IRCC Minister Transition Binder 2025-05
Immigration Outcomes
Context
This product provides data on immigrants’ economic and social outcomes, including trends and areas for improvement. It also provides some highlighted statistics on immigrants and the housing market.
Impacts of Immigration on Canada
Demographic
- Immigration represents nearly 100% of population growth in Canada. It is essential for increasing Canada’s working age population (aged 15 to 64 years old). Without immigration, Canada's population is projected to decrease over the next 20 years as the population ages. Nonetheless, immigration alone is not a long-term solution to population aging in Canada.
Economic
- Immigrants make a larger contribution to the supply of highly skilled workers in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) than their Canadian-born counterparts, promoting productivity and innovation in Canada.
- Although immigrants account for 23% of the Canadian population, approximately 50% of all STEM degree holders in Canada are immigrants.
- Immigration has fueled entrepreneurship and consequently, job creation in Canada.
- Immigrants are more likely to be business owners than the Canadian-born population, particularly among longer-term immigrants, men of prime working age (those aged 35 to 54 years), and from English-speaking countries and Western Europe.
- Economic immigrants are more likely to own firms in knowledge-based industries, while refugees and family class immigrants tend to own firms in traditional industries.
Fiscal
- Immigrants admitted after 1980 have positive net direct fiscal contributions. Economic principal applicants make higher net direct fiscal contributions than other immigrants and Canadians.
- Although refugees and family class immigrants have net direct fiscal contributions that are consistently below the Canadian average, their contribution grows over time.
Economic Outcomes
Key Takeaways
- While immigrant men outperform their Canadian-born counterparts in employment and participation rates, core-aged immigrant women continue to face significant labour market challenges, with lower employment rates and higher unemployment compared to Canadian-born women.
- The median entry earnings for new immigrants continued to rise in 2022. Although Canadian Experience Class applicants saw a significant decline in earnings, their earnings remain the highest among all admission categories.
Immigrant Outcomes in the Canadian Labour MarketFootnote i
- Immigrants aged 25 to 54 (i.e., core labour force age) participate in the labour market at a modestly lower rate than the Canadian-born population, and report slightly lower employment rates.
- Immigrant men in the same age cohort reported moderately higher participation and employment rates than their native-born counterparts; whereas immigrant women reported substantially lower rates than their Canadian-born peers.
Employment Rate, Age 25-54
| Canadian-born | 80.0 |
|---|---|
| Men+ | 82.0 |
| Women+ | 78.0 |
| Immigrants | 75.5 |
| Men+ | 82.8 |
| Women+ | 69.1 |
Participation Rate, Age 25-54
| Canadian-born | 86.6 |
|---|---|
| Men+ | 88.9 |
| Women+ | 84.3 |
| Immigrants | 83.8 |
| Men+ | 90.2 |
| Women+ | 78.2 |
Median Entry EarningsFootnote ii
- The median entry earnings (the first full year of wages, salaries and commissions since year of admissions) for new immigrants continued to rise in 2022 due in great part to the share of newcomers with existing work and study experience.
- The median entry earnings (i.e., one year after admission) of immigrants admitted in 2021 was higher ($42,900), compared to entry earnings ($40,200) of those admitted in 2020.
- Canadian Experience Class (CEC) principal applicants admitted in 2021 saw their median entry earnings decrease to $56,400, which was their lowest entry earnings of the previous 10 years. This could be explained by changes in the characteristics of immigrants admitted in this category (e.g., education, language proficiency, occupational profile).
- Despite this significant decline, median entry earnings for CEC principal applicants remained the highest among all admission categories, on par with skilled workers and skilled trades principal applicants.
Median entry earnings by immigration category and admissions cohort (in 2022 constant dollars)
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic Immigrant, principal applicant | 35,300 | 37,000 | 39,800 | 40,700 | 44,000 | 46,800 | 48,400 | 46,900 | 54,700 | 52,400 |
| Economic Immigrant, spouse and dependent | 21,500 | 21,700 | 23,500 | 25,500 | 26,400 | 28,800 | 30,600 | 27,800 | 34,600 | 35,700 |
| Canadian experience class, principal applicant | 58,400 | 61,500 | 63,100 | 62,000 | 60,800 | 63,400 | 65,800 | 65,500 | 68,300 | 56,400 |
| Skilled worker and skilled trades, principal applicant | 28,300 | 30,100 | 30,900 | 37,100 | 43,800 | 41,700 | 46,700 | 43,700 | 52,000 | 56,400 |
| Provincial/territorial nominee, principal applicant | 43,000 | 45,300 | 44,200 | 43,600 | 44,800 | 46,300 | 46,800 | 42,800 | 47,600 | 47,700 |
| Refugee | 20,000 | 19,900 | 19,100 | 17,500 | 17,500 | 20,600 | 21,400 | 18,900 | 22,200 | 25,400 |
| Immigrants sponsored by family | 20,200 | 20,300 | 22,000 | 22,900 | 23,900 | 27,200 | 27,300 | 23,500 | 27,600 | 30,400 |
| All immigrants | 25,900 | 26,300 | 29,200 | 29,900 | 30,100 | 34,100 | 35,500 | 33,100 | 40,200 | 42,900 |
Immigrant Earnings Over TimeFootnote iii
- Economic principal applicants’ employment earnings were well above the median for all immigrants and surpassed the Canadian median shortly after admission regardless of the time spent in the country.
- Among family sponsored immigrants and refugees, employment earnings were consistently lower than the median for all immigrants and remained below the Canadian median 10 years after admission.
- Canadian Experience Class immigrants consistently have higher median employment earnings than both Federal Skilled Worker and Provincial Nominee Program principal applicants, regardless of years after admission.
Median employment earnings, by immigration category and years since admissions in tax year 2022 (in 2022 constant dollars)
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic Immigrant, principal applicant | 52,400 | 62,300 | 61,400 | 65,600 | 65,000 | 64,300 | 62,700 | 60,800 | 62,900 | 63,500 |
| Economic immigrant, spouse and dependent | 35,700 | 39,600 | 39,000 | 38,600 | 36,800 | 36,400 | 36,500 | 35,700 | 34,900 | 36,000 |
| Canadian experience class, principal applicant | 56,400 | 74,700 | 77,400 | 82,000 | 82,400 | 77,500 | 81,100 | 84,200 | 86,800 | 84,100 |
| Skilled worker and skilled trades, principal applicant | 56,400 | 63,600 | 66,400 | 73,300 | 70,500 | 74,000 | 74,400 | 66,700 | 67,000 | 67,700 |
| Provincial/territorial nominee, principal applicant | 47,700 | 52,800 | 53,000 | 59,000 | 61,700 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 62,400 | 59,300 |
| Refugee | 25,400 | 26,500 | 27,200 | 27,300 | 26,900 | 24,800 | 28,900 | 30,500 | 32,000 | 33,400 |
| Immigrants sponsored by family | 30,400 | 31,600 | 33,600 | 35,000 | 35,600 | 36,100 | 37,000 | 37,600 | 37,800 | 39,500 |
| All immigrants | 42,900 | 45,200 | 44,400 | 45,800 | 44,500 | 42,400 | 44,400 | 44,900 | 44,200 | 45,100 |
| Canadian median (2022)Table footnote * | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 | 45,380 |
Use of Social AssistanceFootnote iv
- Among all immigrants, the incidence of social assistance is generally stable at 6%, below the Canadian average of 8%.
- For refugees, the initially high rates of social assistance decrease over time, as economic outcomes improve.
- Unlike other immigrant categories, the incidence of social assistance among sponsored family class immigrants was higher among cohorts who had been in Canada longer; this is likely due to sponsorship agreements, which typically end after 10 years.
Incidence of Social Assistance by Immigration Category and Years Since Admission (tax year 2022)
| 1 year since admission | 5 years since admission | 10 years since admission | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economic Immigrant, principal applicant | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
| Economic Immigrant, spouse and dependent | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.2 |
| Immigrants sponsored by family | 2.4 | 3.7 | 8.9 |
| Refugee | 33.0 | 29.0 | 22.8 |
| All immigrants | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.2 |
Social Outcomes
Key Takeaways
- Immigrants in Canada demonstrate strong social integration through a high sense of belonging, greater trust in others, and a strong belief in shared values, with overall higher life satisfaction and greater confidence in institutions compared to Canadian-born individuals.
- Immigrants in less dense urban centers experience stronger social bonds, with higher levels of neighborly support and familiarity, while immigrant women in mid-sized cities build the largest social networks, which grow over time in Canada.
- While Canada’s citizenship rate has declined in recent years, it remains one of the highest among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, with 81% of eligible immigrants obtaining citizenship.
- Immigrant children in Canada often outperform their peers in university completion rates, yet disparities persist across different ethnic backgrounds. At the same time, immigrants face challenges in building local social networks, with those arriving during formative years experiencing the greatest difficulties in forming close friendships.
- Immigrants and non-permanent residents play a crucial role in shaping Canada's housing market, with distinct needs across ownership and rental sectors. While immigrants drive demand for both owned homes and rentals, non-permanent residents, especially those on work permits, primarily influence the rental market. However, rising study permit numbers have led to increased housing challenges, with international students—particularly those from India—facing significantly higher rates of unsuitable housing in major municipalities.
Sense of Belonging and Shared ValuesFootnote v
- Immigrants in Atlantic provinces and in Ontario reported the highest sense of belonging to Canada.
- Immigrants in Alberta and British Columbia had a significantly lower likelihood of strong belonging compared to those in Ontario. This difference disappeared for Alberta after controlling for various demographic, economic, and regional factors; whereas, the difference remained for British Columbia.
| Atlantic Canada | 63.9 |
|---|---|
| Ontario (reference) | 63.2 |
| Manitoba | 58.9 |
| Quebec | 58.5 |
| Alberta | 55.9 |
| Saskatchewan | 53.8 |
| British Columbia | 52.8 |
- Immigrants were more likely than Canadian-born to believe Canadians share core values.
- Human rights were the most widely shared value among immigrants. Additionally, newcomers saw ethno-cultural diversity and respect for the law as more shared than Canadian-born.
Perceptions of Shared Values in Canadian Society Among Immigrants and Canadian-Born People
| 13 years or older at arrival | 0 to 12 years at arrival | Canadian-born | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human rights | 70.1 | 56.5 | 54.9 |
| Respect for the law | 67.3 | 43.6 | 40.4 |
| Gender equality | 55.9 | 30.5 | 30.3 |
| Linguistic duality | 46.9 | 24.4 | 23.3 |
| Ethnic and cultural diversity | 51.5 | 32.0 | 24.4 |
| Respect for Indigenous culture | 41.8 | 20.4 | 17.5 |
Life Satisfaction and TrustFootnote vi
- Generally, immigrants report higher levels of satisfaction towards their life compared to Canadian-born counterparts.
- This gap in life satisfaction between immigrants and Canadian-born individuals is more pronounced among certain groups like Other Visible Minority, Chinese and Black populations.
Life Satisfaction by Population Group and Immigration Status, 2020
| Immigrant | Canadian-born | |
|---|---|---|
| White | 59% | 55% |
| Black | 56% | 40% |
| South Asian | 60% | 47% |
| Chinese | 56% | 37% |
| Other visible minority | 58% | 40% |
- Across all population groups, immigrants are more likely to express generalized trust in others than the Canadian-born.
- However, regardless of immigrant status, people in the Black and Other Visible Minority population groups report lower levels of trust.
Generalized Trust in Others by Population Group and Immigration Status, 2020
| Immigrant | Canadian-born | |
|---|---|---|
| White | 63% | 55% |
| Black | 38% | 29% |
| South Asian | 63% | 45% |
| Chinese | 76% | 66% |
| Other visible minority | 51% | 43% |
Confidence in InstitutionsFootnote vii
- Immigrants, particularly recent immigrants, tend to have higher confidence in various institutions, compared to the Canadian-born.
- Immigrants’ confidence in institutions tends to align more with the Canadian-born average as time spent in Canada increases.
Predicted Percentages of Having Great Confidence in Canadian Public Institutions, by Generational Status
| First generation | Second generation | Third generation or more (reference) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Police | 70.7 | 64.4 | 71.0 |
| Justice system and courts | 66.1 | 51.0 | 54.9 |
| Federal parliament | 56.8 | 40.4 | 42.7 |
| Canadian media | 46.9 | 38.3 | 41.7 |
Social Connections and NetworksFootnote viii
- Immigrants in less dense urban centres experience stronger social connections, including higher levels of neighbourly favour exchange, altruism, and familiarity with neighbours.
- Despite smaller networks, immigrants in these areas experience stronger social ties compared to those in larger urban centers.
Immigrants Social Relations with Neighbours by Neighbourhood Density
| High-density (ref.) | Middle-density | Low-density | Outside CMA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Very likely” a neighbour would return lost wallet | 40.5 | 76.8 | 74.1 | 69.6 |
| Exchanged a favour with a neighbour | 30.5 | 66.8 | 67.1 | 56.2 |
| 1–5 neighbours available for favours | 27.1 | 72.9 | 69.5 | 51.2 |
| Knows many/most neighbours | 27.6 | 67.4 | 61.4 | 47.2 |
- Immigrant women in mid-sized cities have larger social networks compared to those in larger or smaller cities, with network size improving over time in Canada.
Local Social ConnectionsNote * Among Immigrant and Canadian-born Women by Geographic Size
| Immigrant women | Canadian-born women | |
|---|---|---|
| Montréal | 17.4 | 16.5 |
| Toronto | 15.4 | 18.4 |
| Vancouver | 19.1 | 22.7 |
| Medium-sized CMAs | 18.4 | 22.4 |
| Small CMAs | 14.1 | 21.8 |
| Outside CMAs | 17.1 | 18.8 |
Citizenship Take-Up RateFootnote ix
- Canada’s citizenship rate is among the highest in all OECD countries, at 80.7% for all “eligible” immigrants.
- Refugees report the highest citizenship take-up rate of all immigrants, at 83.2%.
Citizenship Take-up Rate for Immigrants Admitted in Canada After 1980 with 3+ Years Since Admission, by Immigration Category, 2021
| Total immigrants | 77.2% |
|---|---|
| Economic class | 77.8% |
| Economic PA | 76.9% |
| Economic SD | 78.4% |
| Family class | 73.1% |
| Refugee | 83.2% |
Children of ImmigrantsFootnote x
- The children of immigrants, second generation (individuals born in Canada but have parents who are born abroad) and 1.5 generation (immigrants who arrive in Canada under the age of 15), complete university at a higher rate than their peers with Canadian-born parents (third generation or higher).
- The educational attainment of the children of immigrants varies by visible minority status, with children of Black, Latin American and Southeast Asian backgrounds reporting lower university completion rates.
University Completion Rate (Age 25-54), by Generation Status
| Third generation or more | 27% |
|---|---|
| Second generation | 40% |
| 1.5 generation | 51% |
- Immigrants, on average, had fewer close friends in their local area, compared to the Canadian-born population.
- This is mainly driven by smaller close-friend circles of those who arrived in Canada from stages of pre-adolescence through early adulthood.
Average Number of Close Friends Immigrants had in the Local Area, by Age at Arrival
Canadian-born average: 4.1
| Total immigrants | 3.8 |
|---|---|
| 0-5 years old | 4.7 |
| 6-9 years old | 3.9 |
| 10-12 years old | 3.6 |
| 13-17 years old | 3.2 |
| 18-24 years old | 3.8 |
| 25-34 years old | 3.6 |
| 35-54 years old | 4.1 |
Special Report: HousingFootnote xi
- Immigrants have higher housing needs compared to Canadian-born individuals, both in homeownership and rental markets.
- Non-permanent residents, particularly those on work permits, seek rental housing, while study permit holders have relatively lower rental demand.
- Immigrants primarily contribute to the demand for owned single-detached homes and rental apartments, whereas non-permanent residents significantly drive demand for rental apartments, with minimal influence on homeownership trends.
Owned Units per 1,000
| Canadian-born | Immigrants | NPRs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single-detached | 205 | 182 | 16 |
| Semi and row | 27 | 54 | 6 |
| Apartment | 33 | 72 | 19 |
Rental Units per 1,000
| Canadian-born | Immigrants | NPRs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single-detached | 22 | 15 | 30 |
| Semi and row | 14 | 16 | 22 |
| Apartment | 88 | 119 | 262 |
Housing Suitability of International Students across Major MunicipalitiesFootnote xii
- Increased study permits in a municipality corresponds with more unsuitable housing for international students.
| Growth of study permit volume in 2012-2022 | %, unsuitable housing | |
|---|---|---|
| Toronto | 2.5 | 37.2% |
| Montreal | 2.3 | 34.2% |
| Vancouver | 2.0 | 29.2% |
| Winnipeg | 2.6 | 39.8% |
| Brampton | 6.2 | 63.3% |
| Surrey | 6.5 | 61.1% |
| Ottawa | 2.2 | 34.3% |
| Edmonton | 1.7 | 28.6% |
| London | 3.3 | 35.3% |
| Calgary | 2.2 | 24.8% |
- Students from India face significantly higher unsuitable housing rates than other international and Canadian-born students. Housing suitability refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations with enough bedrooms according to the National Occupancy Standard.
| India | China | Other countries | Canadian-born student | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toronto | 66% | 16% | 31% | 24% |
| Montreal | 77% | 20% | 21% | 17% |
| Vancouver | 53% | 15% | 27% | 15% |
| Winnipeg | 68% | 13% | 31% | 11% |
| Brampton | 67% | N/A | 33% | 21% |
Additional Research on Immigrant Outcomes
Income Dynamics of New Immigrants—PBO ReportFootnote xiii
On January 12, 2024, the Parliamentary Budget Officer published a report on the income dynamics of new immigrants.
Key Findings
- From 2014 to 2018, the entry median total income (which includes employment earning, self-employment, investment income, government transfers, etc.) of new immigrants relative to all Canadian residents, rose from 55% to 78%.
- Trends (since the mid-2000s) include greater pre-arrival work experience in Canada, a shift from countries of origin to South Asia, and more family ties among new migrants.
- The increase in relative income is due to professional groups (e.g., engineers and scientists).
- A disproportionate share of the reduction in the income gap (from 45% in 2014 to 22% in 2018) is attributable to new immigrants living in Ontario.
- The lower relative performance of immigrants could be a drag on Canadian productivity growth.
- However, the recent increase in the median income of immigrants could help reduce this drag (potentially by up to 0.21 percentage points if the income gap were eliminated).