document for chromium. Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC (1985), cited in reference 39.

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Footnote 60

Raffetto, G. et al. Direct interaction with cellular targets as the mechanism for chromium carcinogenesis. Tumori, 63: 503 (1977), cited in reference 39.

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Footnote 61

Petrilli, F.L. and De Flora, S. Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form. Mutat. Res., 58: 167 (1978), cited in reference 39.

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Footnote 62

Gentile, J.M., Hyde, K. and Schubert, J. Chromium genotoxicity as influenced by complexation and rate effects. Toxicol. Lett., 7: 439 (1981), cited in reference 39.

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Page 8: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Chromium

References

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