Municipal wastewater treatment
Access PDF (1.16 MB)
Every day, millions of cubic metres of wastewater are discharged from homes, businesses, institutions and industries into city sewer systems. Municipal wastewater is one of the largest sources of pollution to surface water in Canada. Before being released to the environment, wastewater needs to be treated. A higher level of wastewater treatment leads to a cleaner effluent and a smaller impact on the environment. The indicators show the level of wastewater treatment provided to the Canadian population.
Population served
Population served in Canada
Population served by municipal wastewater systems
Key results
- Over the 2013 to 2017 period, the proportion of the population served by municipal wastewater systems remained stable at 86%
- Since 2013, the proportion of population served by each treatment category remained stable:
- Around 28%, 43% and 14% for tertiary, secondary and primary treatments, respectively
- Around 2% of the population was served by systems discharging untreated wastewater
- In 2017, 14% of the population was not served by municipal wastewater systemsFootnote 1
Proportion of population served by municipal wastewater systems, Canada, 2013 to 2017

Data table for the long description
Year | Total population estimated | No treatment (percentage) |
Primary treatment (percentage) |
Secondary treatment (percentage) |
Tertiary treatment (percentage) |
Total (percentage) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 34 146 704 | 1.8 | 13.9 | 42.9 | 27.2 | 85.7 |
2014 | 34 481 712 | 1.7 | 13.7 | 43.0 | 27.5 | 85.9 |
2015 | 34 816 720 | 1.7 | 13.7 | 42.8 | 27.5 | 85.8 |
2016 | 35 151 728 | 1.7 | 13.7 | 42.6 | 27.7 | 85.7 |
2017 | 35 486 736 | 1.7 | 13.6 | 42.6 | 27.8 | 85.7 |
Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding.
Download data file (Excel/CSV; 1.22 kB)
How this indicator was calculated
Note: Only the population served by municipal wastewater systems with a daily flow of 100 cubic metres or more was considered. Data were unavailable for the populations located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and north of the 54th parallel in the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador.
Source: Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0125-01 Population served by municipal wastewater systems by treatment category and Statistics Canada (2017) Population and dwelling count highlight tables. 2016 census.
Municipal wastewater refers to used water from homes, businesses, industries and institutions that drain into sewers. It contains sanitary sewage and is sometimes combined with stormwater from rain or melting snow draining off rooftops, lawns, parking lots and roads. Municipal wastewater can contain human and other organic waste, nutrients, pathogens, microorganisms, suspended solids and household and industrial chemicals. Treating wastewater before it is released into lakes and rivers reduces the risks posed to human health and the environment.Footnote 2
The treatment processes presented can be summarized as follows:
- No treatment: No treatment process or only screening and/or grit removal
- Primary treatment: Removing a portion of suspended solids and organic matter by physical and/or chemical processes
- Secondary treatment: Removing organic matter and suspended solids using biological treatment processes and secondary settlement
- Tertiary treatment: Removing specific substances of concern (solids, nutrients and/or contaminants) after secondary treatment using a number of physical, chemical or biological processes
A variety of factors, including Canada's physical geography and population density influence the proportion of population served by municipal sewers. For example, communities where population is spread over a large geographical area are challenged when it comes to providing centralized infrastructures to collect and treat wastewater. Those communities tend to rely on independent systems, such as septic systems, or small scale collective systems. In this indicator, their populations would be considered as "not served" by municipal wastewater systems. The efficiency of those treatment systems can be similar to larger municipal wastewater systems.
Population served by province and territory
Population served by municipal wastewater systems by province and territory
Key results
In 2017,
- The proportion of population served by municipal wastewater systems varied from 54% in Prince Edward Island to 90% in British ColumbiaFootnote 3
- Alberta had the highest proportion of population (70%) served by tertiary-level wastewater treatment
- Nova Scotia had the highest proportion of population (35%) served by primary-level wastewater treatment
- A significant proportion of the Newfoundland and Labrador population (33%) was served by municipal systems that discharge wastewater to the environment with no prior treatment
Proportion of population served by municipal wastewater systems by province and territory, Canada, 2017

Data table for the long description
Province/Territory | Total population estimated | No treatment (percentage) |
Primary treatment (percentage) |
Secondary treatment (percentage) |
Tertiary treatment (percentage) |
Total (percentage) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newfoundland and Labrador | 520 752 | 32.7 | 28.0 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 72.2 |
Prince Edward Island | 143 448 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 43.9 | 9.7 | 53.8 |
Nova Scotia | 923 972 | 4.7 | 34.7 | 22.7 | 8.5 | 70.6 |
New Brunswick | 746 287 | 0.0 | 17.0 | 44.9 | 0.2 | 62.1 |
Quebec | 8 216 633 | 0.4 | 33.4 | 46.4 | 8.6 | 88.8 |
Ontario | 13 567 829 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 50.4 | 38.4 | 89.1 |
Manitoba | 1 292 384 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 63.0 | 13.5 | 77.8 |
Saskatchewan | 1 111 346 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 37.5 | 28.9 | 66.4 |
Alberta | 4 151 559 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 13.3 | 70.0 | 83.4 |
British Columbia | 4 697 655 | 7.7 | 30.3 | 42.4 | 9.6 | 90.1 |
Yukon | 36 269 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 75.7 | 0.0 | 75.7 |
Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Download data file (Excel/CSV; 1.57 kB)
How this indicator was calculated
Note: Only the population served by municipal wastewater systems with a daily flow of 100 cubic metres or more was considered. Data were unavailable for the populations located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and north of the 54th parallel in the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador.
Source: Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0125-01 Population served by municipal wastewater systems by treatment category and Statistics Canada (2017) Population and dwelling count highlight tables. 2016 census.
Much of the Canadian population is served by wastewater collection and treatment systems; however, the proportion of population served and the level of treatment applied to wastewater varies widely by province and territory. The majority of systems that discharge untreated wastewater are located in coastal communities. Inland provinces tend to have higher levels of treatment in order to protect freshwater resources.
Population served in selected countries
Population served by municipal wastewater systems in selected countries
This indicator compares the proportion of the population served by municipal wastewater systems in Canada with the 24 countries from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for which data were available for the year 2017.
Key results
In 2017:
- Canada ranked 12th out of 24 countries for proportion of population served by municipal wastewater systems at 86%Footnote 4 Footnote 5
- Luxembourg and Chile reported that 100% of their population was served by a municipal wastewater system
- 38% to 99% of the population from the selected countries were served by a municipal wastewater system using a tertiary treatment, which is more than in Canada (28%)
Proportion of population served by municipal wastewater systems, selected countries, 2017

Data table for the long description
Country | No treament (percentage) |
Unspecified treatment (percentage) |
Primary treatment (percentage) |
Secondary treatment (percentage) |
Tertiary treatment (percentage) |
Total (percentage) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luxembourg | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 21.8 | 75.2 | 100.0 |
Chile | 0.0 | 0.0 | 26.7 | 4.9 | 68.4 | 100.0 |
Netherlands | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 99.3 | 99.5 |
Israel | 2.3 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 37.1 | 53.4 | 99.0 |
South Korea | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 90.9 | 93.6 |
Australia | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.8 | 24.5 | 48.4 | 92.7 |
Denmark | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 90.4 | 91.9 |
Portugal | 0.0 | 0.1 | 7.0 | 46.7 | 38.0 | 91.8 |
Belgium | 5.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.4 | 74.6 | 88.0 |
Sweden | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 83.0 | 87.0 |
Norway | 1.9 | 0.0 | 29.3 | 9.4 | 45.6 | 86.2 |
Canada | 1.7 | 0.0 | 13.6 | 42.6 | 27.8 | 85.7 |
Estonia | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 79.6 | 82.9 |
Czech Republic | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 8.4 | 73.9 | 82.3 |
France | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 11.0 | 69.0 | 82.0 |
Latvia | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 18.5 | 62.1 | 81.8 |
Hungary | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 72.0 | 79.3 |
Japan | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 49.3 | 29.5 | 78.8 |
Turkey | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 24.2 | 36.3 | 74.2 |
Lithuania | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 6.7 | 67.1 | 73.9 |
Poland | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.0 | 59.5 | 73.6 |
Slovenia | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 24.3 | 41.7 | 70.8 |
Slovak Republic | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 63.2 | 1.8 | 67.7 |
Ireland | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 40.2 | 20.9 | 64.2 |
Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding. The countries presented in the table correspond to all the member countries for which data are available for 2017 in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's wastewater treatment database. Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Download data file (Excel/CSV; 1.81 kB)
How is this indicator calculated
Note: The graph shows the 12 member countries from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development with the highest proportion of population served by public sewerage systems in 2017. The year 2017 was the most recent year for which data was available for Canada in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's database. For Canada, only the population served by municipal wastewater systems with a daily flow of 100 cubic metres or more was considered.
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020) Wastewater treatment database.
The countries with the highest proportion of population connected by treatment category were:
- Chile for the primary treatment with 27%
- Portugal for the secondary treatment with 47%
- the Netherlands for the tertiary treatment with 99%
After Australia, Canada has the lowest population density among the selected countries and one of the lowest proportion of urban population.Footnote 6 These factors could have an influence on the development of centralized wastewater treatment infrastructures.
Volume
Volume discharged by treatment category
Municipal wastewater volume discharged by treatment category
Key results
- Over the 2013 to 2017 period, 95.3% to 96.0% of the municipal wastewater collected underwent a treatment (primary, secondary or tertiary) before being discharged
- In 2017, 4.4% of the volume of municipal wastewater discharged was untreatedFootnote 7
Proportion of municipal wastewater volume discharged by treatment category, Canada, 2013 to 2017

Data table for the long description
Year | Volume of municipal wastewater discharged (millions of cubic metres) |
Combined sewer overflow (percentage) |
No treatment (percentage) |
Primary treatment (percentage) |
Secondary treatment (percentage) |
Tertiary treatment (percentage) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 5 951 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 25.7 | 45.8 | 24.4 |
2014 | 6 036 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 25.3 | 46.0 | 24.0 |
2015 | 5 689 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 25.0 | 46.0 | 24.3 |
2016 | 5 808 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 25.8 | 46.2 | 24.0 |
2017 | 6 074 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 25.3 | 46.5 | 23.7 |
Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Download data file (Excel/CSV; 1.40 kB)
How is this indicator calculated
Note: Combined sewer overflows correspond to the stormwater and wastewater conveyed into a combined sewer that are discharged directly into receiving waters because they exceed the capacity of the sewer system or treatment plant. Data were unavailable for the sewer systems located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and north of the 54th parallel in the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador.
Source: Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0124-01 Wastewater volumes discharged from municipal sewage systems by treatment category (x 1,000,000) and Table 38-10-0100-01 Combined sewer overflow discharge volumes (x 1,000,000).
Between 2013 and 2017, the volume of municipal wastewater discharged remained relatively stable, ranging from 5 689 million cubic metres to 6 074 million cubic metres.
In 2017, the volume of municipal wastewater discharged with no treatment was 270 million cubic metres, corresponding to 4.4% of the total volume discharged. This includes 164 million cubic metres from combined sewer overflows. In 2016, the volume of untreated wastewater discharged amounted to 233 million cubic metres (including 134 million cubic metres from combined sewer overflows), or 4.0% of the total volume conveyed by municipal wastewater systems in Canada.
Volume discharged by province and territory
Municipal wastewater volume discharged by treatment category by province and territory
Key results
In 2017:
- Quebec and Ontario accounted for the majority of wastewater discharged nationally, with respective volumes of 2 227 and 2 082 million cubic metres
- Municipal wastewater was almost entirely treated at secondary or tertiary levels in Alberta, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and, to a lesser extent, Manitoba
- Municipal wastewater in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Quebec were mostly, at best, treated at a primary level
Volume and proportion of municipal wastewater discharged by treatment category by province and territory, Canada, 2017

Data table for the long description
Province/Territory | Volume of municipal wastewater discharged (millions of cubic metres) |
Combined sewer overflow (percentage) |
No treatment (percentage) |
Primary treatment (percentage) |
Secondary treatment (percentage) |
Tertiary treatment (percentage) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newfoundland and Labrador | 120 | 0.0 | 36.6 | 48.7 | 13.5 | 1.1 |
Prince Edward Island | 14 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 78.9 | 20.4 |
Nova Scotia | 176 | 13.7 | 10.8 | 40.5 | 25.3 | 9.7 |
New Brunswick | 114 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 19.1 | 68.5 | 0.5 |
Quebec | 2 227 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 50.0 | 39.8 | 7.4 |
Ontario | 2 082 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 59.4 | 39.0 |
Manitoba | 151 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 75.1 | 18.8 |
Saskatchewan | 87 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 54.8 | 45.1 |
Alberta | 400 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 17.3 | 81.4 |
British Columbia | 700 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 36.5 | 45.1 | 7.3 |
Yukon | 5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Download data file (Excel/CSV; 1.68 kB)
How is this indicator calculated
Note: Combined sewer overflows correspond to the stormwater and wastewater conveyed into a combined sewer that are discharged directly into receiving waters because they exceed the capacity of the sewer system or treatment plant. Data were unavailable for the sewer systems located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and north of the 54th parallel in the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador.
Source: Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0124-01 Wastewater volumes discharged from municipal sewage systems by treatment category (x 1,000,000) and Table 38-10-0100-01 Combined sewer overflow discharge volumes (x 1,000,000).
The level of treatment applied to wastewater varies widely by province and territory. In 2017, the provinces and territory with the highest proportion of wastewater discharged by treatment category were:
- Newfoundland and Labrador for untreated wastewater with 37%
- Quebec for primary treatment, with 50%
- Yukon for secondary treatment, with 100%
- Alberta for tertiary treatment, with 81%
About the indicators
What the indicators measure
The Municipal wastewater treatment indicators measure the level of wastewater treatment provided to the Canadian population. Higher treatment levels of wastewater reduce the risk of raw wastewater pollutants entering the environment, where they pose risks to human health and the environment. These indicators are not a measure of municipalities' compliance with municipal, provincial, territorial or federal wastewater regulations or treatment standards.
Why these indicators are important
Municipal wastewater is one of the largest sources of pollution, by volume, to surface water in Canada.Footnote 8 Despite treatment, pollutants remain in treated wastewater discharged into surface waters. Treated wastewater may contain grit, debris, biological wastes, disease-causing bacteria, nutrients, and hundreds of chemicals such as those found in drugs and in personal care products like shampoo and cosmetics. The higher the level of treatment provided by a wastewater system, the cleaner the effluent and the lesser the impact on the effluent receiving environment.
Insufficient wastewater treatment could result in environmental, human health and economic impacts, such as oxygen depletion, beach closures and other restrictions on recreational water use, on fish and shellfish harvesting and consumption and on drinking water.

Pristine lakes and rivers
These indicators support the measurement of progress towards the following 2019 to 2022 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy long-term goal: Clean and healthy lakes and rivers support economic prosperity and the well-being of Canadians.
In addition, the indicators contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They are linked to Goal 6, Clean water and sanitation, and Target 6.3, "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally."
Related indicators
The Water quality in Canadian rivers indicators provide a measure of the ability of river water across Canada to support plants and animals.
The Metal and diamond mining effluent quality indicator summarizes the results achieved since the Metal and Diamond Mining Effluent Regulations came into effect in 2002.
The Pulp and paper effluent quality indicator summarizes the degree of compliance achieved since 1985 under the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations.
Data sources and methods
Data sources
Data for 2013 to 2017 come from Statistics Canada's Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada statistical program.
The 2017 data for the international comparison of population served by municipal wastewater systems indicator were retrieved from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Wastewater treatment database.
More information
Spatial coverage
The Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada statistical program captures data from all the wastewater systems that collect a daily average volume of 100 cubic metres or more. These estimates exclude systems that service First Nations reserves, government institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, and provincial parks.
Temporal coverage
The Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada was published for the first time in 2019 and presented the data for the years 2013 to 2017. It will be updated annually.
Data completeness
The Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada lists approximately 2 000 wastewater (sewage) systems serving communities with a daily flow of 100 cubic metres or more. This list is established from owners of wastewater systems that report under the federal Wastewater Systems Effluent Regulations. Other systems not reporting under these regulations, such as those in northern regions under an equivalency agreement are also considered. In 2017, the listed systems were serving 30 415 372 Canadians.
Methods
The Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada data are presented under 5 datasets:
- Population served by municipal wastewater systems
- Population served by municipal wastewater systems by treatment category
- Wastewater volumes processed by municipal sewage systems
- Wastewater volumes discharged from municipal sewage systems by treatment category, and
- Combined sewer overflow discharge volumes
The treatment levels are categorized as none, primary, secondary, secondary with additional phosphorous removal or tertiary treatment.
For the purposes of these indicators, the population not served by municipal wastewater systems corresponds to the population that either had their own on-site wastewater system (such as septic systems) or were served by other systems with daily flows of less than 100 cubic metres per day, or by other facilities outside the scope of the surveys.
In 2012, the Wastewater Systems Effluent Regulations were established under the Fisheries Act and included mandatory minimum effluent quality standards that can be achieved through secondary wastewater treatment. The regulations apply to wastewater systems that collect an average daily volume of 100 cubic metres or more.
More information
Wastewater treatment levels for this indicator were categorized based on the definitions used in the Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada.Footnote 9
Treatment category | Definition |
---|---|
No treatment | No treatment processes are applied, or only screening and/or grit removal are applied |
Primary treatment | Primary treatment removes a portion of suspended solids and organic matter by physical and/or chemical processes. At least 1 of the following processes is applied:
|
Secondary treatment | Secondary treatment removes biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids using biological treatment processes and secondary settlement. At least 1 of the following processes is applied:
|
Tertiary treatment | Tertiary treatment further removes residual suspended solids, nutrients and/or other contaminants using various physical, chemical or biological processes. At least 1 of the following processes is applied in addition of secondary treatment processes:
|
The data were derived from administrative records collected by Environment and Climate Change Canada via the Effluent Regulatory Reporting Information System, as required by the Wastewater Systems Effluent Regulations. Those records provide information on each sewage system, including the volume of wastewater discharged and the treatment-level. The population served by each sewage system was estimated using census population data. The regulations do not apply to any wastewater system located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and north of the 54th parallel in the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador; therefore, no data were available for these populations.
The percentages of population served by municipal wastewater systems at the national and provincial and territorial levels were calculated using the population served by municipal wastewater systems by treatment category data which was developed based on the 2011 and 2016 census of population. The population for 2017 was extrapolated using the 2016 census data. The same process applies for the calculation of the national, and provincial and territorial proportions of municipal wastewater discharged by treatment category. The volume of wastewater discharged for each treatment category, as established by the Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada statistical program, was divided by the total volume of wastewater discharged. For the purposes of these indicators, the volumes corresponding to the combined sewer overflows were added to the total volume of wastewater and were considered as untreated water.
Recent changes
The indicators cover the years 2013 to 2017 and do not include data from previous years. The methodology used by the Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada differs from the previous surveys, making the data not directly comparable.
Two (2) new indicators on the population served by municipal wastewater treatment systems were added to provide comparisons by treatment category at the provincial and territorial level and at the international level. Two (2) additional indicators were added to provide information on the volume of wastewater being treated by treatment category at the national level and at the provincial and territorial level.
Caveats and limitations
The Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada statistical program excludes communities that have their own on-site wastewater system, or that are served by other systems with daily flows of less than 100 cubic metres per day or by other facilities outside the scope of the survey. The Wastewater Systems Effluent Regulations do not apply to any wastewater system located in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and north of the 54th parallel in the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador; therefore, no data are available for these populations.
Although these indicators assume municipal wastewater treatment plants are functioning at their design level, equipment failure and weather conditions may prevent them from doing so. Severe storms can cause overflows in combined sanitary and stormwater sewer systems. During such events, the everyday treatment level is not applied and raw sewage is released directly to surface waters.
The Municipal Wastewater Systems in Canada statistical program does not provide information on sewage treated by private septic systems or other independent installations. Treatment levels depend on the efficiency and maintenance of the septic system. Similarly, no information is collected on the destination of hauled sewage or its treatment level.
These indicators are not a measure of compliance with municipal, provincial, territorial or federal wastewater regulations or treatment standards. For more information on the Government of Canada's role in wastewater management, see Environment and Climate Change Canada's Wastewater website. For more information on national efforts to develop a harmonized regulatory framework for municipal wastewater treatment, see the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's Canada-wide strategy for the management of municipal wastewater effluent.
Resources
References
Environmental Protection Agency (2016) Learn about small wastewater systems. Retrieved on November 3, 2020.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020) Wastewater treatment database. Retrieved on November 3, 2020.
Statistics Canada (2017) Population and dwelling count highlight tables. 2016 census. Retrieved on November 3, 2020.
Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0100-01 Combined sewer overflow discharge volumes (x 1,000,000). Retrieved on November 3, 2020.
Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0124-01 Wastewater volumes discharged from municipal sewage systems by treatment category (x 1,000,000). Retrieved on November 3, 2020.
Statistics Canada (2020) Table 38-10-0125-01 Population served by municipal wastewater systems by treatment category. Retrieved on November 3, 2020.
Related information
Canada-wide strategy for the management of municipal wastewater effluent
Report a problem or mistake on this page
- Date modified: