Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Canada—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part E: Income
Sources and level of income
Sources of income vary by time in Canada
A similar proportion of both recent immigrants and the Canadian-born reported income from employment in the year 2000. Nearly two-thirds of Canadian-born women and three-quarters of Canadian-born men had earnings from employment in the year 2000, and men and women who landed during the 1986-1995 period showed much the same proportions. For immigrants who landed after 1995, the shares are somewhat smaller. Among immigrants who landed before 1986 the proportion with earnings income is low.
The share of persons with employment income was higher in 2000 than in 1995, particularly among very recent immigrants who find themselves much closer to the Canadian-born than their counterparts of five years earlier.
Compared to the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants, the proportion of recent immigrants with no income is large. However, the proportion of men and women immigrants who do not have income decreases significantly with length of stay in Canada, and ultimately falls below that of the Canadian-born. As well, the incidence of zero income among very recent immigrants declined markedly from 1995 to 2000, from 20% to 11% for women, and from 9% to 7% for men.
Recent immigrants are much less likely to have other private income—income from investments, pension plans, etc.—in comparison to the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants. These shares are much the same in 2000 as in 1995.
The incidence of government transfer payment income is about the same among recent immigrants and the Canadian-born. Among earlier immigrants it is higher, and this reflects the high share of seniors in this group, who generally receive Old Age Security and Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits.
The incidence of government transfer payment income has shifted markedly from men to women in 2000 in comparison to 1995. The decline for men is due in part to the stronger labour market, but the shift from men to women is due to the fact that in recent years child benefits are paid to the mother.
| No income | Employment income | Other private income | Government transfers | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 532,200 | 6,210,500 | 3,021,900 | 6,554,300 | 9,520,200 |
| Immigrants | 141,600 | 1,466,800 | 817,200 | 1,837,900 | 2,560,500 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 52,000 | 809,900 | 607,900 | 1,113,500 | 1,529,900 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 56,900 | 484,100 | 152,800 | 526,500 | 741,400 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 32,800 | 172,800 | 56,500 | 198,000 | 289,200 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 334,900 | 6,907,100 | 2,583,600 | 5,607,900 | 9,078,500 |
| Immigrants | 59,400 | 1,661,900 | 743,000 | 1,552,500 | 2,363,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 4,600 | 944,000 | 569,700 | 952,700 | 1,426,700 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 37,000 | 519,900 | 121,200 | 425,700 | 674,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 17,800 | 198,000 | 52,200 | 174,000 | 262,600 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 867,200 | 13,117,600 | 5,605,500 | 12,162,200 | 18,598,700 |
| Immigrants | 201,000 | 3,128,700 | 1,560,200 | 3,390,400 | 4,924,300 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 56,600 | 1,753,900 | 1,177,500 | 2,066,200 | 2,956,600 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 93,900 | 1,004,000 | 273,900 | 952,200 | 1,415,900 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 50,600 | 370,800 | 108,700 | 372,000 | 551,800 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 6% | 65% | 32% | 69% | 9,520,200 |
| Immigrants | 6% | 57% | 32% | 72% | 2,560,500 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 3% | 53% | 40% | 73% | 1,529,900 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 8% | 65% | 21% | 71% | 741,400 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 11% | 60% | 20% | 68% | 289,200 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 4% | 76% | 28% | 62% | 9,078,500 |
| Immigrants | 3% | 70% | 31% | 66% | 2,363,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 66% | 40% | 67% | 1,426,700 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 5% | 77% | 18% | 63% | 674,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7% | 75% | 20% | 66% | 262,600 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 71% | 30% | 65% | 18,598,700 |
| Immigrants | 4% | 64% | 32% | 69% | 4,924,300 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 59% | 40% | 70% | 2,956,600 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 7% | 71% | 19% | 67% | 1,415,900 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 9% | 67% | 20% | 67% | 551,800 |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. A person may have income from one, two or all three sources. The three sources are defined in the Glossary.
Average income increases with length of stay
The average income of immigrants who reported income in the year 2000, both men and women, was about the same as the average income of the Canadian-born. However, there were large differences among immigrants. Immigrants who landed before 1986 had incomes 10% to 15% higher than the Canadian-born; immigrants who landed during the 1986-1995 period were at about 80%, and the very recent cohort had about 70% of the average income of the Canadian-born. Earlier immigrants on average have a higher income than the Canadian-born.
The average income of women was about 60% of that of men, for the Canadian-born and the three immigrant groups. Lower labour force participation of women, higher incidence of part-time work, and jobs requiring a lower level of skill among women than men, as shown earlier, account for a large part of these differences.
| Sources of average income | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average income of persons with income | Employment income | Other private income | Government transfer payments | Total | |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | $23,100 | 73% | 12% | 16% | 100% |
| Immigrants | $22,700 | 68% | 13% | 18% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $25,400 | 64% | 16% | 20% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $19,500 | 78% | 7% | 15% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $15,600 | 77% | 7% | 16% | 100% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | $37,000 | 81% | 11% | 8% | 100% |
| Immigrants | $37,100 | 78% | 11% | 10% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $42,400 | 74% | 14% | 11% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $29,300 | 88% | 5% | 7% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $26,400 | 88% | 5% | 7% | 100% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | $30,000 | 78% | 11% | 11% | 100% |
| Immigrants | $29,700 | 74% | 12% | 13% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $33,800 | 70% | 15% | 15% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $24,200 | 84% | 6% | 10% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $20,900 | 84% | 6% | 10% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Earnings from employment account for the bulk of income of all groups, and make up a higher proportion of the income of recent immigrants than of the Canadian-born. The share of other private income is much lower for recent immigrants, and the share of government transfer payments is about the same. Thus, the average recent immigrant with income receives a lower amount in government transfer payments than his or her Canadian-born counterpart.
The employment share of income was higher in 2000 than in 1995 for the Canadian-born and recent immigrants, and very much so for very recent immigrants: by 5% for women and 9% for men. The share of other private income among very recent immigrants was 3% lower than in 1995, while it remained much the same for other groups. Government transfer payments generally made up a smaller share of income in the more recent year, and this was especially so for very recent immigrant men.
Earnings of recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time lower
The wages and salaries earned by recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time in 2000 are well below the Canadian average. This may be in part a result of the somewhat lower skill requirements of the jobs of recent immigrants. As well, annual earnings depend on whether a person was employed throughout the year or not. It is likely that recent immigrants do not have steady, year-round jobs as much as the Canadian-born.
| Amount | Percentage of overall average | |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian-born | $37,900 | 100% |
| Immigrants | $38,500 | 101% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $44,300 | 117% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $31,500 | 83% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $28,300 | 74% |
| All who worked mostly full-time | $38,000 | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The relative level of wages and salaries of very recent immigrants, at 74% of the average, was higher than in 1995 when it was 65%. Those who had been in the country from five to fifteen years had about the same relative earnings level as their counterparts of five years earlier.
Transfer payments a larger share of household income of non-seniors
In the year 2000, a large majority of households received government transfer payments. Recent immigrant households were slightly more likely to receive transfer payments than other households. On average, however, the payments received were lower, both in dollar terms and relative to income.
Transfer payments vary considerably with the age of the oldest person in the household and so do differences between recent immigrant, earlier immigrant and Canadian-born households. Recent immigrant households of the very young receive lower amounts than their Canadian-born and earlier immigrant counterparts, while households of persons aged 25 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years receive amounts that are somewhat larger.
Transfers to households without seniors generally reflect benefits from Employment Insurance, Workers Compensation, social assistance, student assistance, or other programs. Tax credits such as the Canada Child Benefit, GST tax credits and provincial tax credits are included in these transfer payments. The somewhat greater incidence and amounts of transfer payments for recent immigrant households of persons 25 to 64 years old may have to do with the larger average number of children in families and with differences in labour market participation and unemployment reviewed in Part D.
Almost all households with persons 65 years of age and over received government transfer payments—Old Age Security and the Guaranteed Income Supplement, Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Benefits. Households of immigrants and Canadian-born households with persons 65 years of age and over received approximately the same amount, except for households consisting only of very recent immigrants who received much less. This is so because people who have not been in the country for long are not entitled to Old Age Security and have not built up substantial credits under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan.
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 65 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Share of households receiving government transfer payments | |||||
| Canadian-born households | 91% | 83% | 81% | 100% | 86% |
| Earlier immigrant households | 93% | 79% | 80% | 100% | 87% |
| Recent immigrant households | 88% | 87% | 91% | 99% | 89% |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 88% | 86% | 90% | 99% | 89% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | 92% | 86% | 93% | 100% | 90% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | 84% | 89% | 95% | 99% | 91% |
| Average amount of transfer per receiving household | |||||
| Canadian-born households | $2,900 | $3,600 | $4,100 | $16,800 | $6,500 |
| Earlier immigrant households | $2,900 | $3,600 | $4,000 | $17,500 | $8,700 |
| Recent immigrant households | $2,500 | $4,400 | $4,700 | $15,900 | $5,600 |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | $2,500 | $4,400 | $4,400 | $16,200 | $5,700 |
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | $3,100 | $4,700 | $6,200 | $16,700 | $6,500 |
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | $2,100 | $4,100 | $4,700 | $11,100 | $4,500 |
| Transfers as a share of income, all households | |||||
| Canadian-born households | 10% | 5% | 5% | 43% | 10% |
| Earlier immigrant households | 9% | 4% | 4% | 36% | 11% |
| Recent immigrant households | 10% | 7% | 7% | 27% | 9% |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 10% | 7% | 6% | 29% | 9% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | 9% | 7% | 7% | 21% | 9% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | 13% | 9% | 10% | 32% | 10% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The distribution of income
Personal income higher with longer stay
Of very recent immigrants, one-half of women and one-third of men reported no income or income of less than $10,000 in 2000. The share reporting no income or income of less than $10,000 is lower for persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period. The share of persons without income is even lower for earlier immigrants, who also report income below $10,000 in much smaller proportions than recent immigrants. Of the three immigrant groups, only the earlier immigrants are found to a smaller extent in the lowest income ranges compared to the Canadian-born.
At the high end of the income scale, recent immigrants and especially very recent immigrants are underrepresented. The proportion with incomes of $50,000 and over is about half as large among immigrants who landed after 1995 as among the Canadian-born.
If the circumstances of earlier immigrants can be taken as an indication of what recent immigrants can be expected to achieve with time, there will be a general, widespread upward shift in incomes of persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period in years to come. Earlier immigrants are highly represented in the middle range of income of $10,000 to $30,000. In part, this reflects the fact that many earlier immigrants are seniors receiving old age benefits. They are also found more frequently in the highest income category than later immigrants and the Canadian-born.
The income distribution of very recent immigrants was more favourable in 2000 than in 1995, relative to that of other groups. This is a reflection of the higher employment and better jobs and incomes that they enjoyed compared to what the very recent immigrant cohort experienced five years earlier.
| Without income | $1 to $9,999 | $10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||||
| Canadian-born | 532,200 | 2,602,300 | 3,815,500 | 1,731,800 | 838,400 | 9,520,200 |
| Immigrants | 141,600 | 673,700 | 1,104,400 | 431,300 | 209,600 | 2,560,500 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 52,000 | 318,000 | 702,300 | 297,600 | 160,100 | 1,529,900 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 56,900 | 237,300 | 301,100 | 106,800 | 39,200 | 741,400 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 32,800 | 118,400 | 101,000 | 26,800 | 10,300 | 289,200 |
| Men | ||||||
| Canadian-born | 335,000 | 1,635,800 | 2,734,400 | 2,249,600 | 2,123,700 | 9,078,500 |
| Immigrants | 59,400 | 372,400 | 835,300 | 559,300 | 537,500 | 2,363,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 4,600 | 144,500 | 511,000 | 363,200 | 403,400 | 1,426,700 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 37,000 | 156,300 | 230,700 | 149,700 | 100,900 | 674,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 17,800 | 71,600 | 93,600 | 46,400 | 33,200 | 262,600 |
| Total | ||||||
| Canadian-born | 867,200 | 4,238,100 | 6,549,900 | 3,981,300 | 2,962,100 | 18,598,700 |
| Immigrants | 201,000 | 1,046,100 | 1,939,600 | 990,600 | 747,100 | 4,924,300 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 56,600 | 462,500 | 1,213,300 | 660,800 | 563,500 | 2,956,600 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 93,900 | 393,600 | 531,800 | 256,500 | 140,100 | 1,415,900 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 50,600 | 190,000 | 194,500 | 73,200 | 43,500 | 551,800 |
| Without income | $1 to $9,999 | $10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | Average income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 6% | 27% | 40% | 18% | 9% | 100% | $21,800 |
| Immigrants | 6% | 26% | 43% | 17% | 8% | 100% | $21,400 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 3% | 21% | 46% | 19% | 10% | 100% | $24,500 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 8% | 32% | 41% | 14% | 5% | 100% | $18,000 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 11% | 41% | 35% | 9% | 4% | 100% | $13,800 |
| Men | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 4% | 18% | 30% | 25% | 23% | 100% | $35,700 |
| Immigrants | 3% | 16% | 35% | 24% | 23% | 100% | $36,200 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 10% | 36% | 25% | 28% | 100% | $42,300 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 5% | 23% | 34% | 22% | 15% | 100% | $27,700 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7% | 27% | 36% | 18% | 13% | 100% | $24,600 |
| Total | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 23% | 35% | 21% | 16% | 100% | $28,600 |
| Immigrants | 4% | 21% | 39% | 20% | 15% | 100% | $28,500 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 16% | 41% | 22% | 19% | 100% | $33,100 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 7% | 28% | 38% | 18% | 10% | 100% | $22,600 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 9% | 34% | 35% | 13% | 8% | 100% | $19,000 |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Household income is higher
In 2000, recent immigrant households had an average income of $59,000, a level greater than but comparable to the average income of Canadian-born households, and 86% of the income of earlier immigrant households. For households consisting of very recent immigrants only, average income was 76% of that of Canadian-born households.
A larger number of households consisting of only very recent immigrants are found in the lower income range than for Canadian-born. In fact, nearly three in ten households consisting entirely of very recent immigrants have incomes of $20,000 or less.
However, the distribution of income of all recent immigrant households as a whole, is somewhat more favourable than that of Canadian-born households, with a higher share in the top range of income and a lower share in the bottom range. Recent immigrant households tend to be large, and on average, they have more members who can earn income than Canadian-born households. The fact that households of immigrants who landed during the 1986-1995 period and households that combine immigrants who landed during 1996-1999 with other persons have members who have lived in Canada for more than five years and are more likely to participate in the labour market also plays a role.
| Households | $0 to $19,999 | $20,000 to $39,999 | $40,000 to $59,999 | $60,000 to $79,999 | $80,000 and over |
Total | Average income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canadian-born | 1,691,600 | 2,042,700 | 1,742,900 | 1,273,800 | 1,827,100 | 8,578,100 | $56,400 |
| 20% | 24% | 20% | 15% | 21% | 100% | ||
| Earlier immigrants | 278,700 | 410,700 | 336,400 | 277,900 | 572,600 | 1,876,300 | $68,600 |
| 15% | 22% | 18% | 15% | 31% | 100% | ||
| Recent immigrants | 164,200 | 214,400 | 193,600 | 142,200 | 215,200 | 929,600 | $59,024 |
| 18% | 23% | 21% | 15% | 23% | 100% | ||
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 106,700 | 140,500 | 132,100 | 101,500 | 159,400 | 640,300 | $61,200 |
| 17% | 22% | 21% | 16% | 25% | 100% | ||
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | 12,500 | 26,800 | 31,100 | 22,600 | 37,900 | 130,900 | $68,400 |
| 10% | 20% | 24% | 17% | 29% | 100% | ||
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | 45,000 | 47,100 | 30,500 | 18,000 | 17,900 | 158,500 | $42,600 |
| 28% | 30% | 19% | 11% | 11% | 100% | ||
| All households | 2,212,900 | 2,705,500 | 2,296,700 | 1,708,700 | 2,639,100 | 11,563,000 | $58,400 |
| 19% | 23% | 20% | 15% | 23% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
Low income twice as common among very recent immigrants
Recent immigrants are more likely than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born to live in families with incomes that fall below the median family income, or if they do not live in families, to have income below the median for unattached individuals. They are also more likely to have income or live in families with income that falls below one-half of the median income. The percentage of immigrants with low income—income in the bottom quarter of the income distribution—declines in relation to their length of stay in Canada.
The share of very recent immigrants whose family or individual income is below one-half of the median income is more than twice as large as that of the Canadian-born. The proportion of very recent immigrants with income below the median is also much higher, with seven out of ten finding themselves in this situation. It is interesting to note that although earlier immigrant households have much higher average incomes than Canadian-born households (Table E-6), similar proportions of earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born find themselves with income below the median or below one-half of the median (Figure E-1).
Figure E-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—percentage with family or individual income below the medsdian and below one-half of the median, Canada, 2000
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all figures in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
The proportion of individuals with income below the median varies with age, and to a lesser extent gender. For the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants, the highest incidence of incomes that are below the median is found among seniors. However, this is not so for very recent immigrants. Persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period tend to occupy a middle ground.
In all age-gender groups, except women and men 65 years of age and over, the proportion of persons with income below the overall median is higher among recent immigrants than among the Canadian-born. More than three out of ten immigrants who landed between 1996 and 1999 have low incomes or live in low-income families, with income below one-half of the median, a share twice as high as that of the Canadian-born. The difference in the incidence of low income between very recent immigrants and Canadian-born is smallest for seniors.
Recent immigrant women 25 to 64 years of age are a little more likely than men in that age range to have very-low incomes or live in very low-income families. However, both older and younger recent immigrant women are a little less likely to be in a low-income situation than their male counterparts. The same patterns are seen among the Canadian-born.
| Under 15 years |
15 to 24 years |
25 to 64 years |
65 years and over |
Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 1,330,900 | 805,600 | 2,816,900 | 1,013,700 | 5,967,000 |
| Immigrants | 82,400 | 131,700 | 912,300 | 366,800 | 1,493,200 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 14,200 | 439,900 | 322,800 | 777,000 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 34,300 | 77,100 | 319,400 | 35,800 | 466,600 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 48,100 | 40,400 | 153,000 | 8,100 | 249,700 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 1,399,500 | 737,500 | 2,439,500 | 756,100 | 5,332,700 |
| Immigrants | 88,100 | 132,900 | 765,300 | 305,200 | 1,291,400 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 13,800 | 366,700 | 271,500 | 652,100 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 36,200 | 80,200 | 264,600 | 27,500 | 408,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 51,900 | 38,800 | 133,900 | 6,100 | 230,800 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 2,730,400 | 1,543,100 | 5,256,300 | 1,769,800 | 11,299,700 |
| Immigrants | 170,400 | 264,600 | 1,677,600 | 672,000 | 2,784,600 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 28,000 | 806,700 | 594,400 | 1,429,100 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 70,400 | 157,300 | 584,000 | 63,300 | 875,200 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 100,000 | 79,300 | 287,000 | 14,300 | 480,400 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 51% | 48% | 44% | 69% | 49% |
| Immigrants | 67% | 63% | 51% | 67% | 56% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 51% | 43% | 68% | 51% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 61% | 61% | 58% | 57% | 59% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 72% | 73% | 70% | 57% | 70% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 51% | 42% | 40% | 68% | 45% |
| Immigrants | 70% | 60% | 46% | 65% | 52% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 46% | 37% | 66% | 46% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 64% | 59% | 54% | 57% | 56% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 75% | 72% | 68% | 60% | 70% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 51% | 45% | 42% | 69% | 47% |
| Immigrants | 69% | 61% | 48% | 66% | 54% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 48% | 40% | 67% | 48% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 63% | 60% | 56% | 57% | 57% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 74% | 73% | 69% | 58% | 70% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
| Under 15 years |
15 to 24 years |
25 to 64 years |
65 years and over |
Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 470,000 | 336,200 | 1,008,500 | 246,000 | 2,060,700 |
| Immigrants | 37,400 | 62,100 | 357,800 | 124,700 | 582,000 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 6,300 | 156,100 | 106,200 | 268,600 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 14,100 | 34,900 | 129,000 | 14,800 | 192,800 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 23,300 | 21,000 | 72,800 | 3,600 | 120,600 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 490,000 | 279,100 | 783,700 | 242,800 | 1,795,600 |
| Immigrants | 40,600 | 61,700 | 271,200 | 121,400 | 494,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 5,700 | 114,900 | 105,800 | 226,300 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 15,000 | 36,000 | 95,000 | 12,600 | 158,600 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 25,600 | 20,100 | 61,300 | 2,900 | 109,900 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 960,000 | 615,400 | 1,792,200 | 488,800 | 3,856,400 |
| Immigrants | 78,000 | 123,800 | 629,000 | 246,000 | 1,076,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 11,900 | 271,000 | 212,100 | 495,000 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 29,100 | 70,900 | 224,000 | 27,400 | 351,300 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 48,800 | 41,000 | 134,100 | 6,600 | 230,500 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 18% | 20% | 16% | 17% | 17% |
| Immigrants | 30% | 30% | 20% | 23% | 22% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 22% | 15% | 22% | 18% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 25% | 28% | 23% | 24% | 24% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 35% | 38% | 33% | 26% | 34% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 18% | 16% | 13% | 22% | 15% |
| Immigrants | 32% | 28% | 16% | 26% | 20% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 19% | 12% | 26% | 16% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 27% | 26% | 19% | 26% | 22% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 37% | 37% | 31% | 29% | 33% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 18% | 18% | 14% | 19% | 16% |
| Immigrants | 31% | 29% | 18% | 24% | 21% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 20% | 13% | 24% | 17% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 26% | 27% | 22% | 25% | 23% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 36% | 38% | 32% | 27% | 34% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
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