Population-Specific HIV/AIDS Status Report: Gay, Bisexual, Two-Spirit and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men

Table of Contents

• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• List of Terms
• Executive Summary
• Chapter 1 – Introduction
  • 1.1 Methodology
  • 1.2 References
• Chapter 2 – Demographic Profile
  • 2.1 Demographic Data Sources and Methodological Issues
  • 2.2 Population Size
  • 2.3 Place of Residence in Canada
  • 2.4 Age
  • 2.5 Ethnocultural Origin
  • 2.6 Education and Income
  • 2.7 Family Status
  • 2.8 Health Status
  • 2.9 References
• Chapter 3 – Status of HIV/AIDS Among Gay, Bisexual, Two-Spirit and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men
  • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.1.1 Types of Surveillance Data
  • 3.2 Overview of the Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS Among MSM in Canada
    • 3.2.1 Routine Surveillance
      • a. Geographic Distribution of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Canada: MSM
      • b. Age
      • c. Distribution of Race/Ethnicity Among Positive HIV Test Reports and Reported AIDS Cases
      • d. Two-Spirit, Gay, Bisexual and Other Aboriginal MSM
  • 3.3 Enhanced (Biological and Behavioural) Surveillance/Population-specific Surveillance Data: A Snapshot of M-Track Phase 1 Data
  • 3.4 National Estimates of HIV Incidence and Prevalence
    • 3.4.1 National Estimates of HIV Prevalence in 2011
    • 3.4.2 National Estimates of HIV Incidence in 2011
  • 3.5 Viral Strain and Drug Resistance
  • 3.6 HIV Co-infections
    • 3.6.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections
      • a. Syphilis
      • b. Gonorrhea
      • c. Chlamydia
      • d. Lymphogranuloma Venereum
      • e. Human Papillomavirus
    • 3.6.2 Viral Hepatitis
      • a. Hepatitis A
      • b. Hepatitis B
      • c. Hepatitis C
    • 3.6.3 Tuberculosis
  • 3.7 Conclusion
  • 3.8 References
• Chapter 4 – Current Evidence on Factors That Impact Resilience and Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Determinants of Health
    • 4.2.1 Vulnerability and Resilience
    • 4.2.2 Homophobia, Heterosexism, and Related Stigma and Discrimination
    • 4.2.3 Coming Out
    • 4.2.4 Biology and Genetic Endowment
    • 4.2.5 Gender
      • a. Male Gender Norms
      • b. Transmen Who Have Sex With Men
    • 4.2.6 Healthy Child Development
      • a. Childhood Abuse
    • 4.2.7 Culture
      • a. Racialized and Ethnocultural Minority Groups of MSM
    • 4.2.8 Social Support Networks
      • a. Relationships
      • b. Internet
    • 4.2.9 Income and Social Status
    • 4.2.10 Social and Physical Environments
      • a. Bathhouses
    • 4.2.11 Health Services
    • 4.2.12 Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills
      • a. Safer Sex Practices
      • b. Unprotected Anal Intercourse
      • c. Mental Health
      • d. Drug Use
      • e. MSM-IDU
      • f. Commercial Sex Workers
      • g. Risk Reduction Strategies
  • 4.3 References
• Chapter 5 – Current Research on HIV/AIDS Among Gay, Bisexual, Two-Spirit, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men
  • 5.1 Methodology
    • 5.1.1 Methodological limitations
  • 5.2 Analysis
    • 5.2.1 Geographic Distribution of Research Projects
    • 5.2.2 Research Projects Addressing Prevention, Care and Treatment, and Mental Health
      • a. Prevention
      • b. Access to Care and Treatment
      • c. Mental Health
    • 5.2.3 Research Projects Addressing Specific Populations
      • a. People Who Use Drugs
      • b. Youth
      • c. Two-Spirit, Gay, Bisexual and Other Aboriginal MSM
      • d. Gay and Other MSM from Countries Where HIV Is Endemic: Black Men of African and Caribbean Descent Living in Canada
      • e. Gay and Other MSM Living With HIV/AIDS
      • f. Gay and Other MSM in Prisons
      • g. Transmen Who Have Sex With Men
    • 5.2.4 Co-infections and Co-morbidities
    • 5.2.5 Resiliencies and Vulnerabilities to HIV
      • a. Homophobia, Stigma and Discrimination
      • b. Culture
      • c. Social Support Networks
      • d. Income and Social Status
      • e. Social and Physical Environments
      • f. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills
    • 5.2.6 Community Research Capacity, Research Dissemination and Knowledge Transfer
  • 5.3 Areas for Further Research
    • 5.3.1 Vulnerability, Resiliency and Determinants of Health
    • 5.3.2 Sub-populations
    • 5.3.3 HIV Prevention, Care, Treatment and Support, and Co-infection
    • 5.3.4 Gay Men's Health
  • 5.4 Reference
• Chapter 6 – Current Response to HIV/AIDS Among Gay, Bisexual, Two-Spirit and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men
  • 6.1 Methodology
    • 6.1.1 Gay and Other MSM as Part of the General Response
    • 6.1.2 Gay Men and Other MSM as Part of a Community or Group
    • 6.1.3 Gay Men and Other MSM as Stand-alone Categories
    • 6.1.4 Limitations
  • 6.2 Population-specific Strategies
    • 6.2.1 National Population-specific Strategies
    • 6.2.2 Provincial Population-specific Strategies
  • 6.3 Population-specific Networks, Coalitions and Advisory Bodies
  • 6.4 Program Analysis
    • 6.4.1 Distribution of Organizations With Programs/Services Targeting Gay and Other MSM
    • 6.4.2 Geographic Distribution of Projects Addressing Gay and Other MSM (n=135)
    • 6.4.3 Projects Addressing Gay and Other MSM
    • 6.4.4 Response to HIV/AIDS Among Specific Populations Within Gay Men and Other MSM Communities
      • a. Two-Spirit, Gay, Bisexual and Other Aboriginal MSM
      • b. Ethnic Minority Gay and Other MSM
      • c. Sexually Diverse Youth
      • d. Gay Men and Other MSM Living With HIV/AIDS
      • e. Transgender Communities
      • f. Gay and Other MSM With Disabilities
      • g. Gay and Other MSM as Sex Workers
      • h. Gay and Other MSM With Substance Use Issues
  • 6.5 References
• Chapter 7 – Conclusion
• Appendix A – Search Terms
• Appendix B – Current HIV/AIDS Research on Gay, Bisexual, Two-Spirit and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) in Canada
• Appendix C – Current Response to HIV/AIDS Among Gay, Bisexual, Two-Spirit, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM)