Page 12: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Trichloroethylene

11.0 References

Alberta Department of Environmental Protection (2002) Personal communications from K. Pongar to N. Edmonds, Health Canada.
Amoore, J.E. and Hautala, E. (1983) Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. J. Appl. Toxicol., 3: 272-290.
Andelman, J.B. (1985) Inhalation exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water. Sci. Total Environ., 47: 443-460.
Anttila, A., Pukkala, E., Sallmen, M., Hernberg, S. and Hemminki, K. (1995) Cancer incidence among Finnish workers exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 37: 797-806.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1989) Toxicological profile for trichloroethylene. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. 139 pp. (ATSDR/TP-88/24).
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1993) Toxicological profile for trichloroethylene. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1997) Toxicological profile for trichloroethylene (TCE). Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.
Axelson, O., Selden, A., Andersson, K. and Hogstedt, C. (1994) Updated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer risk. J. Occup. Med., 36: 556-562.
Barton, H.A. and Clewell III, H.J. (2000) Evaluating non cancer effects of trichloroethylene: Dosimetry, mode of action, and risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 323-334.
Barton, H.A. and Das, S. (1996) Alternatives for a risk assessment on chronic noncancer effects from oral exposure to trichloroethylene. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 24: 269-285.
Barton, H.A., Flemming, C.D. and Lipscomb, J.C. (1996) Evaluating human variability in chemical risk assessment: hazard identification and dose response assessment for non-cancer oral toxicity of trichloroethylene. Toxicology, 11: 271-287.
Barton, H.A., Bull, R., Schultz, I. and Andersen, M.E. (1999) Dichloroacetate (DCA) dosimetry: Interpreting DCA-induced liver cancer dose response and the potential for DCA to contribute to trichloroethylene-induced liver cancer. Toxicol. Lett., 106: 9-21.
Birner, G., Vamvakas, S., Dekant, W. and Henschler, D. (1993) Nephrotoxic and genotoxic N-acetyl-S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine is a urinary metabolite after occupational 1,1,2-trichloroethylene exposure in humans: implications for risk of trichloroethylene exposure. Environ. Health Perspect., 99: 281-284.
Bogen, K.T. and Gold, L.S. (1997) Trichloroethylene cancer risk: simplified calculation of PBPK-based MCLs for cytotoxic end points. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 25: 26-42.
Bogen, K.T., Hall, L.C., Perry, L., Fish, R., McKone, T.E., Dowd, P., Patton, S.E. and Mallon, B. (1988) Health risk assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) in California drinking water. Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA.
Bove, F.L., Fulcomer, M.C. and Klotz, J.B. (1995) Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol., 141: 850-862.
Boyer, A.S., Finch, W.T. and Runyan, R.B. (2000) Trichloroethylene inhibits development of embryonic heart valve precursors in vitro. Toxicol. Sci., 53: 109-117.
Brandom, W.F., McGavran, L., Bistline, R.W. and Bloom, A.D. (1990) Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberration frequencies in plutonium workers. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 58: 195-207.
Brauch, H., Weirich, G., Hornauer, M.A., Storkel, S., Wohl, T. and Bruning, T. (1999) Trichloroethylene exposure and specific somatic mutations in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91: 854-861.
Bruning, T., Weirich, G., Hornauer, M.A., Hofler, H. and Brauch, H. (1997a) Renal cell carcinomas in trichloroethylene (TRI) exposed persons are associated with somatic mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene. Arch. Toxicol., 71: 332-335.
Bruning, T., Lammert, M., Kempkes, M., Their, R., Golka, K. and Bolt, H.M. (1997b) Influence of polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 for risk of renal cell cancer in workers with long-term high occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. Arch. Toxicol., 71: 596-599.
Bruning, T., Vamvakas, S., Makropoulos, V. and Birner, G. (1998) Acute intoxication with trichloroethylene: clinical symptoms, toxicokinetics, metabolism, and development of biochemical parameters for renal damage. Toxicol. Sci., 41: 157-165.
Bruning, T., Pesch, B., Weisenhutter, B., Rabstein, S., Lammert, M., Baumuller, A and Bolt, H.M. (2003) Renal cell cancer risk and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene: Results of a consecutive case-control study in Arnsberg, Germany. Am. J. Ind. Med., 43(3): 274-285.
Buben, J.A. and O'Flaherty, E.J. (1985) Delineation of the role of metabolism in the hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene: A dose-effect study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 78: 105-122.
Bull, R.J. (2000) Mode of action for liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 241-259.
Bull, R.J., Orner, G.A., Cheng, R.S., Stillwell, L., Stauber, A.J., Sasser, L.B., Lingohr, M.K. and Thrall, B.D. (2002) The contribution of dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate to liver tumor induction in mice by trichloroethylene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 182: 55-65.
Cattley, R.C., DeLuca, J., Elcombe, C., Fenner-Crisp, P., Lake, B.G., Marsman, D.S., Pastoor, T.A., Popp, J.A., Robinson, D.E. and Schewtz, B. (1998) Do peroxisome proliferating compounds pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard to humans? Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 27: 47-60.
Chang, L.W., Daniel, F.B. and DeAngelo, A.B. (1992) Analysis of DNA strand breaks induced in rodent liver in vivo, hepatocytes in primary culture, and a human cell line by chlorinated acetic acids and chlorinated acetaldehydes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 20: 277-288.
Chen, C.W. (2000) Biologically based dose-response model for liver tumors induced by trichloroethylene. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 335-342.
Chia, S.E., Ong, C.N., Tsakok, M.F.H. and Ho, A. (1996) Semen parameters in workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Reprod. Toxicol., 10: 295-299.
Cicmanec, J.L., Condie, L.W. and Olson, G.R. (1991) 90-day toxicity study of dichloroacetate in dogs. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 17: 376-389.
Clewell, H.J., Gentry, P.R., Gearhart, J.M., Allen, B.C. and Andersen, M.E. (1995) Considering pharmacokinetic and mechanistic information in cancer risk assessments for environmental contaminants: examples with vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene. Chemosphere, 31: 2561-2578.
Clewell, H.J., Gentry, R.P., Covington, T.R. and Gearhart, J.M. (2000) Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites for use in risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 283-305.
Clewell, H., Barton, H., Maull, E. and Andersen, M. (2001) Under what conditions is trichloroethylene likely to be a carcinogen in humans. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 7(4): 687-716.
Cook, J.C., Klinefelter, G.R., Hardisty, J.F., Sharpe, R.M. and Foster, P.M. (1999) Rodent Leydig cell tumorigenesis: a review of the physiology, pathology, mechanisms and relevance to humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 29: 169-261.
CPI (Camford Products Information Services Inc.) (2000) Trichloroethylene. CPI Product Profiles, Camford Products Information Services Inc., Toronto, Ontario.
Crebelli, R. and Carere, A. (1989) Genetic toxicology of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene. Mutat. Res., 221: 11-37.
Crump, K.S. (1984) A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 4: 854-871.
Dallas, C.E., Gallo, J.M., Ramanathan, R., Muralidhara, S. and Bruckner, J.V. (1991) Physiological pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled trichloroethylene in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 110: 303-314.
Daniel, J.W. (1963) The metabolism of ³⁶Cl-labelled trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the rat. Biochem.. Pharmacol., 12: 795-802.
Dann, T. (1993) Unpublished data on concentrations of trichloroethylene at Canadian sites. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario [cited in Department of National Health and Welfare, 1993].
Dawson, B.V., Johnson, P.D., Goldberg, S.J. and Ulreich, J.B. (1990) Cardiac teratogenesis of trichloroethylene and dichloroethylene in a mammalian model. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 16: 1304-1309.
Dawson, B.V., Johnson, P.D., Goldberg, S.J. and Ulreich, J.B. (1993) Cardiac teratogenesis of halogenated hydrocarbon-contaminated drinking water. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 21: 1466-1472.
DeAngelo, A.B., Daniel, F.B., McMillan, L., Wernsing, P. and Savage, R.E., Jr. (1989) Species and strain sensitivity to the induction of peroxisome proliferation by chloroacetic acids. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 101: 285-298.
DeAngelo, A.B., Daniel, F.B., Most, B.M. and Olson, G.R. (1997) Failure of monochloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid administered in the drinking water to produce liver cancer in male F344/N rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 52: 425-445.
De Baere, S., Meyer, E., Dirinck, I., Lambert, W., Piette, M., Van Peteghem, C. and De Leenheer, A. (1997) Tissue distribution of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in a forensic case. Anal. Toxicol., 21: 223-227.
Dees, C. and Travis, C. (1993) The mitogenic potential of trichloroethylene in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol. Lett., 69: 129-137.
DeFalque, R.J. (1961) Pharmacology and toxicology of trichloroethylene. A critical review of world literature. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2: 665-688.
Dekant, W. and Henschler, D. (1983) New pathways of trichloroethylene metabolism. Dev. Toxicol. Environ. Sci., 11: 399-402.
Dekant, W., Metzler, M. and Henschler, D. (1984) Novel metabolites of trichloroethylene through dechlorination reactions in rats, mice, and humans. Biochem. Pharmacol., 33: 2021-2037.
Dekant, W., Metzler, M. and Henschler, D. (1986) Identification of S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-N-acetylcysteine as a urinary metabolite of trichloroethylene: A possible explanation of its nephrocarcinogenicity in male rats. Biochem. Pharmacol., 3: 2455-2458.
Department of National Health and Welfare (1993) Trichloroethylene. Supporting documentation, health related sections for the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Priority Substances List assessment report. Ottawa, Ontario.
Dorfmueller, M.A., Henne, S.P., York, R.G., Bornschein, R.L. and Hanson, J.M. (1979) Evaluation of teratogenicity and behavioral toxicity with inhalation exposure of maternal rats to trichloroethylene. Toxicology, 14: 153-166.
Elcombe, C.R. (1985) Species differences in carcinogenicity and peroxisome proliferation due to trichloroethylene: a biochemical human hazard assessment. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl., 8: 6-17.
Elcombe, C.P., Rose, M.S. and Pratt, I.S. (1985) Biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes in rat and mouse liver following administration of trichloroethylene: Possible relevance to species differences in hepatocarcinogenicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 79: 365-376.
Environment Canada (1986) Toxic organic data summary. Pollution Measurement Division, Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Environment Canada (2000) National Pollutant Release Inventory (http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/).
Epstein, D.L., Nolen, G., Randall, J.L., Christ, S.A., Read, E.J., Stober, J.A. and Smith, M.K. (1992) Cardiopathic effects of dichloroacetate in the fetal Long-Evans rat. Teratology, 46: 225-235.
Epstein, D.L., Nolen, G., Randall, J.L., Christ, S.A., Read, E.J., Stober, J.A. and Smith, M.K. (1993) Cardiopathic effects of dichloroacetate in the Long-Evans rat fetus. Teratology, 47: 529.
Fahrig, R., Madle, S. and Baumann, H. (1995) Genetic toxicology of trichloroethylene (TCE). Mutat. Res., 340: 1-36.
Fan, A.M. (1988) Trichloroethylene: water contamination and health risk assessment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 101: 55-92.
Ferencz, C., Loffredo, C.A. and Correa-Villasenor, A. (1997) Perspectives in pediatric cardiology. Vol. 5. Genetic and environmental risk factors of major cardiovascular malformation. The Baltimore-Washington infant study 1981-1989. Futura Publishing, New York, NY.
Fernandez, J.G., Humbert, B.E., Droz, P.O. and Caperos, J.R. (1975) Exposition au trichloréthylène. Bilan de l'absorption, de l'excrétion et du metabolisme sur des sujets humains. Arch. Mal. Prof. Med. Trav. Secur. Soc. (Paris), 36: 397-407.
Fernandez, J.G., Droz, P.O., Humbert, B.E. and Caperos, J.R. (1977) Trichloroethylene exposure simulation of uptake, excretion, and metabolism using a mathematical model. Br. J. Ind. Med., 34: 43-55.
Fisher, J.W., Andersen, M.E., Clewell, H.J. and Taylor, D. (1987) Kinetics of trichloroethylene in pregnant and lactating rats and rat pups. Toxicology, 47: 206-207.
Fisher, J.W., Whittaker, T.A. and Taylor, D.H. (1989) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the pregnant rat: a multiroute exposure model for trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 99: 395-414.
Fisher, J.W., Gargas, M.L., Allen, B.C. and Andersen, M.E. (1991) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling with trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid, in the rat and mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 109: 183-195.
Fisher, J.W., Channel, S.R., Eggers, J.S., Johnson, P.D., MacMahon, K.L., Goodyear, C.D., Sudberry, G.L., Warren, D.A., Latendresse, J.R. and Graeter, L.J. (2001) Trichloroethylene, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid: Do they affect fetal rat heart development? Int. J. Toxicol., 20: 257-267.
Forkert, P.G., Lash, L., Tardif, R., Tanphaichitr, N., Vandevoort, C. and Moussa, M. (2003) Identification of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in human seminal fluid of workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Drug Metab. Dispos., 31(3): 306-311.
Fukuda, K., Takemoto, K. and Tsuruta, H. (1983) Inhalation carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Ind. Health, 21: 243-254.
Garabrant, D.H., Held, J., Langholz, B. and Bernstein, L. (1988) Mortality of aircraft manufacturing workers in southern California. Am. J. Ind. Med., 13: 686-693.
Goeptar, A.R., Commandeur, J.N.M., van Ommen, B., van Bladeren, P.J. and Vermeulen, N.P.E. (1995) Metabolism and kinetics of trichloroethylene in relation to toxicity and carcinogenicity. Relevance of the mercapturic acid pathway. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 8: 3-21.
Goldberg, S.J., Lebowitz, M.D., Graver, E.J. and Hicks, S. (1990) An association of human congenital cardiac malformations and drinking water contaminants. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 16: 155-164.
Goldsworthy, T.L. and Popp, J.A. (1987) Chlorinated hydrocarbon-induced peroxisomal enzyme activity in relation to species and organ carcinogenicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 86: 225-233.
Goldsworthy, T.L., Lyght, O., Burnett, V. and Popp, J.A. (1988) Potential role of α-2µ-globulin, protein droplet accumulation, and cell replication in the renal carcinogenicity of rats exposed to trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and pentachloroethane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 96: 367-379.
Green, T. (2000) Pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: species differences and modes of action. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 261-264.
Green, T., Mainwaring, G.W. and Foster, J.R. (1997) Trichloroethylene-induced mouse lung tumors: Studies of the mode of action and comparisons between species. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 37: 125-130.
Green, T., Dow, J., Foster, J.R. and Hext, P.M. (1998) Formic acid excretion in rats exposed to trichloroethylene: a possible explanation for renal toxicity in long-term studies. Toxicology, 127: 39-47.
Gu, Z.W., Sele, B., Chmara, D., Jalbert, P., Vincent, M., Vincent, F., Marka, P. and Faure, J. (1981a) Effets du trichloroéthylène et de ses métabolites sur le taux d'échanges de chromatides-soeurs. Ann. Genet., 24: 105-106.
Gu, Z.W., Sele, B., Jalbert, P., Vincent, M., Vincent, F., Marka, C., Chmara, D. and Faure, J. (1981b) Induction d'échanges entre les chromatides soeurs (SCE) par le trichloréthylène et ses métabolites. Toxicol. Eur. Res., 111(2): 63-67.
Haag-Gronlund, M., Fransson-Steen, R. and Victorin, K. (1995) Application of the benchmark method to risk assessment of trichloroethylene. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 21: 261-269.
Health Canada (1998) Exposure factors for assessing total daily intake of priority substances by the general population of Canada. Priority Substances Section, Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Health Canada (2003a) Unit risks for TCE in drinking water. Biostatistics Unit, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, March.
Health Canada (2003b) Benchmark dose for TCE in drinking water. Biostatistics Unit, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, April.
Healy, T.F.J., Poole, T.R. and Hopper, A. (1982) Rat fetal development and maternal exposure to trichloroethylene at 100 p.p.m. Br. J. Anaesthesiol., 54: 337-341.
Henschler, D.H., Romen, W., Elsasser, H.M., Reichert, D., Eder, E. and Radwan, Z. (1980) Carcinogenicity study of trichloroethylene by long-term inhalation in three animal species. Arch. Toxicol., 43: 237-248.
Henschler, D., Vamvakas, S., Lammert, M., Dekant, W., Kraus, B., Thomas, B. and Ulm, K. (1995a) Increased incidence of renal cell tumors in a cohort of cardboard workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Arch. Toxicol., 69: 291-299.
Henschler, D., Vamvakas, S., Lammert, M., Dekant, W., Kraus, B., Thomas, B. and Ulm, K. (1995b) Increased incidence of renal cell tumors in a cohort of cardboard workers exposed to trichloroethylene [responses to comments on Henschler et al., 1995a]. Arch. Toxicol., 70: 131-133.
Hine, J. and Mookerjee, P.K. (1975) The intrinsic hydrophilic character of organic compounds. Correlations in terms of structural contributions. J. Org. Chem., 40: 292-303.
Holmberg, P.C. and Nurminen, M. (1980) Congenital defects of the central nervous system and occupational factors during pregnancy: a case-referent study. Am. J. Ind. Med., 1: 167-176.
Holmberg, P.C., Hernberg, S., Kurppa, K., Rantala, K. and Riala, R. (1982) Oral clefts and organic solvent exposure during pregnancy. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 50: 371-376.
Howe, R.B. (1995) THC: A computer program to compute a reference dose from continuous animal toxicity data using the benchmark dose method. ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc., Ruston, LA.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1995) Trichloroethylene. In: Drycleaning, some chlorinated solvents, and other industrial chemicals. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. pp. 75-158 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 63).
IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety) (1994) Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva (Environmental Health Criteria 170).
IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety) (1985) Trichloroethylene. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva (Environmental Health Criteria 50).
Jakobson, I., Wahlberg, J.E., Holmberg, B. and Johansson, G. (1982) Uptake via the blood and elimination of 10 organic solvents following epicutaneous exposure of anesthetized guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 63: 181-167.
Johnson, P.D., Dawson, B.V. and Goldberg, S.J. (1998a) A review: trichloroethylene metabolites: potential cardiac teratogens. Environ. Health Perspect., 106(Suppl. 4): 995-999.
Johnson, P.D., Dawson, B.V. and Goldberg, S.J. (1998b) Cardiac teratogenicity of trichloroethylene metabolites. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 32: 540-545.
Johnson, P.D., Goldberg, S.J., Mays, M.Z. and Dawson, B.V. (2003) Threshold of trichloroethylene contamination in maternal drinking waters affecting fetal heart development in the rat. Environ. Health Perspect., 111(3): 289-292.
Kaneko, T., Wang, P. and Sato, A. (1997) Assessment of health effects of trichloroethylene. Ind. Health, 35: 301-324.
Katz, R., Tai, C.N., Diener, R.M., McConnell, R.F. and Semonick, D.E. (1981) Dichloroacetate, sodium: 3-month oral toxicity studies in rats and dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 57: 273-287.
Kerbey, A.L., Randle, P.J., Cooper, R.H., Whitehouse, S., Pask, H.T. and Denton, R.M. (1976) Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat heart. Biochem. J., 154: 327-348.
Kimmerle, G. and Eben, A. (1973) Metabolism, excretion and toxicology of trichloroethylene after inhalation. 1. Experimental exposure on rats. Arch. Toxikol., 30: 115-126.
Kjellstrand, P., Kanje, M., Mansson, L., Bjerkemo, M., Mortensen, I., Lanke, J. and Holmquist, B. (1981) Trichloroethylene: effects on body and organ weights in mice, rats, and gerbils. Toxicology, 21: 105-115.
Kjellstrand, P., Holmquist, B., Mandahl, N. and Bjerkemo, H. (1983a) Effects of continuous trichloroethylene inhalation on different strains of mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 53: 369-374.
Kjellstrand, P., Holmquist, B., Alm, P., Kanje, M., Romare, S., Jonsson, I., Mansson, L. and Bjerkemo, H. (1983b) Trichloroethylene: further studies of the effects on body and organ weights and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 53: 375-384.
Kleinfeld, M. and Tabershaw, I.R. (1954) Trichloroethylene toxicity -- Report of five fatal cases. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med., 10: 141-143.
Konietzko, H., Haberlandt, W., Heilbronner, H., Reill, G. and Weichardt, H. (1978) [Chromosome studies on trichloroethylene workers.] Arch. Toxicol., 40: 201-206 (in German).
Krishnan, K. (2003) Evaluation of the relative importance of dermal and inhalation routes of exposure for trichloroethylene. Contract report submitted to the Water Quality and Health Bureau, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 1-19.
Lagakos, S.W., Wessen, B.J. and Zelen, M. (1986) An analysis of contaminated well water and health effects in Woburn, Massachusetts. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 81: 583-596.
Laparé, S., Tardif, R. and Brodeur, J. (1995) Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air. II. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 67: 375-394.
Lash, L., Parker, J. and Scott, C. (2000) Modes of action of trichloroethylene for kidney tumorigenesis. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 225-240.
Leong, K.J., Schwetz, B.A. and Gehring, P.J. (1975) Embryo and fetotoxicity of inhaled trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, methylchloroform and methylene chloride in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 33: 136-137.
Lindstrom, A.B. and Pleil, J.D. (1996) A methodological approach for exposure assessment studies in residences using volatile organic compound-contaminated water. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 46(11): 1058-1066.
Major, D.W., Hodgins, E.W. and Butler, B.J. (1991) Field laboratory evidence of in situ biotransformation of tetrachloroethene to ethene and ethane at a chemical transfer facility in North Toronto. In: On-site bioreclamation: Processes for xenobiotic and hydrocarbon treatment. R.E. Hinchee and R.F. Olfenbuttel (eds.). Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH; Butterworth-Heinmann, Boston, MA. pp.147-171.
Maltoni, C., Lefemine, G. and Cotti, G. (1986) Archives of research on industrial carcinogenesis. Vol. V. Experimental research on trichloroethylene carcinogenesis. Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ.
Maltoni, C., Lefemine, G., Cotti, G. and Perino, G. (1988) Long-term carcinogenic bioassays on trichloroethylene administered by inhalation to Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss and B6C3F1 mice. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 534: 316-351.
Mann Testing Laboratories Ltd. (1983) GC/MS analysis of 51 volatile pollutants in raw and treated water, Phase II. Report submitted to Environmental Health Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario, July.
McLaughlin, J.K. and Blot, W.J. (1997) A critical review of epidemiology studies of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and risk of renal-cell cancer. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 70: 222-231.
McNeill, W.C. (1979) Trichloroethylene. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. Vol. 5. 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. pp. 745-753.
MDPH (Massachusetts Department of Public Health) (1994) Final report of the Woburn Environmental and Birth Study. Vol. 1. Analysis of reproductive outcomes and environmental exposures in Woburn, MA. Draft for public comment. Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Melnick, R.L., Jameson, C.W., Goehl, T.J., Maronpot, R.R., Collins, B.J., Greenwell, A., Harrington, F.W., Wilson, R.E., Tomaszewski, K.E. and Agarwal, D.K. (1987) Application of microencapsulation for toxicology studies. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 9: 432-442.
Ministère de l'Environnement du Québec (2003) Personal communication from H. Tremblay to N. Edmonds, Health Canada.
Mitoma, C., Steeger, T., Jackson, S.E., Wheeler, K.P., Rogers, J.H. and Milman, H.A. (1985) Metabolic disposition study of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rats and mice. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 8: 183-194.
Monster, A.C. (1979) Difference in uptake, elimination, and metabolism in exposure to trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 42: 311-317.
Monster, A.C. and Houtkooper, J.M. (1979) Estimation of individual uptake of trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene from biological parameters. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 42: 319-323.
Monster, A.C., Boersma, C. and Duba, W.C. (1976) Pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene in volunteers, influence of workload and exposure concentration. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 38: 87-102.
Monster, A.C., Boersma, C. and Duba, W.C. (1979) Kinetics of trichloroethylene in repeated exposure of volunteers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 42: 283-292.
Moore, M.M. and Harrington-Brock, K. (2000) Mutagenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: Implications for risk assessment of trichloroethylene. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 215-225.
Muller, G., Spassovski, M. and Henschler, D. (1974) Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. II. Pharmacokinetics of metabolites. Arch. Toxicol., 32: 283-295.
Muller, G., Spassovski, M. and Henschler, D. (1975) Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. III. Interaction of trichloroethylene and ethanol. Arch. Toxicol., 33: 173-189.
Nagaya, T., Ishikawa, N. and Hata, H. (1989) Sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Mutat. Res., 222: 279-282.
Nakai, J.S., Stathopulos, P.B., Campbell, G.L., Chu, I., Li-Muller, A. and Aucoin, R. (1999) Penetration of chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene through human skin. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 58(3): 157-170.
Nakajima, T., Wang, R., Elovaara, E., Park, S., Gelboin, H. and Vainio, H. (1993) Cytochrome P450-related differences between rats and mice in the metabolism of benzene, toluene and trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol., 45: 1079-1085.
Narotsky, M.G. and Kavlock, R.J. (1995) A multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening. II. Developmental toxicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 45: 145-171.
Narotsky, M.G., Weller, E.A., Chinchilli, V.M. and Kavlock, R.J. (1995) Nonadditive developmental toxicity in mixtures of trichloroethylene, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and heptachlor in a 5 × 5 × 5 design. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 27: 203-216.
NCI (National Cancer Institute) (1976) Carcinogenesis bioassay of of trichloroethylene. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Bethesda, MD (NCI-CGTR-2; NIH 76-802).
New Brunswick Department of Health and Wellness (2002) Personal communications from R. Albert to N. Edmonds, Health Canada.
Nomiyama, K. and Nomiyama, H. (1971) Metabolism of trichloroethylene in humans. Sex difference in urinary excretion of trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 28: 37-48.
NSF International (2005) NSF product and service listings, NSF certified drinking water treatment units (http://www.nsf.org/Certified/DWTU/).
NTP (National Toxicology Program) (1983) NTP technical report on the carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) (CAS No. 79-01-6) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Draft report. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Research Triangle Park, NC (NIH Publication No. 83-1799).
NTP (National Toxicology Program) (1985) Trichloroethylene: reproduction and fertility assessment in CD-1 mice when administered in the feed. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Research Triangle Park, NC (NIH Publication No. 86-068).
NTP (National Toxicology Program) (1986) Trichloroethylene: reproduction and fertility assessment in F344 rats when administered in the feed. Final report. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Research Triangle Park, NC (NIH Publication No. 86-085).
NTP (National Toxicology Program) (1988) Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6) in four strains of rats (ACI, August, Marshall, Osborne-Mendel) (gavage studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC (NTP Technical Report Series No. 273; NIH Publication No. 88-2525).
NTP (National Toxicology Program) (1990) Carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) (CAS No. 79-01-6) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC (NTP Technical Report Series No. 243).
Odum, J., Foster, J.R. and Green, T. (1992) A mechanism for the development of Clara cell lesions in the mouse lung after exposure to trichloroethylene. Chem.-Biol. Interact., 83: 135-153.
OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment) (1999) Public health goal for trichloroethylene in drinking water. California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA. 102 pp.
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (2002) Personal communication from A. Socha to N. Edmonds, Health Canada.
Otson, R., Williams, D.T. and Bothwell, P.D. (1982) Volatile organic compounds in water at thirty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 65: 1370.
Otson, R., Fellin, P. and Whitmore, R. (1992) A national pilot study on occurrence of airborne VOCs in residences -- design and progress. Presented at the 1992 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Air and Waste Management Association Symposium on "Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants," May 4-8, 1992, Durham, NC [cited in Department of National Health and Welfare, 1993].
Parchman, L.G. and Magee, P.N. (1982) Metabolism of ¹⁴C-trichloroethylene to ¹⁴CO₂ and interaction of a metabolite with liver DNA in rats and mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 9: 797-813.
Pastino, G.M., Yap, W.Y. and Carroquino, M. (2000) Human variability and susceptibility to trichloroethylene. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 201-204.
Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D. and Harris, B.S. (1982) Purgeable organic compounds in mother's milk. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 28: 322-328.
Poet, T.S., Corley, R.A., Thrall, K.D., Edwards, J.A., Tanojo, H., Weitz, K.K., Hui, X., Maibach, H.I. and Wester, R.C. (2000) Assessment of the percutaneous absorption of trichloroethylene in rats and humans using MS/MS real-time breath analysis and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol. Sci., 56: 61-72.
Prout, M.S., Provan, W.M. and Green, T. (1985) Species differences in response to trichloroethylene. Pharmacokinetics in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 79: 389-400.
Rasmussen, K., Sabroe, S., Wohlert, M., Ingerslev, H.J., Kappel, B. and Nielsen, J. (1988) A genotoxic study of metal workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Sperm parameters and chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 60: 419-423.
Raunio, H., Husgafvel-Pursianen, K., Anttila, A., Heitanen, E., Hirvonen, A. and Pelkonen, O. (1995) Diagnosis of polymorphism in carcinogen-activating and inactivating enzymes and cancer susceptibility -- a review. Gene, 159: 113-121.
Raven and Beck Environmental Ltd. (1995) Survey of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene occurrences in Canadian groundwater. Report prepared for Monitoring and Criteria Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Robeck, G.G. and Love, O.T. (1983) Removal of volatile organic contaminants from groundwater. Environ. Microbiol., 53: 949-954.
Rothman, K.J. (1986) Modern epidemiology. Little Brown and Company, Boston, MA.
Rouisse, L. and Chakrabarti, S.K. (1986) Dose-dependent metabolism of trichloroethylene and its relevance to hepatotoxicity in rats. Environ. Res., 40: 450-458.
RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) (1993) RTECS online database. National Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
Russell, H.H., Matthews, J.E. and Sewell, G.W. (1992) TCE removal from contaminated soil and groundwater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA/540/S-92/002).
Ruth, J.H. (1986) Odor threshold and irritation levels of several chemical substances. A review. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 47: 148-151.
Sanders, V.M., Tucker, A.N., White, J K.L., Jr., Kauffmann, B.M., Hallett, P., Carchman, R.A., Borzelleca, F. and Munson, A.E. (1982) Humoral and cell-mediated immune status in mice exposed to trichloroethylene in the drinking water. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 62: 358-368.
Sato, A. and Nakajima, T. (1978) Differences following skin or inhalation exposure in the absorption and excretion kinetics of trichloroethylene and toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 35: 43-49.
Sato, A., Nakajima, T., Fujiwara, Y. and Murayama, M. (1977) A pharmacokinetic model to study the excretion of trichloroethylene and its metabolites after an inhalation exposure. Br. J. Ind. Med., 34: 56-63.
Schwetz, B.A., Leong, B.K.J. and Gehring, P.J. (1975) The effect of maternally inhaled trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, methyl chloroform, and methylene chloride on embryonal and fetal development in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 32: 84-96.
Seiji, K., Jin, C., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H. and Ikeda, M. (1990) Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers exposed to benzene, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene, with reference to smoking habits. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 62: 171-176.
Siegel, J., Jones, R.A., Coon, R.A. and Lyon, J.P. (1971) Effects on experimental animals of acute repeated and continuous inhalation exposures to dichloroacetylene mixtures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 18: 168-174.
Smith, M.K., Randall, J.L., Read, E.J. and Stober, J.A. (1989) Teratogenic activity of trichloroethylene in the rat. Teratology, 40: 445-451.
Smith, M.K., Randall, J.L. and Read, E.J. (1992) Developmental toxicity of dichloroacetate in the rat. Teratology, 46: 217-223.
Smyth, H.F., Carpenter, C., Weil, C.S., Pozzani, U.C., Striegel, J.A. and Nycum, J.S. (1969) Range-finding toxicity data. VII. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 30: 470-476.
Spirtas, R., Stewart, P.A., Lee, J.S., Marano, D.E., Forbes, C.D., Grauman, D.J., Pettigrew, H.M., Blair, A., Hoover, R.N. and Cohen, J.L. (1991) Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers at an aircraft maintenance facility. I. Epidemiological results. Br. J. Ind. Med., 48: 515-530.
Stacpoole, P.W., Moore, G.W. and Kornhauser, D.M. (1979) Toxicity of chronic dichloroacetate. N. Engl. J. Med., 300: 372.
Statistics Canada (1994) Human activity and the environment 1994. Minister of Industry, Science and Technology, Ottawa, Ontario. 300 pp. [cited in Raven and Beck Environmental Ltd., 1995].
Stenner, R.D., Merdink, J.L., Templin, M.V., Stevens, D.K., Springer, D.L. and Bull, R.J. (1997) Enterohepatic recirculation of trichloroethanol glucuronide as a significant source of trichloroacetate in the metabolism of trichloroethylene. Drug Metab. Dispos., 25: 529-535.
Stenner, R.D., Merdink, J.L., Fisher, J.W. and Bull, R.J. (1998) Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene considering enterohepatic circulation of major metabolites. Risk Anal., 18: 261-269.
Stewart, P.A., Lee, J.S. and Marano, D.E. (1991) Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers at an aircraft maintenance facility: II. Exposures and their assessment. Br. J. Ind. Med., 48: 531-537.
Stewart, R.D. and Dodd, H.C. (1964) Absorption of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, methylene chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane through human skin. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., 25: 439-446.
Stott, W.T., Quast, J.F. and Watanabe, P.G. (1982) The pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 62: 137-151.
Styles, J.A., Wyatt, I. and Coutts, C. (1991) Trichloroacetic acid: studies on uptake and effects on hepatic DNA and liver growth in mouse. Carcinogenesis, 12: 1715-1719.
Tao, L., Yang, S., Xie, M., Kramer, P.M. and Pereira, M.A. (2000a) Hypomethylation and overexpression of c-jun and c-myc protooncogenes and increased DNA methyltransferase activity in dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid-promoted mouse liver tumors. Cancer Lett., 158: 185-193.
Tao, L., Yan, S., Xie, M., Kramer, P.M. and Pereira, M.A. (2000b) Effect of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid, on the methylation and expression of c-jun and c-myc protooncogenes in mouse liver: Prevention by methionine. Toxicol. Sci., 54: 399-407.
Tardif, R. (2004). Révision d'un document produit par Santé Canada (TCE). Contract report submitted to the Water Quality and Health Bureau, Safe Environments Programme, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp 1-4.
Tsuruta, H. (1978) Percutaneous absorption of trichloroethylene in mice. Ind. Health, 15: 145-151.
Tucker, A.N., Sanders, V.M., Barnes, D.W., Bradshaw, T.J., White, K.L., Jr., Sain, L.E., Borzelleca, J.F. and Munson, A.E. (1982) Toxicology of trichloroethylene in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 62: 351-357.
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1985a) Health assessment document for trichloroethylene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, July (EPA/600/8-82/006F).
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1985b) National primary drinking water regulations, volatile synthetic organic compounds. Fed. Regist., 50(219): 46902.
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1995) The use of the benchmark dose approach in health risk assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA/630/R-94/007).
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1999a) AIRDATA. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1999b) UCMR List 1 and List 2 chemical analytical methods and quality control manual. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2001a) Trichloroethylene health risk assessment: synthesis and characterization. External review draft. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, August (EPA/600/P-01/002A).
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2001b) Sources, emission and exposure for trichloroethylene (TCE) and related chemicals. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA/600/R-00/099).
Vaidya, V.S., Shankar, K., Lock, E.A., Bucci, T.J. and Mehendale, H.M. (2003) Renal injury and repair following S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine administration to mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 188(2): 110-121.
Vamvakas, S., Dekant, W. and Henschler, D. (1993) Nephrocarcinogenicity of haloalkenes and alkynes. In: Renal disposition and nephrotoxicity of xenobiotics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 323-342.
Vamvakas, S., Brüning, T., Thomasson, B., Lammert, M., Baumuller, A., Bolt, H.M., Dekant, W., Birner, G., Henschler, D. and Ulm, K. (1998) Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethene. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 124: 374-382.
Verschueren, K. (1983) Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 2nd edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY.
Wartenberg, D., Reyner, D. and Scott, C.S. (2000) Trichloroethylene and cancer. Epidemiologic evidence. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(Suppl. 2): 161-176.
Weisel, C.P. and Jo, W.-K. (1996) Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water. Environ. Health Perspect., 104: 48-51.
Wilson, P.D., Loffredo, C.A., Correa-Villaseñor, A. and Ferencz, C. (1998) Attributable fraction for cardiac malformations. Am. J. Epidemiol., 148: 414-423.
Yount, E.A., Felten, S.Y., O'Connor, B.L., Peterson, R.G., Powell, R.S., Yum, M.N. and Harris, R.A. (1982) Comparison of the metabolic and toxic effects of 2-chloropropionate and dichloroacetate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 222: 501-508.
Yuen, W. and Zimmer, J. (2001) Manitoba First Nation community water supplies 2000. Report prepared for First Nations & Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada, by Saskatchewan Research Council, Regina, Saskatchewan (SRC Publication No. 10497-1C01).
Yukon Department of Health and Social Services (2002) Personal communications from P. Brooks to N. Edmonds, Health Canada.
Zenick, H., Blackburn, K., Hope, E., Richdale, N. and Smith, M.K. (1984) Effects of trichloroethylene exposure on male reproductive function in rats. Toxicology, 31: 237-250.

Page details

2014-05-22

Language selection

Search

Page 12: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Trichloroethylene

11.0 References

Page details