Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Toronto—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part E: Income
Sources and level of income
Sources of income vary by time in Canada
Seventy-three percent of Canadian-born women and 82% of Canadian-born men had earnings from employment in the year 2000. A larger share of the Canadian-born than of immigrants had income from employment. The relatively low share of recent immigrants with employment income reflects lower participation in the workforce.
No income | Employment income | Other private income | Government transfers | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 48,420 | 666,380 | 283,780 | 515,140 | 906,670 |
Immigrants | 57,700 | 582,690 | 261,040 | 643,720 | 951,350 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 18,690 | 286,240 | 175,260 | 336,580 | 500,150 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 24,820 | 219,080 | 63,200 | 223,700 | 325,650 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 14,190 | 77,380 | 22,580 | 83,450 | 125,550 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 39,120 | 706,850 | 234,420 | 398,050 | 865,720 |
Immigrants | 24,690 | 639,050 | 230,460 | 511,460 | 863,910 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 1,670 | 316,240 | 158,950 | 267,800 | 454,270 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 15,400 | 233,080 | 50,400 | 172,070 | 294,940 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7,620 | 89,740 | 21,120 | 71,590 | 114,710 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 87,530 | 1,373,230 | 518,200 | 913,190 | 1,772,380 |
Immigrants | 82,390 | 1,221,740 | 491,510 | 1,155,170 | 1,815,260 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 20,360 | 602,470 | 334,210 | 604,380 | 954,410 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 40,210 | 452,160 | 113,600 | 395,760 | 620,590 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 21,820 | 167,120 | 43,710 | 155,040 | 240,260 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 5% | 73% | 31% | 57% | 100% |
Immigrants | 6% | 61% | 27% | 68% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 4% | 57% | 35% | 67% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 8% | 67% | 19% | 69% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 11% | 62% | 18% | 66% | 100% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 5% | 82% | 27% | 46% | 100% |
Immigrants | 3% | 74% | 27% | 59% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 70% | 35% | 59% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 5% | 79% | 17% | 58% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7% | 78% | 18% | 62% | 100% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 5% | 77% | 29% | 52% | 100% |
Immigrants | 5% | 67% | 27% | 64% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 63% | 35% | 63% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 6% | 73% | 18% | 64% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 9% | 70% | 18% | 65% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. A person may have income from one, two or all three sources. The three sources are defined in the Glossary.
The share of persons with employment income was higher in 2000 than in 1995, except in the case of the earlier immigrant cohorts. It increased by four percentage points for the Canadian-born and by eleven percentage points for very recent immigrants.
Recent immigrants are more likely than the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants to have no income. However, the proportion of immigrants who do not have income decreases significantly according to the length of stay in Canada of the cohort, and ultimately falls below that of the Canadian-born for the earliest immigrant cohort. The incidence of no income among very recent immigrants decreased markedly from 1995 to 2000—a decline from 21% to 11% for women and from 9% to 7% for men.
Recent immigrants are much less likely to have other private income—for example, income from investments or pension plans—in comparison to the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants. These shares are much the same as in 1995.
The incidence of transfer payment income is significantly higher among immigrants than among the Canadian-born. The high proportion of earlier immigrants receiving transfer payments from government reflects the high share of seniors in this group, who generally receive Old Age Security and Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits. The incidence of transfer payment income has shifted markedly from men to women since 1995, as in 2000 child benefit payments were made to the mother of the child.
Average income higher for immigrants who have been in Canada longer
Considering only persons who reported income in the year 2000, the average income of immigrants was three-quarters of that of the Canadian-born. Those who immigrated before 1986 had 90% of the average income of the Canadian-born. For very recent immigrants, average income was a little more than one-half of that of the Canadian-born, and for those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period, average income was 60% (men) or 66% (women) of that of the Canadian-born. The average income of women was about two-thirds of that of men.
Sources of average income | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average income of persons with income | Employment income |
Other private income | Government transfers | Total | |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | $31,550 | 80% | 12% | 8% | 100% |
Immigrants | $24,360 | 74% | 11% | 15% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $28,400 | 70% | 14% | 16% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $20,800 | 81% | 6% | 13% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $16,490 | 80% | 6% | 14% | 100% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | $51,090 | 86% | 10% | 4% | 100% |
Immigrants | $38,550 | 83% | 9% | 8% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $46,030 | 79% | 11% | 9% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $30,560 | 90% | 4% | 6% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $27,790 | 90% | 4% | 6% | 100% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | $41,130 | 84% | 11% | 5% | 100% |
Immigrants | $31,230 | 80% | 10% | 11% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $36,940 | 76% | 12% | 12% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $25,500 | 86% | 5% | 9% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $22,030 | 86% | 5% | 9% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Earnings from employment account for the bulk of income of all groups, and make up the same proportion of income of recent immigrants as of persons born in Canada for women and a higher proportion for men. The share of other private income is much lower for recent immigrants, while transfer payments from government make up a larger share of their income.
The employment share of income has increased since 1995 for all cohorts, but more so for very recent immigrants (by 5% for women and 9% for men) than for the Canadian-born (by 2% for women and 3% for men).
Earnings of recent immigrants working mostly full-time lower than average
The wages and salaries earned by recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time in 2000 are well below the Toronto average. The relative level of wages and salaries of very recent immigrants in Toronto, at 65% of the average, was higher than in 1995. Those who had been in the country from 5 to 15 years, however, had a lower relative earnings level than their counterparts of five years earlier.
Amount | Percentage of overall average | |
---|---|---|
Canadian-born | $50,460 | 112% |
Immigrants | $39,670 | 88% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $47,250 | 105% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $32,680 | 72% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $29,450 | 65% |
All who worked mostly full-time | $45,210 | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Transfer payments a larger share of household income of non-seniors
In the year 2000, a large majority of households in Toronto received government transfer payments. Recent immigrant households were more likely to receive transfer payments than other households and received larger amounts.
Transfer payments vary considerably with the age of the oldest person in the household, and so do differences between recent immigrant, earlier immigrant and Canadian-born households. Recent immigrant households of the very young are as likely as Canadian-born households to receive transfer payments, and the amounts are somewhat greater. As for households of persons 25 to 64 years of age, recent immigrant households are considerably more likely to receive transfer payments and to receive larger amounts than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born.
Transfer payments to households without seniors generally reflect benefits of Employment Insurance, Workers Compensation, social assistance, student assistance or other programs. Also included are tax credits such as the Canada Child Benefit, GST tax credits and provincial tax credits. The greater incidence and higher amounts of transfer payments for recent immigrant households of persons 25 to 64 years old in relation to earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born may have to do with the larger average number of children in families and with differences in labour market participation and unemployment reviewed in Part D. That transfer payments from government make up a larger part of income than for their Canadian-born and earlier immigrant counterparts also reflects their lower incomes.
Almost all households with persons 65 years of age and over received transfer payments from government: Old Age Security, the Guaranteed Income Supplement, or Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits. Households of immigrants and Canadian-born persons 65 years and over received approximately the same amount, except for households consisting only of very recent immigrants, who received much less. Very recent immigrants are not entitled to Old Age Security and have not built up large credits under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan.
15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 65 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Share of households receiving government transfer payments | |||||
Canadian-born households | 88% | 63% | 66% | 99% | 71% |
Earlier immigrant households | 93% | 70% | 78% | 100% | 83% |
Recent immigrant households | 87% | 84% | 91% | 100% | 88% |
1986-1995 immigrants | 87% | 83% | 89% | 100% | 87% |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | 89% | 84% | 94% | 100% | 89% |
1996-1999 immigrants only | 86% | 86% | 95% | 99% | 89% |
Average amount of transfer per receiving household | |||||
Canadian-born households | $2,080 | $2,040 | $2,670 | $16,040 | $4,880 |
Earlier immigrant households | $3,340 | $3,130 | $3,810 | $17,670 | $8,080 |
Recent immigrant households | $2,720 | $3,960 | $4,350 | $16,000 | $5,310 |
1986-1995 immigrants | $2,880 | $3,910 | $4,050 | $16,330 | $5,350 |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | $3,360 | $4,580 | $6,070 | $16,180 | $6,540 |
1996-1999 immigrants only | $1,940 | $3,690 | $4,240 | $11,730 | $4,150 |
Transfers as a share of income, all households | |||||
Canadian-born households | 6% | 2% | 2% | 28% | 4% |
Earlier immigrant households | 10% | 3% | 3% | 31% | 8% |
Recent immigrant households | 11% | 6% | 6% | 24% | 8% |
1986-1995 immigrants | 11% | 6% | 5% | 26% | 7% |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | 9% | 6% | 7% | 19% | 8% |
1996-1999 immigrants only | 10% | 7% | 8% | 31% | 8% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The distribution of income
Personal income approaches parity and similar distribution with longer stay
Of very recent immigrants, one-half of women and one-third of men reported no income or income of less than $10,000 in the year 2000. The share reporting no income is lower for persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period. The share of persons without income is even lower for earlier immigrants, who also report income below $10,000 in much smaller proportions than recent immigrants.
At the high end of the income scale, recent immigrants (and especially very recent immigrants) are underrepresented. The proportion with incomes over $50,000 is less than half as large among immigrants who landed during the 1986-1995 period as among the Canadian-born.
The income distribution of very recent immigrants was more favourable in 2000 than in 1995, relative to that of other groups.
Without income | $1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||||
Canadian-born | 48,410 | 205,930 | 278,420 | 216,400 | 157,510 | 906,660 |
Immigrants | 57,690 | 240,570 | 381,590 | 181,770 | 89,750 | 951,350 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 18,700 | 93,680 | 208,180 | 114,160 | 65,440 | 500,150 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 24,810 | 97,010 | 130,110 | 54,420 | 19,320 | 325,660 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 14,190 | 49,880 | 43,310 | 13,190 | 4,990 | 125,550 |
Men | ||||||
Canadian-born | 39,120 | 150,510 | 192,090 | 202,030 | 281,990 | 865,720 |
Immigrants | 24,690 | 137,260 | 282,220 | 216,170 | 203,590 | 863,910 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 1,670 | 45,160 | 147,870 | 119,540 | 140,050 | 454,280 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 15,400 | 63,080 | 95,160 | 73,720 | 47,580 | 294,940 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7,620 | 29,030 | 39,190 | 22,910 | 15,960 | 114,700 |
Total | ||||||
Canadian-born | 87,530 | 356,430 | 470,510 | 418,430 | 439,500 | 1,772,380 |
Immigrants | 82,380 | 377,810 | 663,820 | 397,920 | 293,330 | 1,815,260 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 20,370 | 138,830 | 356,060 | 233,680 | 205,490 | 954,410 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 40,210 | 160,070 | 225,280 | 128,140 | 66,900 | 620,590 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 21,810 | 78,910 | 82,490 | 36,100 | 20,950 | 240,260 |
Without income | $1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over |
Total | Average income | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||||
Canadian-born | 5% | 23% | 31% | 24% | 17% | 100% | $29,870 |
Immigrants | 6% | 25% | 40% | 19% | 9% | 100% | $22,880 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 4% | 19% | 42% | 23% | 13% | 100% | $27,340 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 8% | 30% | 40% | 17% | 6% | 100% | $19,210 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 11% | 40% | 34% | 11% | 4% | 100% | $14,630 |
Men | |||||||
Canadian-born | 5% | 17% | 22% | 23% | 33% | 100% | $48,780 |
Immigrants | 3% | 16% | 33% | 25% | 24% | 100% | $37,450 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 10% | 33% | 26% | 31% | 100% | $45,860 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 5% | 21% | 32% | 25% | 16% | 100% | $28,960 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 7% | 25% | 34% | 20% | 14% | 100% | $25,940 |
Total | |||||||
Canadian-born | 5% | 20% | 27% | 24% | 25% | 100% | $39,100 |
Immigrants | 5% | 21% | 37% | 22% | 16% | 100% | $29,810 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 15% | 37% | 24% | 22% | 100% | $36,150 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 6% | 26% | 36% | 21% | 11% | 100% | $23,850 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 9% | 33% | 34% | 15% | 9% | 100% | $20,030 |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Distribution of household income becomes very similar
In 2000, recent immigrant households had average income of $64,200 or 77% of the income of households of the Canadian-born. Unlike the situation in Canada as a whole, incomes of recent immigrant households in Toronto are substantially lower than those of Canadian-born households. The income of households consisting only of very recent immigrants is particularly low, just 56% of the income of households of the Canadian-born.
Households | $0 to $19,999 | $20,000 to $39,999 | $40,000 to $59,999 | $60,000 to $79,999 | $80,000 and over | Total | Average income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canadian-born | 82,750 | 111,450 | 116,130 | 104,460 | 246,050 | 660,830 | $83,200 |
13% | 17% | 18% | 16% | 37% | 100% | ||
Earlier immigrants | 66,890 | 97,140 | 85,440 | 78,490 | 203,770 | 531,710 | $80,600 |
13% | 18% | 16% | 15% | 38% | 100% | ||
Recent immigrants | 57,040 | 78,990 | 76,910 | 60,710 | 101,530 | 375,180 | $64,200 |
15% | 21% | 20% | 16% | 27% | 100% | ||
1986-1995 immigrants | 37,900 | 50,850 | 51,050 | 42,420 | 74,650 | 256,890 | $66,200 |
15% | 20% | 20% | 17% | 29% | 100% | ||
1996-1999 immigrants with others |
4,100 | 9,230 | 12,370 | 9,400 | 18,080 | 53,140 | $75,800 |
8% | 17% | 23% | 18% | 34% | 100% | ||
1996-1999 immigrants only |
15,050 | 18,920 | 13,500 | 8,900 | 8,800 | 65,150 | $46,800 |
23% | 29% | 21% | 14% | 14% | 100% | ||
All households | 232,450 | 301,810 | 288,240 | 250,190 | 562,070 | 1,634,760 | $76,500 |
14% | 18% | 18% | 15% | 34% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
Nearly one-quarter of households consisting of only very recent immigrants have income of less than $20,000, in spite of their large size. In households that combine very recent immigrants with other persons, their relatively high income may be a result of their large size and the fact that the other members of the household have lived in Canada for more than five years and are more likely to be earners.
One-third of very recent immigrants have low income
Recent immigrants are more likely than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born to live in families with incomes that fall below the median family income or, if they do not live in families, to have income below the median for unattached individuals. They are also more likely to have or live in families with incomes that fall below one-half of the median income—that is, to have low income. The percentage of immigrants with income in the bottom half or quarter of the income distribution declines in relation to their length of stay in Canada of the cohort.
Figure E-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—percentage with family or individual income below the median and below one-half of the median, Toronto Census Metropolitan Area, 2000
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all figures in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
The share of very recent immigrants whose family or individual income is below one-half of the median income is nearly one-third, more than twice as large a share as among the Canadian-born. The proportion of very recent immigrants with income below the median is also much higher, with seven in ten in this situation.
The proportion of individuals with income below the median varies with age, and to a lesser extent with gender. For the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants, the highest proportion of incomes that are below the median is found among seniors. But this is not so for very recent immigrants, among whom incomes below the median are more common for younger age groups. Persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period occupy a middle ground.
In all age and gender groups except women and men 65 years and over, the proportion of persons with income below the overall median is much higher among recent immigrants than among the Canadian-born. This difference is most pronounced for people of working age, from 15 to 64 years.
More than three in ten immigrants who landed between 1996 and 1999 have low incomes or live in low-income families, with income below one-half of the median. This is more than twice as large a share as for the Canadian-born. For all age groups, the incidence of very low incomes is much higher among recent immigrants than among the Canadian-born. The difference is particularly pronounced for non-seniors.
Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 181,390 | 74,430 | 203,270 | 67,810 | 526,900 |
Immigrants | 33,200 | 53,250 | 351,980 | 107,960 | 546,340 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 4,210 | 145,950 | 88,500 | 238,620 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 13,490 | 31,540 | 140,370 | 15,650 | 201,020 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 19,710 | 17,510 | 65,670 | 3,820 | 106,700 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 189,040 | 72,400 | 176,140 | 43,930 | 481,510 |
Immigrants | 36,150 | 53,520 | 291,040 | 87,340 | 468,050 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 4,070 | 117,670 | 72,580 | 194,330 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 14,130 | 32,510 | 115,340 | 11,850 | 173,830 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 22,030 | 16,940 | 58,030 | 2,910 | 99,900 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 370,430 | 146,830 | 379,400 | 111,740 | 1,008,410 |
Immigrants | 69,350 | 106,770 | 643,020 | 195,300 | 1,014,390 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 8,280 | 263,620 | 161,080 | 432,950 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 27,620 | 64,050 | 255,700 | 27,490 | 374,850 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 41,740 | 34,450 | 123,700 | 6,730 | 206,600 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 48% | 38% | 34% | 62% | 41% |
Immigrants | 71% | 61% | 51% | 64% | 55% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 48% | 41% | 66% | 48% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 64% | 59% | 58% | 56% | 58% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 76% | 72% | 70% | 56% | 70% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 47% | 35% | 30% | 56% | 38% |
Immigrants | 72% | 59% | 46% | 62% | 51% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 44% | 36% | 64% | 43% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 66% | 57% | 53% | 57% | 55% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 77% | 72% | 67% | 60% | 70% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 47% | 37% | 32% | 59% | 40% |
Immigrants | 71% | 60% | 48% | 63% | 53% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 46% | 38% | 65% | 45% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 65% | 58% | 56% | 56% | 57% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 76% | 72% | 69% | 58% | 70% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 63,690 | 27,180 | 65,210 | 21,580 | 177,670 |
Immigrants | 14,800 | 23,830 | 137,630 | 48,580 | 224,830 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 1,740 | 51,390 | 39,190 | 92,290 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 5,680 | 13,470 | 56,110 | 7,620 | 82,890 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 9,120 | 8,630 | 30,130 | 1,770 | 49,650 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 66,700 | 25,030 | 50,190 | 14,410 | 156,320 |
Immigrants | 16,550 | 23,630 | 100,620 | 39,740 | 180,560 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 1,650 | 35,800 | 32,580 | 70,020 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 5,880 | 13,680 | 39,580 | 5,910 | 65,060 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 10,670 | 8,310 | 25,250 | 1,260 | 45,490 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 130,380 | 52,210 | 115,400 | 35,990 | 333,990 |
Immigrants | 31,340 | 47,460 | 238,250 | 88,320 | 405,390 |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 3,380 | 87,180 | 71,770 | 162,310 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 11,560 | 27,140 | 95,690 | 13,530 | 147,940 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 19,790 | 16,940 | 55,380 | 3,030 | 95,140 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 17% | 14% | 11% | 20% | 14% |
Immigrants | 31% | 28% | 20% | 29% | 23% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 20% | 14% | 29% | 18% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 27% | 25% | 23% | 27% | 24% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 35% | 36% | 32% | 26% | 33% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 17% | 12% | 9% | 18% | 12% |
Immigrants | 33% | 26% | 16% | 28% | 20% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 18% | 11% | 29% | 15% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 27% | 24% | 18% | 28% | 21% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 37% | 35% | 29% | 26% | 32% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 17% | 13% | 10% | 19% | 13% |
Immigrants | 32% | 27% | 18% | 29% | 21% |
Immigrated before 1986 | - | 19% | 13% | 29% | 17% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 27% | 24% | 21% | 28% | 22% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 36% | 35% | 31% | 26% | 32% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
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